When the light is bend after it passes through one material to another it is called refraction.

This effect
shows the light ray ways diverge through its original path. The change of direction is caused by the
change in speed in which refracts light when it passes through an angle of the material. Refractive index
measures the amount of light bend from a calculated ratio of the speed of material and vacuum to
identify the concentration of compound. The light travels through a vacuum at 3.00 ×10 8 meters per
second. Refractive index is expressed through the equation below:

c
nx
c'
Where:

n x = index of refraction with respect to air

c = constant speed of light in the vacuum

c’ = speed

Snell’s Law states that the ratio of refractive index of the material is equal to the ratio of the
sine of the angles of incidence and transmission that passes through the material. It relates the
angle of transmitted light and the angle of the incidence. The equation for Snell’s law is:

n1 sin θ1=n 2 sin θ2

Where:

θ1= angle of incidence

n1 = index of refraction of first medium

θ2 = angle of refraction

n2 = index of refraction of second medium

Snell’s Law. (2021, July 6). https://eng.libretexts.org/@go/page/346

Nikon Instruments Inc. (2022). Refractive Index (Index of Refraction) page navigation. Retrieved from
https://www.microscopyu.com/microscopy-basics/refractive-index-index-of-
refraction#:~:text=Refractive%20Index%20(Index%20of%20Refraction)%20is%20a%20value
%20calculated%20from,descriptive%20text%20and%20mathematical%20equations.

IOPSpark. (2022). Refractive index. Retrieved from https://spark.iop.org/refractive-index#gref

Nomenclature

Aniline is an organic compound belongs to class group of aminobenzene or

phenylamine. The chemical formula of Aniline is C6H5NH2
Avogadro’s number is the number of particles of a substance per one mole. The
estimated value of it is 6.02214076×1023 particles per one mole
Centimeter refers 0.01 meter per one centimeter.
Density refers to the measurement of mass per unit of volume.
GigaPascal is a unit of measurement of pressure and equals to square meter per
one newton.
Gram means 1000 milligrams per one gram and it is used to measure weight in a
metric system.
Liters means 1.06 quart per one liter and it is used to measure volume.
Meter is used to measure the length and equals 100 100 centimeters per meter.
Molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights per atom.
Permittivity refers to the vacuum’s ability to allow electric fields.
Polarisability is the interchange between polar and non-polar molecules, atoms
or other electrically charged species
Refractive index measures the amount of light bend from a calculated ratio of the
speed of material and vacuum to identify the concentration of the compound.
Toluene is a colorless liquid and has similar odor with benzene. The chemical
formula of Toluene is C6H5CH3
.References:

ConvertUnits.com. (2022). Measurement unit: gigapascal.

https://www.convertunits.com/info/gigapascal
Density and its Applications. (2021, March 25). Simon Fraser University.
https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/3552
Formula and Molecular Weights. (2019, May 20).
https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/54956
J.M.K.C. Donev (2018). Energy Education - Permittivity of free space [Online].
Available: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Permittivity_of_free_space.
Polarizability. (2022, February 28). https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/1663
The Mole and Avogadro’s Constant. (2020, August 16).
https://chem.libretexts.org/@go/page/1338
Varsity Tutors. (2022). Weight and Mass.
https://www.varsitytutors.com/hotmath/hotmath_help/topics/weight-mass
Vedantu. (2022). Aniline. https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/anilines
Vedantu. (2022). Toluene. https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/toluene
3.020898 x 10^-13