Lemma L-3:

Suppose R is a ring. If M and N re each ideal of R with M ⊆ N with ( R/ M )/( N / M ) is a

ring factor.
Proof :
Since M and N are ideals of R , respectively, a ring factor of R/ M and R/ N can be formed.
Since M is contained in N then M is a subring of N . Since M is ideal of R is ideal of r ∈ R
and for every m∈ N , rm and mr and for every M . Note that N ⊆ R, then for every r ∈ N and
for every m∈ N , rm and mr are M . As a result M is an ideal of N . So a ring factor of N / M
So a ring factor of. Furthermore, it will be shown that (R/ M )/(N / M ) s a ring factor by
showing that N / M is an ideal of R/ M .
Note that N / M ⊆ R /M . Take any n1 + M , n2+ M ∈ N /M then n1 , n2 ∈ N . Since n1 −n2 ∈ N
then ( n 1−M )−( n2+ M ) =( n1 −n2 ) + M ∈ N / M . Next take any n+ M ∈ N / M and any
r + M ∈ R/ M . Since N ideal from R then rn , nr ∈ N . Consequently
( r + M ) ( n+ M )=( rn )+ M ∈ N / M and ( n+ M ) ( r + M )=( nr ) + M ∈ N / M . Proven N / M is the ideal
R/ M .
From Lemma L-3, we can prove the third isomorphism theorem on rings.

Theorem L-4 : (Third Isomorphism Theorem)

Suppose R is a ring. If M and N are ideals of R with M ⊆ N respectively, then
R/ N =(R/ M )/¿.
Proof :
Define φ : R /M → R /N Define φ ( r + M )=r + N .
It will show R/ N ≅ ¿.
From the First Isomorphism Theorem, it is sufficient to show that φ is an isomorphic with
Ker ( φ )=N /M .

Take any r 1 + M ,r 2+ M ∈ R /M where r 1 + M =r 2+ M , then r 1−r 2 ∈ N . As a result

r 1 + N=r 2+ N , so φ ( r 1+ M ) =φ( r 2+ M ). so φ So is a mapping. Next, it will be shown that φ is
an epimorphism.
Take any r 1 + M ,r 2+ M ∈ R /M . Note that

φ ( ( r 1 + M )+ ( r 2 + M ) ) =φ ¿¿ r 1 + N +r 2 + N =φ(r 1 + M )+ φ(r 2+ M )

and

φ ( ( r 1 + M )+ ( r 2 + M ) ) =φ ¿

¿ r 1 + N +r 2 + N =φ(r 1 + M )+ φ(r 2+ M )
It is proven that φ is a ring homomorphism. Furthermore, for every r + N ∈ R /N with r ∈ R there is
r + M ∈ R/ M such that φ ( r + M )=r +n. So φ is a surjective mapping. It is proven that φ s an
epimorphism. Finally, we will show Ker ( φ )=N /M , i.e.
Ker ( φ )={φ ( r + M )=N ∨r + M ∈ R / M }. Suppose r + M ∈ Ker ( φ ), then φ ( r + M )=r + N=N .
Consequently r ∈ N . So r + M ϵ N /M , so Ker ( φ ) ⊆ N /M . On the other hand, suppose
n+ M ∈ N / M , then φ ( n+ M ) =n+ N=N . As a result n+ M ∈ Ker ( φ ) . So N / M ⊆ Ker ( φ ) . Proven
Ker ( φ )=N /M