MMW

Math is a language. We use propositions to communicate mathematical ideas precisely.

Proposition- declarative sentence. Can be identified as true or false but not both.

Notation: lowercase alphabet; p, q, r, s,…

p: The fish can walk. FALSE

If the proposition is true, its truth value is true, denoted by T or 1

false false, denoted by F or 0

Ex.

1. Douglas MacArthur arrived in the Philippines in 1521. – Proposition

2. Are you insane? – Not Proposition
3. Sq. root of 2 is an irrational number
4. Find all x such that xe^-x = 2
5. Is that your laptop? – Not Proposition
6. Basketball players are handsome. – Not Proposition
7. There is life in other planets. – Proposition
8. Welcome to the Philippines. – N

The Negation of a proposition p is the proposition not p which is false when p is true; and true when p is
false.

Notation: ~p

Ex.

P: Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano

~p: Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano

Q: Today is Wednesday

~q: Today is not Wednesday

It is not true that today is Wednesday.

It is false that today is Wednesday.

Note: If the statement is true, the negation is false and vice versa.
Simple and compound proposition

Simple- one subject, one predicate

Ex: Every cat that barks has a phd.

Compound- combination of 2 or more simple propositions using logical connectives.

 If, then; if and only if

Truth table – shows all possible truth value of a proposition.

P
T
F
P Q
T T
T F
F T
F F

Let p and q be given propositions. The conjunction of p and q is proposition “p and q”, denoted by p^q,
which is true when both p and q are true.

P Q P^q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

P: 3 is odd. T

Q: elephants are mammals T

R: Philippines is a first word country. F

P^q: 3 is odd and elephants are mammals. T

P^q^r: 3 is od, elephants are mammals, and Ph is a 1 st world country. F

Disjunction: “p or q” denoted by p(nakabaliktad na ^)q which is false only when both p and q are false.

P Q P or q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Conditional Statements: p -> q is the proposition “If p then q.” false only when p is true and q is false.

P – premise, assumption

Q – conclusion

S: the moon is made up of chocolate

Example: q -> r : If the elephants are mammals, then Ph is a first world country.

(p or q ) -> (q^r): If 3 is odd or elephants are mammals, then elephants are mammals and Ph is a
1st world country.

Biconditional: p <-> q to be read as “p if and only if q”. True when both p and q are true or both false.

Example: p: pi is an irrational number q: 3 is less than 2

Converse: If 3 is less than 2, then pi is an irrational number.

Inverse: If pi is not an irrational number, then 3 is not less than 2.

Contrapositive: If 3 is not less than 2, then pi is not an irrational number.

Implication: Tautology

Equivalent: papunta pabalik hahahaha 

Quantifiers and Negation

All x are y. negation -> some x are not y. Existential quantifiers: same, there exist,
least one

No x are y. negation -> some x are y. Universal quantifiers: all, every, none, no

Example: Write