A

PROJECT REPORT

ON

A STUDY ON CASH BUDGET OF SARASWATI AUTO SERVICES PUNE

Submitted By

FATEH SHAIKH

Under the Guidance of

Prof. L.K. Singh

Submitted to

Savitribai Phule Pune University

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor Of Business Administration

For the Academic Year 2021-22

ABEDA INAMDAR SENIOR COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND

COMMERCE,

PUNE-411001
 DECLARATION

I, FATEH SHAIKH hereby declare that the following document project report
titled Study of Cash Budget of Saraswati Auto Services In Pune is organised
and authentic work done by Me for the Partial Fulfilment of Bachelors of
Business Administration Degree Programme.

Date:

Place: Name and Signature

FATEH SHAIKH
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Akkalkotkar Family, Owners for

providing me an opportunity to do my project work in Saraswati Auto Services
Pune.

I sincerely thank the Akkalkotkar Family for their guidance and encouragement
in carrying out this project work.

I also wish to express my gratitude to the officials and other staff member of
Saraswati Auto Services Who rendered their help during the period of project
work.

I also thank Principal Dr.Shaila Bootwala for providing me the opportunity to

do work on this project.
 INDEX

Chapter Chapter Name Page Number

Number

1 INTRODUCTION

2 COMPANY PROFILE

3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5 DATA ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

6 FINDINGS,SUGGESTIONS AND
CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEFINITIONS:
 A cash budget is a budget or plan of expected cash receipts and
disbursements during the period. These cash inflows and outflows include
revenues collected, expenses paid, and loans receipts and payments. In other
words, a cash budget is an estimated projection of the company’s cash
position in the future.

1.2 WHAT DOES CASH BUDGET MEAN?

Management usually develops the cash budget after the sales, purchases, and
capital expenditures budgets are already made. These budgets need to be made
before the cash budget in order to accurately estimate how cash will be affected
during the period. For example, management needs to know a sales estimate
before it can predict how much cash will be collected during the period.

Management uses the cash budget to manage the cash flows of a company. In
other words, management must make sure the company has enough cash to pay
its bills when they come due. For instance, payroll must be paid every two
weeks and utilities must be paid every month. The cash budget allows
management to predict short falls in the company’s cash balance and correct the
problems before payments are due

1.3 HOW A CASH BUDGET WORKS

Companies use sales and production forecasts to create a cash budget, along
with assumptions about necessary spending and accounts receivable collections.
A cash budget is necessary to assess whether a company will have enough cash
to continue operations. If a company does not have enough liquidity to operate,
it must raise more capital by issuing stock or taking on more debt.

A cash roll forward computes the cash inflows and outflows for a month, and it

uses the ending balance as the beginning balance for the following month.
1.4 IMPORTANCE

A cash budget is very important, especially for smaller companies. It allows a

company to establish the amount of credit that it can extend to customers
without having problems with liquidity. A cash budget helps avoid a shortage
of cash during periods in which a company encounters a high number of
expenses.

Profit is not the same thing as cash. Since most budgets are prepared on the
accrual basis of accounting (recognize revenue when earned and not when
received; recognize expenses when incurred and not when paid), a master
budget (rolling all department, branches, etc. into one main budget) will not be
the same as a cash budget. The cash basis of accounting in contrast to the
accrual basis of accounting recognizes revenue when received and recognizes
expenses when paid.

If credit sales are made, all receivables will not be collected at the same time. If
expenses are charged, all payables will not have the same payment terms. When
inventory and materials are purchased, they will not necessarily have to be paid
at the same time. Therefore, adjustments have to be made taking the accrual
budget to a cash budget to estimate the expected future cash flow of a business.
Any capital expenditures, also, need to be considered when preparing a cash
budget based on the purchase terms of the capital assets. 
1.5 CASH BUDGET A MUST

The cash budget is necessary to see the amount of expected cash inflows and
outflows during a budget period. Keep in mind that there is a big difference
between the statement of cash flows and a cash budget. The statement of cash
flows looks backwards. It analyzes what transpired in a previous accounting
period. It is important to know where the cash came from and where it went
during that period of time, but a cash budget on the other hand looks forward. It
estimates the amount of cash flow in future months or future periods, so
management can predict if sufficient funds will be available to operate, service
debt, purchase new equipment, or if there will be a need to borrow funds to
operate the business until the cash flow returns to a level to sustain operations.
Therefore, the cash budget is a forward-looking statement. 

1.6 NEED FOR SUFFICIENT CASH

A business must know if it is going to have sufficient cash to operate and when
cash will be available for needed purchases, loan repayments, etc. Each
component affecting cash flow must be analyzed and estimated to determine
when cash will be received or paid. As with any budget component, it might be
difficult to pinpoint the exact amount of cash flow. The idea of the cash budget,
as with other budgets, is to have a direction of where the company is going from
a cash standpoint. Will sufficient cash be available to meet current obligations
or will some type of financing be required? That is the question!
1.7 PURPOSE

A cash budget details a company's cash inflow and outflow during a specified
budget period, such as a month, quarter or year. Its primary purpose is to
provide the status of the company’s cash position at any point of time. This
helps the company make critical decisions such as creating cash reserves to
make arrangements for projected shortages and using excess funds prudently.
Additionally, the cash budget helps in prioritizing payments in the budget
period. It also helps in analyzing budget-versus-actual variances in cash inflow
and outflow.

1.8 WHAT IS A SHORT-TERM CASH BUDGET?

Short-term cash budgets aim to solve cash requirements on a weekly or monthly

basis. These budgets help forecast the payments that need immediate fund
allocation and identify sources that can help offset this requirement. Short-term
budgets also help determine short-term investments that can earn interest while
the fund is not being used. For example, if excess income is available for a
couple of weeks, it may be invested in short-term deposits or in stocks and
shares, which can earn interim income for future requirements.
1.9 UNDERSTANDING THE INTERIM-TERM CASH BUDGET

Interim budgets are typically meant for 12-month periods. These are usually
created at the end of the year for the succeeding period based on the current
year’s transactions. When preparing the budget, management takes into account
aspects such as seasonal variations in business and cyclical changes that change
the dynamics of the budget, apart from considering the routine income and
expenses. Based on these estimations, they make decisions regarding annual
borrowing requirements and accumulated accounts receivable plans

1.10 OBJECTIVES OF PREPARING CASH BUDGET

The objective of preparing cash budget is to enable the management to meet its
cash obligations as and when they fall due and to keep idle cash to a minimum
level. If at any time cash is much in excess of requirements, this means the firm
is holding a sterile asset. Shortfall of cash may at times prove suicidal. It should
also be clearly understood that the liquidity provided by cash holding is at the
cost of profits which would otherwise have been earned by investing cash

elsewhere.
1.11 UTILITY OF CASH BUDGET

1. It indicates the effect on the cash position of seasonal requirements, large

inventories, unusual receipts and slowness in collecting bills receivable.

2. It indicates cash requirements for a plant or equipment expansion

programme.

3. It points to the need for additional funds from external sources such as bank
loans. Issue of securities.

4. It indicates the availability of cash for taking advantage of discounts offered.

5. It helps in planning redemption of preference shares or redeemable

debentures, payments of pension etc.

6. It shows the availability of excess funds for short or long term investments.
 CHAPTER- 2

COMPANY PROFILE
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is a Public
sector undertaking controlled oil and gas company which is headquartered
in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The Corporation operates two large refineries of the
country located in Kochi and Mumbai. The company is India's 2nd largest
downstream oil company and is ranked 275th on the Fortune list of the world's
biggest corporations as of 2019. BPCL ranked 672 in the Forbes 2018 list.

1891 to 1976

The company today known as BPCL started off as Rangoon Oil and Exploration
company set up to explore the new discoveries off Assam and Burma during
the British colonial rule of India. In 1889 during vast industrial development, an
important player in the South Asian market was the Burmah Oil Company.
Though incorporated in Scotland in 1886, the company grew out of the
enterprises of the Chef Rohit Oil Company, which had been formed in 1871 to
refine crude oil produced from primitive hand dug wells in Upper Burma.

In 1928, Asiatic Petroleum Company (India) started cooperation with Burma

Oil Company. Asiatic Petroleum was a joint venture of Royal Dutch, Shell and
Rothschilds formed to address the monopoly of John D Rockefeller's Standard
Oil, which also operated in India as Esso. This alliance led to the formation of
Burmah-Shell Oil Storage and Distributing Company of India Limited. Burmah
Shell began its operate operations with import and marketing of Kerosene.[4]

In the mid 1950s, the company began to sell LPG cylinders to homes in India
and further expanded its delivery network. It also marketed kerosene, diesel and

petrol in cans in order to reach remote parts of India. In 1951, the Burmah shell

began to build a refinery in Trombay (Mahul, Maharashtra) under an agreement

with the Government of India.
Post 1976

In 1976, the company was nationalized under the Act on the Nationalisation of
Foreign Oil companies ESSO (1974), Burma Shell (1976) and Caltex
(1977). On 24 January 1976, the Burmah Shell was taken over by the
Government of India to form Bharat Refineries Limited. On 1 August 1977, it
was renamed Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited. It was also the first

refinery to process newly found indigenous crude Bombay High.

BPCL petrol filling station near Nakirekal, Telangana, India

BPCL petrol filling station at Basaveshwaranagar,Bangalore, Karnataka, India

In 2003, the government attempted to further privatize the company. However,

following a petition by the Centre for Public Interest Litigation, the Supreme

Court restrained the Central government from privatizing Hindustan
Petroleum and Bharat Petroleum without the approval of Parliament

2.1 OPERATIONS

Bharat Petroleum operates the following refineries:

● Mumbai Refinery : Located near Mumbai, Maharashtra. It has a capacity of

13 million metric tonnes per annum.
● Kochi Refinery : Located near Kochi, Kerala. It has a capacity of 15.5
million metric tonnes per annum.
● Bina Refinery : Located near Bina, Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh. It has a
capacity of 6 million metric tonnes per year.
● This refinery is operated by Bharat Oman Refineries Limited, a joint
venture between Bharat Petroleum and Oman Oil Company.
● Numaligarh Refinery : Located near Numaligarh, Golaghat district, Assam.
It has a capacity of 3 million metric tonnes per year.

The company business is divided in seven SBUs (Strategic Business Units), like
Retail, Lubricants, Aviation, Refinery, Gas, I&C and LPG.

They have popular Loyalty Program like Petrocard, Smartfleet.

As of September 2018, 54% of the shares of BPCL were owned by

the Government of India (through the President of India), with the rest owned
by Foreign Portfolio Investors (17%), BPCL trust for investing in shares
(9%), Mutual funds and UTI (7.5 %), Insurance companies (6%) and the
balance held by individual shareholders. In 2019 government decided to make
BPCL private by selling all its shares hence making BPCL a private ltd
company.
2.2 OUR MILESTONES

Discover the rich history behind India’s ‘best performing’ Navratna Public
Sector Undertaking, and its journey towards becoming a Fortune 500 oil
refining, exploration and marketing conglomerate.

2.3 A GLORIOUS HERITAGE

(1860 – 1871)

In the 1860’s the world saw vast industrial development with an increase in
petroleum refineries. Though incorporated in Scotland in 1886 the Burma Oil
Company - an important player in the South Asian market at the time - grew out
of an enterprise with the Rangoon Oil Company formed in 1871 to refine crude
oil produced from primitive hand dug wells in Upper Burma.

2.3 BREAKING GROUND

(1886 – 1889)

The search for oil in India began in 1886, when Mr. Goodenough of McKillop
Stewart Company drilled a well near Jaypore in upper Assam and struck oil.
However, it wasn’t until 1889 that the Assam Railway and Trading Company
(ARTC) struck oil at Digboi, which started a chain reaction, marking the

beginning of oil production in India.

2.4 The Birth of a Titan

(1928)

While discoveries were made and industries expanded, John D. Rockefeller

together with his business associates acquired control over numerous refineries
and pipelines to later form the giant Standard Oil Trust. Observing this the
largest rivals of Standard Oil - Royal Dutch, Shell, Rothschilds - came together
to form a single organisation: Asiatic Petroleum to market petroleum products
in South Asia. in 1928, asiatic petroleum (india) joined hands with burmah oil
company - an active producer, refiner and distributor of petroleum products,
particularly in indian and burmese markets and formed the burmah-shell oil
storage and distributing company of india limited.

2.5 A PIONEERING APPROACH

A pioneer in more ways than one, Burmah Shell began its operations with the
import and marketing of Kerosene. It was imported in bulk and transported in 4
gallon and 1 gallon tins through rail, road and country craft all over India.

The company took up the challenge of reaching out to people even in remote
villages to ensure every home had its supply of kerosene. The development and
promotion of efficient kerosene-burning appliances for lighting and cooking
was an important part of its kerosene selling activity.
2.6 THE RETAIL REVOLUTION

(1930)

With motor cars, came canned Petrol, followed by service stations. In the 1930s,
retail sales points were built with driveways set back from the road; service
stations began to appear and over time became accepted as a part of road
development.

After the war Burmah Shell established efficient and up-to-date service and
filling stations to give its customers the highest possible standard of service
facilities.

2.5 FROM THE GROUND TO THE SKY

(1932 - 1962)

On 15th October 1932, when civil aviation arrived in India, the company had
the honour of fuelling J.R.D. Tata's historic solo flight in a single engine De
Havillian Puss Moth from Karachi to Bombay (Juhu) via Ahmedabad. Thirty
years later, i.e. in 1962, Burmah Shell again had the privilege to fuel JRD Tata's
re-enactment of the original flight.

Burmah Shell also fuelled flying boats, which carried airmail at slightly higher
rates than sea transport, at several locations.
A NEW BEGINNING IN A NEW NATION

As a true pioneer would, the company introduced LPG as a cooking fuel to the
Indian home in the mid-1950s. And all along, it went beyond selling petroleum,
to educate the customer. Besides selling Bitumen, the company pioneered desert
road construction, training road engineers. It provided free technical services to
industrial customers - big and small - and over time it became a part of the
company's culture.

Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL) was established in 1952. It is one of the

leading company in the petroleum sector in India.The 1860s saw vast industrial
development. A lot of petroleum refineries also came up. An important player in
the South Asian market then was the Burmah Oil Company. Though
incorporated in Scotland in 1886, the company grew out of the enterprises of the
Rangoon Oil Company, which had been formed in 1871 to refine crude oil
produced from primitive hand dug wells in Upper Burma. The search for oil in
India began in 1886, when Mr. Goodenough of McKillop Stewart Company
drilled a well near Jaypore in upper Assam and struck oil. In 1889, the Assam
Railway and Trading Company (ARTC) struck oil at Digboi marking the
beginning of oil production in India.

On 24th January 1976, the Burmah Shell Group of Companies was taken over
by the Government of India to form Bharat Refineries Limited. On 1st August
1977, it was renamed Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited. It was also the
first refinery to process newly found indigenous crude (Bombay High), in the
country.
2.6 BUSINESS AREA:

BPCL is into exploration, production and retailing of petroleum and petrol

related products. The retail business unit of BPCL is into marketing of petrol,
diesel and kerosene .It has network of 6553 retail outlets and 1007 kerosene
dealers and is partnered with big food chain companies like McDonald, Pizza
Hut, Cafe Coffee Day, Subway, Nirulas, etc.

It also offers full range of automotive engine, gear oils, transmission oils,
speciality oils and greases .It caters to around 8000 industrial customers across
India. It also provide Aviation Turbine fuel (ATF) to its airline customers.

Its LPG business unit Bharatgas has presence in 25 million households with
2137 LPG distributors spread across the country.

BPCL has two refineries at Mumbai and Kochi with a capacity of 12 Million
Metric Tonnes Per Annum (MMTPA) and 7.5 MMTPA for refining crude oil.
Its subsidiary at Numaligarh has capacity of 3 MMTPA.

BPCL is one of the supplier of naptha in Andhra Pradesh has committed to AP

Transco to supply sufficient quantities of naptha for operation of its four power
station.

BPCL has launched a GPS technology for tracking vehicles for its 5,200 tanker
trucks fleet. This system will help the company track the trucks for better
logistic efficiency. This will result in prevention of pilferages and fuel
adulteration.
2.8 MILESTONES

BPCL won Petrol Oil & Gas Marketing Company of the Year award for the
year 2006–07. This Award is given as a recognition for increase in volumes of
products marketed.

BPCL won the Excellent Water Efficient Unit Award –Beyond the Fenres at the
National Awards for Excellence in Water Management 2007

BPCL was ranked 287th position during 2007–08 in Fortune Global 500 list.

BPCL's Mumbai Refinery won the Smart Workplace Award 2008 under the
industrial manufacturing category given by Economic Times in association with
IT majors, Acer and Intel.

BPCL has secured 271 St ranking during 2010–11 in the prestigious list of
Fortune Global 500 as compared to 309th position last year.

BPCL Kochi Refinery has bagged the Excellence Award for Pollution Control
among very large industries in Kerala on 5th June 2011.
 CHAPTER 3 –

REVIEW LITERATURE
 How do you write a review of literature?

1. Step 1: Review APA guidelines. ...

2. Step 2: Decide on a topic. ...
3. Step 3: Identify the literature that you will review: ...
4. Step 4: Analyze the literature. ...
5. Step 5: Summarize the literature in table or concept map
format. ...
6. Step 6: Synthesize the literature prior to writing your
review. ...
7. Step 7: Writing the review (Galvan, 2006: 81-90)
 3.1 LIST OF THE ADVANTAGES OF A CASH BUDGET

● You can avoid debt. ...

● You are forced to budget better. ...
● You become more resourceful. ...
● You stay in-touch with reality. ...
● You can quickly identify potential deficits. ...
● You are able to communicate your financial position.

A cash budget is very important, especially for smaller companies. It allows a

company to establish the amount of credit that it can extend to customers
without having problems with liquidity. A cash budget helps avoid a shortage
of cash during periods in which a company encounters a high number of
expenses.

3.2 STEPS FOR PREPARING A CASH BUDGET:

Steps for preparing a cash budget are given as follows:

(i) Record the cash receipts.

(ii) Total the cash receipts.

(iii) Record the cash payments.

(iv) Total the cash payments.

(v) Calculate the net receipts (payments) by subtracting total payments from
total receipts.
(vi) Record the opening cash balance – beginning of the 1st period.

(vii) Add opening cash balance in net receipts (payments) to determine cash
available at the end.

3.3 USES OF A CASH BUDGET:

(i) It helps to identify short and long term cash needs which give time to the
management to take appropriate actions in time to avoid such problems.

(ii) It determines future ability of the business to pay trade payables and other
debts early to take benefit of cash discount.

(iii) It helps a business to determine that how much credit it can extend to its
customers before falling into liquidity problems.

(iv)It reveals any expected surplus of cash which may be invested or loaned for
a shorter period.

(v) It ensures that sufficient cash is available when required to fulfil regular
operations.
3.4 INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the theoretical framework, empirical review both

covering early studies between1980 to 1999 and the current studies covers 2000
to 2009. At the end the summary of whole discussion has been provided.

Theoretical framework

Concept of cash and cash management

3.5 CASH CONCEPTS

According to (Davidson et al, 1999), cash is any medium of exchange, which is

immediately negotiable. It must be free of restriction for any business purpose.
Cash has to meet the prime requirements of general acceptability and
availability for instant use in purchasing and payment of debt. Acceptability to a
bank for deposit is a common test applied to cash items. This is a process of
Planning, controlling, and accounting for cash transactions and cash balances. It
is channeling available cash into expenditures that enhance productivity,
directly or indirectly.

In addition, Cash is ready money in the bank or in the business. It is not

inventory, it is not accounts receivable (what you are owed), and it is not

property. These might be converted to cash at some point in time, but it takes
cash on hand or in the bank to pay suppliers, to pay the rent, and to meet the
payroll. Profit growth does not necessarily mean more cash. (Davidson et al,

1999)
Cash is the important current asset for the operations of the business. Cash is the
basic input needed to keep the business running on a continuous basis: it is also
the ultimate output expected to be realized by selling the service or product
manufactured by the firm. The firm should keep sufficient cash, neither more
nor less. Cash shortage will disrupt the firm’s manufacturing operations while
excessive cash will simply remain idle. Without contributing anything towards
the tint’s profitability. Thus, a major function of the financial manager is to
maintain a Sound cash position. (Pandey, 2007)

Cash is the money which a firm can disburse immediately without any
restriction. The term cash includes coins, currency and cheques held by the
firm, and balances in its bank accounts. Sometimes near-cash items, such as
marketable securities or bank times deposits, are also included in cash. The
basic characteristic of near-cash assets is that they can readily be converted into
cash. Generally, when a firm has excess cash, it invests it in marketable
securities. This kind of investment contributes some profit to the firm.
(Hampton, 2001)

3.6 CASH MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

Waltson and Head (2007) explained Cash management as the concept which is
concerned with optimizing the amount of cash available, maximizing the
interest earned by spare funds not required immediately and reducing losses
caused by delays in the transmission of funds.

According to Zimmerer et al (2008) cash management is the process of

forecasting, collecting, disbursing, investing, and planning for cash a company

needs to operate smoothly. They further added that cash management is a vital

task because it is the most important yet least productive asset that a small
business owns. A business must have enough cash to meet its obligations or it
will be declared bankrupt. Creditors, employees and lenders expect to be paid
on time and cash is the required medium of exchange.

However, some firm retain an excessive amount of cash to meet any unexpected
circumstances that might arise. These dormant cash have an income-earning
potential that owners are ignoring and this restricts a firm’s growth and lowers
its profitability. Investing cash, even for a short time, can add to company’s
earning. Proper cash management permits the owner to adequately meet cash
demands of the business, avoid retaining unnecessarily large cash balances and
stretch the profit generating power of each dollar the business owns (Zimmerer
et al, 2008).

Cash management is particularly important for new and growing businesses.

(Jeffrey P. Davidson et al, 1992) indicated in their book that cash flow can be a
problem even when a small business has numerous clients, offers a superior
product to its customers, and enjoys a sterling reputation in its industry.

Companies suffering from cash flow problems have no margin of safety in case

of unanticipated expenses. They also may experience trouble in finding the

funds for innovation or expansion. Finally, poor cash flow makes it difficult to
hire and retain good employees.

Westerfield et al, 1999 noted that it is important to distinguish between true

cash management and a more general subject of liquidity management. The
distinction is a source of confusion because the word cash is used in practice in
two different ways.

First, it has its literal meanings, actual cash on hand. However, financial
managers frequently use the word to describe a firm’s holdings of cash along
with its marketable securities, and marketable securities are sometimes called
cash equivalents or near cash. In our distinction between liquidity management
and cash management is straightforward, they added.

Liquidity management concerns the optima quantity for liquid asset

management policies. Cash management is much more closely related to
optimizing mechanisms for collecting and disbursing cash, and it’s this subject
that we primarily focus on this chapter.

3.7 KEY INDICATORS IN CASH MANAGEMENT

Without adequate cash flow, a firm can become technically insolvent even
though assets far out way the liabilities. To reduce the chances for a firm
becoming technically insolvent, the following parameters have been
recommended to be employed in evaluating the effectiveness of a cash
management system. These includes:

~CASH CONVERSION CYCLE

~OPERATION CASH FLOWS

~INCREASE OF DECREASE IN CASH

~LIQUIDITY FLOW INDEX

3.8 CASH CONVERSION CYCLE

This is the time interval between actual cash payment/expenditure for the
purchase of productive/operational resources and the ultimate collection of cash

from the sales of products/services. The cash conversion cycle provides a valid
alternative for measuring company liquidity. The longer the time taken to get
back the money paid out, the more the likely hood the organization is to face
technical insolvency and vice versa.

3.9 OPERATIONAL CASH FLOWS

Cash flows from operations are the amount of cash a firm generates in a
measured time from its operation. Various methods are used to determine the
amount of operating cash flow. The prevalent methods use the income statement
and the balance sheet to prepare the cash flow statement (also called statement
of sources and application of funds). (Kasilo, 1997)

3.10 INCREASE OR DECREASE IN CASH

A corporation’s cash flow statement shows whether the firm has increase or
decrease its cash during the period for which the statement refers. Cautiously a
decrease can be indicative of how unsatisfactory the firms operations have been
during the year and vice versa. Since profits are not cash, a firm may realize
profits but still be technically insolvent (Kasilo, op cit: 31, Vause and
Woodward, op cit: 95).

3.11 LIQUIDITY FLOW INDEX (LFI)

The LIF indicates the relationship between the amount of cash that will be
available for meeting the obligations and the amount of cash required to meet
such obligation during the same period. It is cash budget’s ratio of operating
cash influence to the required cash outflows for a particular period.
3.12 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN MANAGING THE
BIG THREE OF CASH MANAGEMENT (ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLES,
ACCOUNT PAYABLES AND INVENTORY)

Zimmerer, 2008 provides that controlling accounts receivables requires business

owners to establish clear, firm credit and collection policies and to screen
customers before granting them credit. Sending invoices promptly and acting on
past due accounts quickly also improve cash flow. The goal is to collect cash
from receivables as quickly as possible.

When managing accounts payables, a manager’s goal is to stretch out payables

as long as possible without damaging the company’s credit rating. Other
techniques include verifying invoices before paying them, taking advantages of
cash discounts, and negotiating the best possible credit terms.

Finally they further added inventory frequently causes cash headaches for small
business managers. Excess inventory earn zero rate of return and ties up a
company’s cash unnecessarily. Owners must watch for stale merchandise.

However, Pandey, 2008 on his side commended that Cash management is also
important because it is difficult to predict cash flows accurately, particularly the
inflows, and there is no perfect coincidence between the inflows and outflows
of cash.

During some periods, cash outflows will exceed cash inflows, because
payments for taxes, dividends, or seasonal inventory build up. At other times,
cash inflow will be more than cash payments because there may be large cash
sales and debtors may be realised in large sums promptly.

Further, it has been noted that cash management is significant because cash
constitutes the smallest portion of the total current assets, yet management’s
considerable time is devoted in managing it. In recent past, a number of
innovations have been done in cash management techniques. An obvious aim of
the firm these days is to manage its cash affairs in such a way as to keep cash
balance at a minimum level and to invest the surplus cash in profitable
investment opportunities.

As hinted above Pandey, 2008 had revealed the interconnectivity between cash
budget and cash management. It has to be noted that once the cash budget has
been prepared and appropriate net cash flow established, the financial manager
should ensure that there does not exist a significant deviation between projected
cash flows and actual cash flows. To achieve this, cash management efficiency
will have to be improved through a proper control of cash collection and
disbursement. The twin objectives in managing the cash flows should be to

accelerate cash collections as much as possible and to decelerate or delay cash

disbursements as much as possible.
 Chapter- 4

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4.1 DEFINITION

A careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem

using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist Earl Robert
Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and
control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive
methods.”

Inductive research methods are used to analyze an observed event. Deductive

methods are used to verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are
associated with qualitative research and deductive methods are more commonly
associated with quantitative research.

Research is conducted with a purpose to understand:

● What do organizations or businesses really want to find out?

● What are the processes that need to be followed to chase the idea?
● What are the arguments that need to be built around a concept?
● What is the evidence that will be required for people to believe in the idea or
concept?
 4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

1. A systematic approach must be followed for accurate data. Rules and

procedures are an integral part of the process that set the objective.
Researchers need to practice ethics and a code of conduct while making
observations or drawing conclusions.
2. Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and
deductive methods.
3. The data or knowledge that is derived is in real time from actual observations
in natural settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no
anomalies associated with it.
5. Research creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps
create more opportunities for research.
6. Research is analytical in nature. It makes use of all the available data so that
there is no ambiguity in inference.
7. Accuracy is one of the most important aspects of research. The information
that is obtained should be accurate and true to its nature. For example,
laboratories provide a controlled environment to collect data. Accuracy is
measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of instruments or tools, and
the final result of the experiment.
4.3 FOLLOWING ARE THE TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODS:

Basic research: A basic research definition is data collected to enhance

knowledge. The main motivation is knowledge expansion. It is a non-
commercial research that doesn’t facilitate in creating or inventing anything.
For example: an experiment to determine a simple fact.

Applied research: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life

problems. This type refers to the study that helps solve practical problems using
scientific methods. Studies play an important role in solving issues that impact
the overall well-being of humans. For example: finding a specific cure for a
disease.

Problem oriented research: As the name suggests, problem-oriented research

is conducted to understand the exact nature of a problem to find out relevant
solutions. The term “problem” refers to multiple choices or issues when
analyzing a situation.

For example, revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the last year.

The following could be the probable causes: there is no optimum production,

poor quality of a product, no advertising, or economic conditions.

Problem solving research: This type of research is conducted by companies to

understand and resolve their own problems. The problem-solving method uses
applied research to find solutions to the existing problems.
 Qualitative research: Qualitative research is a process that is about inquiry. It

helps create in-depth understanding of problems or issues in their natural

settings. This is a non-statistical method.

Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the researchers

and the questions used to probe the sample. The sample size is usually restricted
to 6-10 people. Open-ended questions are asked in a manner that encourages
answers that lead to another question or group of questions. The purpose of
asking open-ended questions is to gather as much information as possible from
the sample.

The following are the methods used for qualitative research:

1. One-to-one interview
2. Focus groups
3. Ethnographic research
4. Content/Text Analysis
5. Case study research
Quantitative research: Qualitative research is a structured way of collecting
data and analyzing it to draw conclusions. Unlike qualitative methods, this
method uses a computational and statistical process to collect and analyze data.
Quantitative data is all about numbers.

Quantitative research involves a larger population — more people means more

data. With more data to analyze, you can obtain more accurate results. This
method uses close-ended questions because the researchers are typically looking
to gather statistical data.
Online surveys, questionnaires, and polls are preferable data collection tools
used in quantitative research. There are various methods of deploying surveys
or questionnaires.

Online surveys allow survey creators to reach large amounts of people or

smaller focus groups for different types of research that meet different goals.
Survey respondents can receive surveys on mobile phones, in emails, or can
simply use the internet to access surveys

Data can be described as the backbone of any six sigma project. This is because
the whole idea of six sigma and operations is to use statistics to manage
operations in the factory workshop. Hence, for a six sigma team to understand
the types of data and when and how to use them is of vital importance. Here are
the types of data that are used for statistical analysis:

Continuous Data: Continuous data is of the type that must be measured as

against the type that we can count. Consider for example length of an object as a
data type. Length of an object can be between 1 feet and 2 feet, it can be 1.5
feet, it can even be 1.54 or 1.546 feet depending upon the number of decimals
and the degree of precision that have been decided in the data collection plan.

Discrete Data: Discrete data is the data that needs to be counted as opposed to

being measured.

Here the values fall in one of the categories.

▪ Binary: The data in such cases needs to be entered in one of the two

categories like true or false, applicable to six sigma analyses or not
applicable to six sigma analysis. Many times the outcomes of success and
 failure determine the operations of the shop floor. It is in such cases that
the binary discrete category comes in handy.
▪ Ordered Categories: The data in these cases needs to be entered in one
of the multiple categories that are ranked. Here there may be more than
two categories. In fact there usually are more than two categories
involved. The categories may be based on the relative importance or on
some type of number scale.
▪ Unordered Categories: The data in these cases is entered in one of the
multiple categories that need not be ranked. There are usually more than
2 categories. Data lying in one category is usually no different from data
lying in any other category.
▪ Count: This is simple counting of data without any categorization
involved. This represents the discrete variables in its truest form but is
rarely used in the six sigma process because it does not provide much
analytical insight into the variables being studied.
 4.3 THE 13 TYPES OF DATA

● 1 - Big data.
● 2 - Structured, unstructured, semi-structured data.
● 3 - Time-stamped data.
● 4 - Machine data. ...
● 5 - Spatiotemporal data. ...
● 6 - Open data. ...
● 7 - Dark data. ...
● 8 - Real time data.
● 9 - Genomics data.
● 10 - Operational data.
● 11 -High-dimensional data
● 12 - Unverified outdated data
● 13 - Translytic Data
4.4 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

1. OBSERVATION:

Observation method has occupied an important place in descriptive sociological

research. It is the most significant and common technique of data collection.
Analysis of questionnaire responses is concerned with what people think and do
as revealed by what they put on paper. The responses in interview are revealed
by what people express in conversation with the interviewer. Observation seeks
to ascertain what people think and do by watching them in action as they
express themselves in various situations and activities.

Observation is the process in which one or more persons observe what is

occurring in some real life situation and they classify and record pertinent
happenings according to some planned schemes. It is used to evaluate the overt
behaviour of individuals in controlled or uncontrolled situation. It is a method
of research which deals with the external behaviour of persons in appropriate
situations.

2. Interview:
Interview as a technique of data collection is very popular and extensively used
in every field of social research. The interview is, in a sense, an oral
questionnaire. Instead of writing the response, the interviewee or subject gives

the needed information verbally in a face-to-face relationship. The dynamics of

interviewing, however, involves much more than an oral questionnaire.

Interview is relatively more flexible tool than any written inquiry form and
permits explanation, adjustment and variation according to the situation. The
observational methods, as we know, are restricted mostly to non-verbal acts. So
these are understandably not so effective in giving information about person’s
past and private behaviour, future actions, attitudes, perceptions, faiths, beliefs
thought processes, motivations etc.

3. Schedule:
Schedule is one of the very commonly used tools of data collection in scientific
investigation. P.V. Young says “The schedule has been used for collection of
personal preferences, social attitudes, beliefs, opinions, behaviour patterns,
group practices and habits and much other data”. The increasing use of schedule
is probably due to increased emphasis by social scientists on quantitative
measurement of uniformly accumulated data.

Schedule is very much similar to questionnaire and there is very little difference
between the two so far as their construction is concerned. The main difference
between these two is that whereas the schedule is used in direct interview on
direct observation and in it the questions are asked and filled by the researcher
himself, the questionnaire is generally mailed to the respondent, who fills it up

and returns it to the researcher. Thus the main difference between them lies in
the method of obtaining data.method, a questionnaire form is sent usually by
post to the persons concerned, with a request to answer the questions and return
the questionnaire.

According to Goode and Hatt “It is a device for securing answers to questions
by using a form which the respondent fills in himself. According to GA.
Lundberg “Fundamentally the questionnaire is a set of stimuli to which illiterate
people are exposed in order to observe their verbal behaviour under these
stimuli”.

4. Questionnaire:
Questionnaire provides the most speedy and simple technique of gathering data
about groups of individuals scattered in a wide and extended field. In this

Often the term “questionnaire” and “schedule” are considered as synonyms.

Technically, however, there is a difference between these two terms. A
questionnaire consists of a set of questions printed or typed in a systematic
order on a form or set of forms. These form or forms are usually sent by the post
to the respondents who are expected to read and understand the questions and
reply to them in writing in the spaces given for the purposes on the said form or
forms. Here the respondents have to answer the questions on their own.

On the other hand schedule is also a form or set of forms containing a number
of questions. But here the researcher or field worker puts the question to the
respondent in a face to face situation, clarifies their doubts, offers the necessary
explanation and most significantly fills their answers in the relevant spaces
provided for the purpose.

Since the questionnaire is sent to a selected number of individuals, its scope is

rather limited but within its limited scope it can prove to be the most effective
means of eliciting information, provided that it is well formulated and the
respondent fills it properly.

A properly constructed and administered questionnaire may serve as a most

appropriate and useful data gathering device.

6. Projective Techniques:

The psychologists and psychiatrists had first devised projective techniques for
the diagnosis and treatment of patients afflicted by emotional disorders. Such
techniques are adopted to present a comprehensive profile of the individual’s
personality structure, his conflicts and complexes and his emotional needs.
Adoption of such techniques is not an easy affair. It requires intensive
specialized training.

The stimuli applied in projective tests may arouse in the individuals, undergoing
the tests, varieties of reaction. Hence, in projective tests the individual’s
responses to the stimulus situation are not considerate at their face value
because there are no ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ answers. Rather emphasis is laid on his
perception or the meaning he attaches to it and the way in which the endeavors
to manipulate it or organizes it.

The purpose is never clearly indicated by the nature of the stimuli and the way
of their presentation. This also does not provide the way of interpretation of the
responses. Since the individual is not asked to describe about himself directly

and since he is provided with stimulus in the form of a photograph or a picture

or on ink- blot, etc., the responses to these stimuli are construed as the
indicators of the individual’s own view of the world, his personality structure,
his needs, tensions and anxieties etc., says Bell.

7. Case Study Method:

According to Biesanz and Biesenz “the case study is a form of qualitative

analysis involving the very careful and complete observation of a person, a
situation or an institution.” In the words of Goode and Hatt, “Case study is a
way of organizing social data so as to preserve the unitary character of the
social object being studied.” P.V. young defines case study as a method of
exploring and analyzing the life of a social unit, be that a person, a family, an
institution, cultural group or even entire community.”

In the words of Giddings “the case under investigation may be one human
individual only or only an episode in first life or it might conceivably be a
Nation or an epoch of history.” Ruth Strong maintains that “the case history or
study is a synthesis and interpretation of information about a person and his
relationship to his environment collected by means of many techniques.”

Shaw and Clifford hold that “case study method emphasizes the total situation
or combination of factors, the description of the process or consequences of
events in which behaviour occurs, the study of individual behaviour in its total
setting and the analysis and comparison of cases leading to formulation of
hypothesis.”

The secondary data are readily available from the other sources and as such,
there are no specific collection methods. The researcher can obtain data from
the sources both internal and external to the organization. The internal sources
of secondary data are:

▪ Sales Report

▪ Financial Statements

▪ Customer details, like name, age, contact details, etc.

▪ Company information

▪ Reports and feedback from a dealer, retailer, and distributor

▪ Management information system

There are several external sources from where the secondary data can be
collected. These are:

▪ Government censuses, like the population census, agriculture census, etc.

▪ Information from other government departments, like social security, tax

records, etc.
▪ Business journals

▪ Social Books

▪ Business magazines

▪ Libraries

▪ Internet, where wide knowledge about different areas is easily available.

The secondary data can be both qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative
data can be obtained through newspapers, diaries, interviews, transcripts, etc.,
while the quantitative data can be obtained through a survey, financial
statements and statistics.

One of the advantages of the secondary data is that it is easily available and
hence less time is required to gather all the relevant information. Also, it is less
expensive than the primary data. But however the data might not be specific to
the researcher’s needs and at the same time is incomplete to reach a conclusion.
Also, the authenticity of the research results might be skeptical.
CHAPTER-5
DATA ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
Particulars: (April Amount: (April ’18-
‘18-March ‘19) March ’19)

Cash In Hand(’17): 458000

Income: (A)

Sales 14850000
(MS+Diesel+Speed)

B.P Cylinders (5kgs) 20300

B.P Cylinders (2kgs) 8000

Oil (1L) 126000

Puncture Services 56000

Total Amount:
15,518,300
 Expenses (B)

Salary 5400000

Electricity Bills 900000

Card Machines (%) 200000

Water Bills 180000

Taxes Paid (Property 550000

+ ITR)

Transportation Cost 108000

Vehicles Services 40000

TotalAmount:

7378000
 (A) Cash Budget =

Income (A) – Expenses (B)

i.e Inflows – Outflow

Therefore,

A = Rs 15,518,300

B = Rs 7378000

Hence ,

Cash Budget = A – B

=15,518,300 - 7378000

=8140300
Cash Budget

Income Expenses
 INCOME (INFLOW) CHARTS

Income(Inflow)

Sale Cylinder (5) Cylinder (2) Oil

EXPENSES (OUTFLOW) CHARTS

 Expenses

Salary Electricity Card MCH Water Bills Taxes Paid Transport Vehicles
 The formula for the target cash balance Z is:

Z = 3 √ 3 x TC x V + L

4xr

Where: TC = Transaction cost of buying or selling

short-term

investment securities

V = Variance of net daily cash flows

r = Daily rate of return on short – term investment

securities

L = Lower limit to be maintained in the cash

account
 CHAPTER_ 6

FINDINGS,SUGGESTIONS AND
CONCLUSION
6.1.FINDINGS:

One of the most important problems in the petroleum industry is the well-
known petrol station replenishment problem with time windows, which calls for
the determination of optimal routes by using a fleet of tank trucks to serve a set
of petrol stations over a given planning horizon. In this paper, we introduce a
model and solve a specific problem that originates from a real-life application
arising in the fuel distribution where specific attention is paid to tank trucks
with compartments and customers with different types of products and time
windows. 

1. Cash Budget = A – B

=15,518,300 - 7378000

=8140300

6.2 FUEL RETAILERS CHALLENGED BY EMERGENCIES

Regardless of whether you run a branded or unbranded retail fuel location, one
challenge you can count on is the unexpected. Emergency situations happen on
their own timetable and can cause disruptions for your customers if they are not
handled quickly. For example, you may need a fuel delivery outside normal

working hours. This may be due to a sudden customer rush, or tightening of the
oil supply or a weather-related emergency.

6.3 REROUTING IS A CHALLENGE FOR FUEL RETAILERS

Routing is another challenge faced by fuel retailers.  Some fueling stations are
located in remote areas. This can make it tricky to find a dependable fuel
supplier. Fuel retailers must also factor in variable road conditions. Roads used
to transport fuel to c-stores may be blocked due to construction, traffic patterns,
and weather events. In these situations, fuel trucks will need to be rerouted to
fulfil orders. Rerouting may also be necessary due to last minute orders,
cancellation of orders, or truck breakdowns.

To overcome this challenge, fuel retailers should select a retail fuel service with
an extensive fleet of trucks and a strong network of local carriers. This ensures
that fuel can reach a convenience station no matter where it’s located or the
circumstances on delivery day

6.4 FUEL RETAILERS FACE CHALLENGES WITH LOGISTICS

PLANNING

Fuel retail stores are in a unique position when it comes to their business model.
While they may not make a large profit from fuel sales, fuel is a big draw for
customers to visit their convenience stores. This brings up a variety of
challenges around logistics planning. This includes everything from formulating
delivery schedules to managing inventory. Have too little fuel in your inventory
and you won’t be able to meet customer demand. Carry too much inventory and

you will have spent resources that will take a while to benefit your bottom
line.Fuel retailers can alleviate this challenge by partnering with a retail fuel

service provider with experience in logistics planning.

6.5.SUGGESTIONS:
~ Discount and Special Offers

~ E-Wallets, Money Transaction & ATM Facility

~ Food Court & Franchise Outlet

~ Varieties of Product

Helpings:
● Treat the customers with proper care
● Use of proper communication skills
● Neat and Tide Dressing
● Have a welcoming attiude
● Help in Problem Solving

6.6.CONCLUSION
I hereby conclude that the study of preparing the cash budget of Saraswati Auto
Services was a really challenging opportunity for me, it was really exciting to
work with the petrol pump staff and get to know about the structure of their
working and also get to know the financial structure
Bibliography
1. Mr. Arshad Akkalkotkar
2. Mr.AmjadAkkalkotkar
3. Mr.Sajid Shaikh
4. Bharat Petroleum Company Limited
5. Operational Manager
6. Contact Us: Sarawati Auto Services: 8554820534
7. BPCL.COM/ABOUTUS
8. GOOGLE
9. YAHOO
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 Annexure

1) https://medium.com/@cogximseo/attract-customers-
at-your-petrol-pump-with-these-9-ideas-
acc52f699215

2) https://www.mcphersonoil.com/top-challenges-for-
fuel-retailers/

3) https://magicpin.in/Pune/Swargate/Grocery/Bharat-
Petroleum,-Saraswati-Auto-Services/store/292533/