Principles of

reasoning
2022/03/30
VENN DIAGRAMS
CONVERSION
OBVERSION
CONTRAPOSITION
WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 21

• 5E.I 19-24
5E.I 19

All bananas are foods best eaten when ripe.

5E.I 19

All bananas are foods best eaten when ripe.

Converse:All foods best eaten when ripe are bananas.

All bananas are foods best eaten when ripe.

All foods best eaten when ripe are bananas.
Invalid
5E.I 19

All bananas are foods best eaten when ripe.

Obverse: No bananas are non-foods best eaten when ripe.

All bananas are foods best eaten when ripe.

No bananas are non-foods best eaten when ripe.
Valid
5E.I 19

All bananas are foods best eaten when ripe.

Contropositive:All non-foods best eaten when ripe are

non-bananas.

All bananas are foods best eaten when ripe.

All non-foods best eaten when ripe are non-bananas.
Valid
5E.I 20

Some tofu products are delicious snacks.

5E.I 20

Some tofu products are delicious snacks.

Converse: Some delicious snacks are tofu products.

Some tofu products are delicious snacks.

Some delicious snacks are tofu products.
Valid
5E.I 20

Some tofu products are delicious snacks.

Obverse: Some tofu products are not non-delicious

snacks.

Some tofu products are delicious snacks.

Some tofu products are not non-delicious snacks.
Valid
5E.I 20

Some tofu products are delicious snacks.

Contrapositive: Some non-delicious snacks are non-tofu

products.

Some tofu products are delicious snacks.

Some non-delicious snacks are non-tofu products.
Invalid
5E.I 21

Some tattoos are great works of art.

5E.I 21

Some tattoos are great works of art.

Converse: Some great works of art are tattoos.

Some tattoos are great works of art.

Some great works of art are tattoos.
Valid
5E.I 21

Some tattoos are great works of art.

Obverse: Some tattoos are not non-great works of art.

Some tattoos are great works of art.

Some tattoos are not non-great works of art.
Valid
5E.I 21

Some tattoos are great works of art.

Contrapositive: Some non-great works of art are non-

tattoos.

Some tattoos are great works of art.

Some non-great works of art are non-tattoos.
Invalid
5E.I 22

Some sandals are not waterproof footwear.

5E.I 22

Some sandals are not waterproof footwear.

Converse: Some waterproof footwear are not sandals.

Some sandals are not waterproof footwear.

Some waterproof footwear are not sandals.
Invalid
5E.I 22

Some sandals are not waterproof footwear.

Obverse: Some sandals are non-waterproof footwear.

Some sandals are not waterproof footwear.

Some sandals are non-waterproof footwear.
Valid
5E.I 22

Some sandals are not waterproof footwear.

Contrapositive: Some non-waterproof footwear are not non-

sandals.

Some sandals are not waterproof footwear.

Some non-waterproof footwear are not non-sandals.
Valid
5E.I 23

No swimming pools are easy-to-clean objects.

5E.I 23

No swimming pools are easy-to-clean objects.

Converse: No easy to clean objects are swimming pools.

No swimming pools are easy-to-clean objects.

No easy to clean objects are swimming pools.
Valid
5E.I 23

No swimming pools are easy-to-clean objects.

Obverse: All swimming pools are non-easy to clean

objects.

No swimming pools are easy-to-clean objects.

All swimming pools are non-easy to clean objects.
Valid
5E.I 23

No swimming pools are easy-to-clean objects.

Contrapositive: No non-easy to clean objects are non-

swimming pools.

No swimming pools are easy-to-clean objects.

No non-easy to clean objects are non-swimming pools.
Invalid
5E.I 24

All movie theater drinks are artificially sweetened

products.
5E.I 24

All movie theater drinks are artificially sweetened products.

Converse: All artificially sweetened products are movie

theater drinks.

All movie theater drinks are artificially sweetened products.

All artificially sweetened products are movie theater drinks.
Invalid
5E.I 24

All movie theater drinks are artificially sweetened products.

Obverse: No movie theater drinks are non-artificially

sweetened products.

All movie theater drinks are artificially sweetened products.

No movie theater drinks are non-artificially sweetened
products.
Valid
5E.I 24

All movie theater drinks are artificially sweetened products.

Contrapositive: All non-artificially sweetened products are

non-movie theater drinks.

All movie theater drinks are artificially sweetened products.

All non-artificially sweetened products are non-movie
theater drinks.
Valid
WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 22

• 5.F.1.IV 6, 7, 14, 15, 19, 20;

• 5.F.2.I 8-14
• Due 4/01 Friday
• Reading textbook pp. 225-227
C AT E G O R I C A L P RO P O S I T I O N S

• Existential import
A proposition has existential import if it presupposes the
existence of certain kinds of objects.
• Tow interpretations of the universal propositions:
o Modern
o Traditional
➢ All S are P: Assumption of Existence in S
➢ No S are P: Assumption of Existence in both S and P
 VENN DIAGRAMS

Traditional interpretation for universal propositions

 VENN DIAGRAMS

Traditional interpretation for particular propositions

T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Contradictories
ü In categorical logic, contradictories mean pairs of propositions in
which one is the negation of the other.
ü Two contradictory propositions are having opposite truth values.
ü {A, O}, {I, E}.

• Contraries
• Subcontraries
• Subalternation
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Contradictories
ü In categorical logic, contradictories mean pairs
of propositions in which one is the negation of the other.
ü Two contradictory propositions are
having opposite truth values.
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Contradictories
ü In categorical logic, contradictories mean pairs
of propositions in which one is the negation of the other.
ü Two contradictory propositions are
having opposite truth values.
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Contradictories
• Contraries
▪ Pairs of propositions that cannot both be true at the same time,
but can both be false at the same time.
▪ {A, E}.

• Subcontraries
• Subalternation
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Contraries
▪ Pairs of propositions that cannot both be true at the same time,
but can both be false at the same time.
▪ {A, E}.
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Contradictories
• Contraries
• Subcontraries
▪ Pairs of propositions that cannot both be false at the same time,
but can both be true at the same time.
▪ {I, O}

• Subalternation
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Subcontraries
▪ Pairs of propositions that cannot both be false at the same time,
but can both be true at the same time.
▪ {I, O}
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Contradictories
• Contraries
• Subcontraries
• Subalternation
▪ The relationship between a universal proposition (referred to as
the superaltern) and its corresponding particular proposition
(referred to as the subaltern).
▪ {A, I}, {E, O}
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Subalternation
▪ The relationship between a universal proposition (referred to as
the superaltern) and its corresponding particular proposition
(referred to as the subaltern).
▪ {A, I}, {E, O}
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Subalternation
▪ The relationship between a universal proposition (referred to as
the superaltern) and its corresponding particular proposition
(referred to as the subaltern).
▪ {A, I}, {E, O}
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Question:

What must be presupposed to make the claims in this traditional

square of opposition true?

• Answer:

The subject term (and thus the predicate term) cannot be empty!
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N

• Valid vs. Provisionally valid

• "[T]he complete traditional square of opposition holds only

under the assumption of existence... However, if we determine
that a universal proposition does not have existential import,
then the relationships of contraries, subcontraries, and
subalternation no longer hold. In those cases, the only
relationship that still holds is contradictories. " (p. 225)
EXAMPLES

• All phone apps are expensive items. Therefore, some phone apps are
expensive items.

S: phone apps
P: expansive items

All S are P.
Some S are P.

Valid (under traditional interpretation)

EXAMPLES

• Some phone apps are not expensive items. Therefore, some phone
apps are expensive items.

S: phone apps
P: expansive items

Some S are not P.

Some S are P.

Invalid