Final Defense 1

DALUBHASAANNGLUNGSODNGLUCENA
UTILIZING SPACECAT METHOD: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF
LENI ROBREDO’S PRESIDENTIAL BID ADDRESS
A Thesis Presented to
the Faculty of Arts in English Language Studies
Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Lucena
Isabang, Lucena City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies
by
Samantha Faye G. Ortiz
Ryan James P. Racsag
2022
B A C H BE AL C
OH E LF O
RO T ER COHF A
N RI CT AS LI N- VEONCGALTI ISOHNL AA LNTGEUAACGHEESRTEUDDUI E
CAS TION
1
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Language conveys powerful meaning, especially when they are used in
political discourses. Human beings rely on language to express themselves, and
communicate with other people. Unt11il now language has become the central
topic of humanities; it is considered as one of the most important aspect in human
life. Also, it is used more than for delivering what speakers want to say to the
audience (Rabiah, 2012). According to Leech (1996), the function of language is
to express the speaker's feeling, wherein by using language one can interact with
other and express what he feels. Apart from the daily function of language to the
individuals; language is also used and observed in political field.
Having said that, public speaking has long been key for
communication skill. It remains today as the tool to persuade and inspire; when
using various communication strategies the speech has the potential to bring
emotional impact to society (Beqiri, 2018). In politics, it is expected for a
politician to speak in public, thus using persuasive words to provoke the audience
is a great way of establishing trust with the audience while using rhetoric words
and phrases (Gagich & Zickel)
Last 2016 campaign, President Duterte administration focused on
his brutal drug war and much less attention has been paid to his administration’s
broader policy agenda, its approach to politics and governance, and its broader
impact on democratic institutions and norms (Timberman, 2019, para. 2).
B A C HBEALCOHREOLFOTREOC FHANRI TC SAILN- EV N

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However, despite of the incompetency and corruption issue of the Pesident
Duterte administration, survey showed that 79 percent of Filipinos were satisfied
with Duterte’s war on drugs (Paroccha, 2019, para. 3).
This clearly shows that most of the Filipinos are still persuaded and trust
Pesident Duterte administration. And now, that the election is approaching,
several politicians are starting to conduct their presidential bid, once again.
Particularly, Vice president Leni Robredo, a presidential candidate who addresses
her bid for candidacy in the position of president last October 7, 2021.
Consequently, the researcher aims to analyze the presidential bid of Vice
President Leni Robredo utilizing SPACECAT method. It is to examine and
uncover the rhetorical terms and devices used by Vice President Leni to
successfully persuade the public.
Rhetoric is strategic, purposeful, and persuasive written or verbal
communication. The purpose of rhetoric is to persuade an audience through words.
Aside from that, rhetoric is fundamental in any rhetorical criticism. Rhetorical
criticism is the analysis of the language used to persuade an audience. It is the
intentional language that is used to impart information or change an idea
surrounding something which can affect an audience choice or perspective.
Therefore, in this study, students or even normal individuals will be exposing to
the intriguing field of rhetorical criticism (Noorda, 2021).

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Background of the study
The language in politics is a practice of communication on how a
politician uses language efficiently to reach all of the social classes. Politics is
inevitably connected to power, in which it is concerned in making decision, to
control resources, to control other people's behaviour and often to control their
values (Thomas et al., 2004). Wherein the power of political speech is established
and maintained by the powerful role of language; which the language used by
politician is known as rhetoric. Rhetoric is the art of using spoken words to
persuade. Rhetoric as the art of using language plays a vital role in campaigns—it
is the persuasive speaking of someone who has a purpose to attract people to
follow and agree with his idea (Charterls, 2005). Individuals can use it for
persuasion, however, in order to effectively persuade, individuals must first
provide information in the form of speech. This strategy is usually used in politics
and also in public speaking to change the point of view of the audience to a
certain situation or topic.
In the view point of the researcher, rhetorical analysis is valuable; it is
expected to help people to be able to produce effective speech in front of
audience. The aim of delivering speech in front of audience is to share
information and try to make the audience believe in the information the speaker
shares (Medan, 2017). In this case, Vice President Leni Robredo tries to get the
trust of the people on her government in front of Filipino public. To do so, she has

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to make the audience believe and agree on what she says. According to
Christopher Witt (2013), when you give a speech, especially when you want to
influence your audience, you must first to win their trust. Wherein we trust others,
we accept and believe in their words, actions, and decisions. Thus, it challenges
the researcher to observe how Vice President Leni makes his speech capable to
gain audience's trust.
Having said that, Hyland (2005) argues that there are three major means of
persuasion which ensure response on the part of the speaker. The ‘ethos’ which is
concerned with the appeal of one’s character. ‘Pathos’ which involves an effective
appeal and focuses on the characteristics of the audience rather than the speaker.
Lastly, ‘logos’ which is concern to the speech itself, such as—its arrangement,
length, complexity, types of evidence and arguments, in other words the appeal to
reason.
Wherein for instance Barack Obama used logos in his speech, Obama cites
historical precedent and economic data from past years to strengthen his argument
that recent progress has been substantial and that the nation's economy is in good
health:
“But tonight, we turn the page. Tonight, after a breakthrough year for
America, our economy is growing and creating jobs at the fastest pace
since 1999. Our unemployment rate is now lower than it was before the
financial crisis. More of our kids are graduating than ever before. More of

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our people are insured than ever before. And we are as free from the grip
of foreign oil as we’ve been in almost 30 years.”
In this political speech, Obama used logos to address statistics or examples
with logical reasoning and to persuade their listeners of the success or failure of
policies, politicians, and ideologies. While in the rhetorical analysis conducted by
Medan (2017) in the inauguration speech of President Donald Trump, the findings
showed that President Donald Trump were used all types of rhetorical proofs in
his inauguration speech. The total logos 10x (5.21%), ethos 27x (55%), pathos
17x (34.69%).
Furthermore, Chilton and Schaffner (2002) mention that political speech
does not exist without the use of language, hence the conduct of politics is
constituted in language. The relationship between language and politics stems
from the fact that language can be thought of as a resource which is drawn up on
to achieve socio-political goals. Language seems to be a very important tool used
by politicians to establish group awareness and cement voters by making them
feel that their votes count (Grabias, 2001). Thus, the notion of political speech is
mentioned by Graber (2000), arguing that a political speech is not only a
monologue, but also an example of social interaction aimed at influencing the
nation. In fact, public speaking is an act of presenting a speech to an audience
with the goal of altering attitudes, actions, and sentiments, and to leave them
inspired by words and impressed by meanings. In general, speakers add

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metadiscourse markers into their speech to make it comprehensible to the
audience rather than a mere exchange of information (Tashi & Suksawas, 2018).
Hyland and Tse (2004), explain that all metadiscourse markers, are
essentially interpersonal since they need to take into account the audience
knowledge, involvement and needs and it ultimately aim to persuade the audience
and express the speaker’s point of view.
Metadiscourse markers were used in the speech of Vice President Leni
Robredo as an expressions used to connect her presidential speech and indicate
the speaker's attitude on delivering the message (Ismail, 2012). Hyland (2005)
emphasized boosters as important part of delivering a message, it is intensifies the
message and create an emphatic impression towards the audience, making a great
contribution in persuading the audience regarding the claims of the speaker.
At present, politics never fails to impress its contentiousness on people,
especially during election. Besides monetary resources, political candidates also
consider rhetoric a top machinery. It is observable that political speeches of those
candidates for president in this time of pandemic are imperatively related in
informing and persuading about the current status quo of the country during
pandemic and what they can do about it (Rogers, 2011, p.2), “language is a social
practice and because not all social practices are created and treated equally, all
analyses of language are inherently critical.” And by critical it means criticism is
inevitable.

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Thus, to comprehensively analyze the study the researcher will use Logos,
Ethos and Pathos to identify rhetorical terms in the speech. Additionally, the
researcher will examine the metadiscourse markers used by Vice President Leni
Robredo on her speech to successfully convey her message among her audience.
Afterwards, the researchers will utilize SPACECAT method to dissect the entire
speech and to identify, analyze and evaluate comprehensively the presidential
speech of Vice President Leni Robredo. Therefore, by conducting this research
individuals will learn on how to rhetorically criticize someone’s speech. Also, for
the politicians it will help them to create effective reasoning for their statement
and delivering a speech.
Objectives of the Study
1. Identify rhetorical terms and phrases according to following:
1.1 Logos
1.2 Ethos
1.3 Pathos
2. Examine the interactional markers used in Leni Robredo’s speech in terms of:
2.1 Hedges
2.2 Booster

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2.3 Attitude markers
2.4 Self-Mention
2.5 Engagement markers
3. Identify, evaluate and analyze the presidential bid address utilizing
SPACECAT method.
3.1 Speaker
3.2 Purpose
3.3 Audience
3.4 Context
3.5 Exigence
3.6 Choices
3.7 Appeals
3.8 Tone
4. Provide an insightful discussion of the implication of the research.

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Significance of the Study
This research study is expected to provide new knowledge which will be
beneficial to the following:
To the Researchers – After gathering the data, the researchers will be more
knowledgeable about rhetorical analysis when using in political speech.
Through this methodological process, the researchers can bring into the
greater awareness of the various communications. This understanding will
be beneficial to the researchers in being more successful communicators.
Conversely, rhetorical analysis teaches the researchers of effectiveness of
the speech and the strategies of the speaker that contributed to its success.
To the students of Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Lucena – This study will
benefit the students especially from ABELS Department of Dalubhasaan
ng Lungsod ng Lucena as it will provide ideas on how rhetorical analysis
works in political speech. It will help the students to identify and inform
them as to how and why public speaking is effective. It will also enable
them to learn more about their communication strategies. The researchers
also expect the students to learn the proper criticism with a concrete
process to make an effective rhetorical choice. Conversely, discovering
what is ineffective in a discourse teaches us what not to do when we
communicate with others. By uncovering hidden meanings in a text we
learn how various messages are produced and their effects.

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To the teaching staff of ABELS Department – This research can help the
teaching staff in ABELS Department by improving their communication
skills in persuading their students. It will enrich their professional
experiences in communication and have an appreciation in the speech that
embedded in this study. The aim of this study is to be rhetorically effective
in a given situation by understanding how communication works.
Scope and Limitations
Scope
This research study focused on finding the effectiveness of persuasion in
political speech using methodological processes of rhetorical analysis. Recent
studies will be used as reference in finding out the effectiveness of rhetorical
analysis. This study focused on the speech of Vice President Leni Robredo’s
presidential bid address. The data collection conducted using primary source
which is YouTube, the video-sharing website and secondary source from Rappler
which is the full text of Vice President Leni Robredo’s presidential bid address.
Limitation
The study is done mainly using qualitative as the method of conducting
the research. The sources that the researchers use is from the video-sharing
website (YouTube) and the full text of Vice President Leni Robredo’s speech in
presidential bid address from Rappler. Primarily, the speech of Vice President

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Leni Robredo is lengthy and the researcher will dissect it within a short period of
time. Since the researchers were the ones to provide discussions and conclusion,
the researcher made an effort to distinguish the speech by using the rhetorical
analysis. Proper judgement with concrete basis will be used by the researcher in
conducting the study.
This research study was conducted starting in the first semester of March
2022 and done by the end of the semester, Academic Year 2021-2022.
Definition of terms
To facilitate the understanding of this study, different terms are defined
conceptually and operationally by the researchers.
Appeals –Appeals are the speech intention through emotion, logic, or credibility.
Appeals are not the same as fallacies, which are simply faulty reasoning
that may be used intentionally to deceive. Appeals can be part of a
reasonable argumentative case. The potential for misuse, however, is
present in all appeals (Nordquist, 2018).
Audience –In rhetoric and composition, audience (from the Latin—audire: hear),
refers to the listeners or spectators at a speech or performance, or the
intended readership for a piece of writing (Nordquist, 2018).
Attitude Markers –Attitude Markers show the speaker's emotional, rather than
logical, disposition to suggestion; examples are 'lamentably, strikingly and

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luckily'. As explained by Hyland (2005), using attitude markers assist the
speaker to convey her evaluation, feeling, and attitude towards the
discussion among its audience.
Boosters –Boosters as important part of delivering a message, it is intensifies the
message and create an emphatic impression towards the audience, making
a great contribution in persuading the audience regarding the claims of the
speaker (Hyland, 2005).
Context –Context is the situation where the speech had been created. The
interpretation of the speech differently it will be delivered a different times
and places (Newbold, 2021).
Choices –Discuss the communication choices did the creator to convey the
message and the impact of the diction, sentence structure, organization,
layout, color, figures of speech, have the message (Newbold, 2021).
Engagement Markers –Engagement markers explicitly address readers, by
selectively focusing their attention, relating to them, anticipating their
possible objections or including them as participants in the text through
second person pronouns, imperatives, question forms and asides (Hyland,
2004).

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Ethos –Ethos is concerned with the personal appeal of one’s character. Here, the
assumption is that a speaker may have certain credibility before preparing
or delivering a speech (Hyland, 2005).
Exigence –It is the issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to
write or speak (Newbold, 2021).
Hedges –Hedges mark the speaker reluctance to present propositional information
categorically, allowing writers to present their knowledge claims with
appropriate qualification and construct the dual authorial identity of
“humble servants” of their disciplines and originators of new knowledge
(Hyland, 2005).
Interactional Markers –Interactional markers comprise hedges, boosters,
attitude markers, engagement markers and self-mentions (Hyland, 2010).
Interactive metadiscourse is more related to what Halliday called the
textual metafunction (Gillaerts & Van de Velde, 2010) however, in the
discussion of (Hyland, 2004), interactional marker of metadiscourse
includes the audience in the contention and demonstrates the speaker
viewpoint towards the propositional content.
Logos –Logos is concern with the speech itself, such as its arrangement, length,
complexity, types of evidence and arguments, in other words the appeal to
reason. It is the persuasive technique that aims to convince an audience by
using logic and reason (Hyland, 2005).

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Pathos –Pathos involves an effective appeal and focuses on the characteristics of
the audience rather than the speaker. It is persuasive technique that tries to
convince an audience through emotions (Hyland, 2005).
Purpose –Purpose in this method signifies the creation or reason for the making
of the speech. It emphasizes how the speaker tries to persuade, educate,
entertain, inform and motivate. The effectiveness of the medium used to
address to accomplish the purpose (Newbold, 2021).
Rhetorical Analysis –A rhetorical analysis is a type of essay that looks at a text
in terms of rhetoric. A rhetorical analysis can also be applied to any text;
where it regards the work not as an aesthetic object but as an artistically
structured instrument for communication. This means it is less concerned
with what the author is saying than with how they say it: their goals,
techniques, and appeals to the audience (Jack Caulfield, 2021).
Self-mention –This can be acknowledged by the utilization of first individual
pronouns and the possessive descriptive words. Self-mentions allude to the
level of unequivocal creator nearness in the content (Hyland, 2005).
Speaker –The speaker pertains to the main subject of the speech who presents
himself/herself in a way of the importance of the speaker’s message. In
linguistics and communication studies, a speaker is one who speaks: the
producer of an utterance. In rhetoric, a speaker is an orator: one who

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delivers a speech or formal address to an audience. In literary studies, a
speaker is a narrator –one who tells a story (Nordquist, 2019).
Tone –The tone is the emotions put on the speech whether it is happy, energetic,
or sad. It will affect the meaning of the speech intended for the audience.
The shifting of the tone also changes the meaning of the speech that gives
emotion or action using tone (Newbold, 2021).

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CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the related literature, theories, and studies after the
thorough and in-depth study done by the researchers. It also includes the
theoretical framework which serves as the basis of the study along with the
conceptual framework to demonstrate the flow of the study.
RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
This study intends to identify Aristotle’s rhetoric appeals or persuasive art
on Vice President Leni Robredo’s presidential address as one of the important
part of her speech. As the nature of the presidential bid is to persuade people to
believe in what the speaker’s conveys, rhetoric study fits with the purpose of the
study. The idea of rhetoric or persuasion developed a long time ago by Aristotle
called a rhetorical theory. Aristotle argues Rhetoric offers speakers how to build
arguments (Floyd, 2014). This theory is considered relevant and valuable for
communication; therefore, rhetoric skill is necessary as the power to persuade the
audiences (Nurkhamidah & Fahira, 2021).
Rhetorical analysis is a form of criticism or close reading that employs the
principles of rhetoric to examine the interactions between a text, speaker, and an
audience. As mentioned, rhetorical analysis can also be applied to any text; where
it regards the work not as an aesthetic object but as an artistically structured
instrument for communication. It focuses on what we call the “rhetorical” that

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investigates the phenomenon of a certain text or speech. Generally, rhetoric is the
language or the art of persuasion which aims at investigating the technique used
by speakers/writers to enthuse or even convince people about something (Corbett,
2001). Rhetoric means the speaker use to convince or persuade readers or
audience about something.
President Joe Biden made his inaugural speech for the beginning of his
term as the president. The speech is expected to persuade the people to believe in
his government and the programs that he will be enacted. In the analysis
conducted by Nurkhamidah and Fahira (2021), results shows that Joe Biden uses
55% of pathos on his speech, followed by ethos 37%, and logos 8%. Aside from
that, Joe Biden skillfully used and implied Aristotle's rhetorical theory in his
inauguration address to engage and build trust with the American people.
Therefore, the researcher has concluded that a good speaker can use all of the
three elements of the rhetorical theory and imply them in the speech or writing.
ETHOS, PATHOS, LOGOS
Ethos is concerned with the personal appeal of one’s character. Here, the
assumption is that a speaker may have certain credibility before preparing or
delivering a speech (Hyland, 2005). Moreover, Ethos is the dynamic and
interpretive result of the interaction between the speaker and the audience through
the speech. Moreover, Aristotle argues that while making an ethical appeal, the
speaker must develop three components of ethos: Phronesis is the wisdom or

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intellect a speaker has—this is where the speaker engages her audience and
generates trust by establishing personal aptitude and skill. While explaining the
morality of the argument to the audience is an important component of employing
ethos. The next means of persuasion which Hyland proposes is Pathos. It is originally a
Greek word meaning “suffering” or “experience”. The concept of pathos as a mode of
persuasion originated with the Greek philosopher Aristotle. In his book Rhetoric,
Aristotle describes three primary modes of persuasion: pathos, egos, and logos.
Aristotle writes that pathos as a means of awakening people’s emotions to sway their
opinion towards that of the speaker. This involves an effective appeals and focuses on
the characteristics of the audience rather than the speaker, considering its education level,
ethnicity, gender, age, interest, background, knowledge, group membership, and so on
(Hyland, 2005). So then, people who listen to Vice President Leni Robredo’s speech will
listen to what she has to say about herself, how her strategy in politics is portrayed, and
how her text allows for interaction between herself and those listening. Another point is
that of appealing to the audience with an emphasis on their characteristics and
knowledge. Moreover, Pathos emphasize the speaker’s communication through emotions
as they talk with the speaker’s emotions in mind, using the special way of expressing
feelings to both appeal and persuade. According to an article of Masterclass staff
(2021), the power of emotion can be overwhelmingly compelling even when it runs up
against our sense of logic or reason. Wherein Pathos is a term used to describe an
appeal to emotion in persuasive rhetoric or other forms of speaking—also it is an
appeal made to an audience’s emotions to evoke their feelings. In fact, understanding

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what pathos is and how to employ it effectively is an essential tool for any effective
speaker. Pathos is originally a Greek word meaning “suffering” or “experience”.
However, the idea of Aristotle was contradicted by Aristotle's predecessor,
Plato. Pathos, according to Plato, should be utilized less frequently than other
forms of rhetoric. Plato claimed that emotional appeals might be exploited to
influence audiences and those appeals to logic or characters were more
advantageous to public debate.
Having said that, the argument mentioned above is Logos. It is concern to
the speech itself—its arrangement, length, complexity, types of evidence and
arguments and so on or in other words the appeal to reason (Hyland, 2005). It is
the justification of speaker’s evidence relevant to the purpose of the argument.
This rhetorical appeal is used to convince an audience with reason and various
evidences. The speaker cites facts to connect and persuade the audience through
stating evidence with a concrete basis.
In Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, it provide an example when
a lawyer Atticus Finch uses logos to argue on behalf of a black defendant, Tom
Robinson, who stands accused of raping a white woman.
The logos, in this case, lies in Atticus' emphasis on the facts of the case,
that there is no evidence against Tom. In short, he appeals to the jury's reason.
Just like Barack Obama used logos in his speech. Obama cites historical
precedent and economic data from past years to strengthen his argument that

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recent progress has been substantial and that the nation's economy is in good
health:
“But tonight, we turn the page. Tonight, after a breakthrough year for
America, our economy is growing and creating jobs at the fastest pace since
1999. Our unemployment rate is now lower than it was before the financial crisis.
More of our kids are graduating than ever before. More of our people are insured
than ever before. And we are as free from the grip of foreign oil as we’ve been in
almost 30 years.”
In this political speech, some politicians used logos to address statistics or
examples with logical reasoning and to persuade their listeners of the success or
failure of policies, politicians, and ideologies. Therefore, the researcher realizes
that to study the speech of Vice President Leni Robredo is essential to conduct,
because the knowledge of rhetoric will be beneficial for many aspects not only in
social life but also in classroom interaction and professional careers. It is expected
that the result of the study will give the readers insight into how to convince,
influence, or persuade the audience effectively to achieve particular goals.
Undeniably, the language in politics is a practice of communication on
how a politician uses language efficiently to reach all of the social classes. Politics
is inevitably connected to power, in which it is concerned in making decision, to
control resources, to control other people's behavior and often to control their
values (Thomas et al., 2004). Wherein the power of political speech is established

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and maintained by the powerful role of language; which the language used by
politician is known as rhetoric. Rhetoric is the art of using spoken words to
persuade. Rhetoric as the art of using language plays a vital role in campaigns—it
is the persuasive speaking of someone who has a purpose to attract people to
follow and agree with his idea (Charterls, 2005). Individuals can use it for
persuasion, however, in order to effectively persuade, individuals must first
provide information in the form of speech. This strategy is usually used in politics
and also in public speaking to change the point of view of the audience to a
certain situation or topic.
In the view point of the researcher, rhetorical analysis is valuable; it is
expected to help people to be able to produce effective speech in front of
audience. The aim of delivering speech in front of audience is to share
information and try to make the audience believe in the information the speaker
shares (Medan, 2017). In this case, Vice President Leni Robredo tries to get the
trust of the people on her government in front of Filipino public. To do so, she has
to make the audience believe and agree on what she says. According to
Christopher Witt (2013), when you give a speech, especially when you want to
influence your audience, you must first to win their trust. Wherein we trust others,
we accept and believe in their words, actions, and decisions. Thus, it challenges
the researcher to observe how VP Leni makes his speech capable to gain
audience's trust.

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INTERACTIONAL MARKERS
Chilton and Schaffner (2002) mention that political speech does not exist
without the use of language, hence the conduct of politics is constituted in
language. The relationship between language and politics stems from the fact that
language can be thought of as a resource which is drawn up on to achieve socio-
political goals. Language seems to be a very important tool used by politicians to
establish group awareness and cement voters by making them feel that their votes
count (Grabias, 2001). Thus, the notion of political speech is mentioned by
Graber (2000), arguing that a political speech is not only a monologue, but also an
example of social interaction aimed at influencing the nation. In fact, public
speaking is an act of presenting a speech to an audience with the goal of altering
attitudes, actions, and sentiments, and to leave them inspired by words and
impressed by meanings. In general, speakers add metadiscourse markers into their
speech to make it comprehensible to the audience rather than a mere exchange of
information (Tashi & Suksawas, 2018).
Hyland and Tse (2004), explain that all metadiscourse markers, are
essentially interpersonal since they need to take into account the audience
knowledge, involvement and needs and it ultimately aim to persuade the audience
and express the speaker’s point of view.
Interactional metadiscourse markers are the self-reflective linguistic
expressions that make the speaker more powerful in interaction (Hyland, 2004).

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In the journalistic writings of Urdu, results show that hedges are the interaction
markers with the highest frequency in Urdu newspaper writings. The frequent use
of hedges suggests that the writers offer their readers some space to negotiate with
the viewpoint which highly attracts the readers to the author’s ideas. The results
also exhibit that the news writers of Urdu prefer to manipulate the viewpoint of
their readers by their judgments when they use stance markers. Another study
conducted by Fu and Hyland (2014), investigated interactional markers in two
genres of journalistic discourse in popular science and opinion articles. This
research aimed to see how interaction markers find a way to contribute to the
success of journalistic genres. A list of all potential interactional devices was
generated and the corpus was checked against that list by using PowerGrep
software. The quantitative results suggested that the interaction markers used in
opinion articles are double in number. Stance markers were used more in both
genres as compared to engagement markers. The research also suggested that the
authors structure their interactions differently contributing to the distinctiveness
of each genre. Importantly, metadiscourse markers were also used in the speech of
Vice President Leni Robredo as an expressions used to connect her presidential
speech and indicate the speaker's attitude on delivering the message (Ismail,
2012). Hyland (2005) emphasized boosters as important part of delivering a
message, it is intensifies the message and create an emphatic impression towards
the audience, making a great contribution in persuading the audience regarding
the claims of the speaker.

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SPACECAT METHOD OF RHETORICAL ANALYSIS
The artifacts of communication like speeches, articles books, magazines,
paintings, and even advertisements are also a method for analyzing the
effectiveness of persuasion. The researcher focuses on the political speech of Leni
Robredo’s presidential bid address to uncover different meanings using rhetorical
devices. This new trending method of analysis is effective in conducting
rhetorical analysis. The SPACECAT Method has eight acronyms. Speaker,
Purpose, Audience, Context, Exigence, Choices, Appeals, and Tones (Newbold,
2021). What makes this method so useful is that it can apply to any type of text
written, visual, aural, or other.
The speaker pertains to the main subject of the artifact. The speaker
presents himself/herself in a way of the importance of the speaker’s message.
Purpose in this method signifies the creation or reason for the making of the
speech. It emphasizes how the speaker tries to persuade, educate, entertain,
inform and motivate. The effectiveness of the medium used to address to
accomplish the purpose. The audience is the intent of the speaker in reaching the
main purpose of the message. The speaker must know the audience’s background,
community, and mood. Context is the situation where the artifact had been
created. The interpretation of the speech differently it will be delivered a different
times and places. Exigence is the issue or problems discuss by the speaker.
Choices in SPACECAT Method discuss the communication choices did the

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creator to convey the message and the impact of the diction, sentence structure,
organization, layout, color, figures of speech, have the message. Appeals are the
artifact’s intention through emotion, logic, or credibility. The tone is the emotions
put on the artifact whether it is happy, energetic, or sad. It will affect the meaning
of the speech intended for the audience. The shifting of the tone also changes the
meaning of the speech that gives emotion or action using tone.
POLITICAL LANGUAGE
The study of language in politics demonstrates how rhetorical devices are
a key to id identifying analyze the political language in the world of politics.
According to Carver & Pikalo (2004), the study of the relationship between
language and political behavior has drawn much attention to the linguistic ground
In other words, political discourse in world politics regards rhetorical devices to
invite audience applause and the use of personal pronouns used in political
discourse. Using the theory based on Haley’s (2001), communication model, the
strategic use of equivocation on how rhetorical devices are employed by
politicians to invite audience applause and the use of pronouns. This study sets
out a brief theoretical overview of research on political discourse in the world of
politics with particular regard to the metaphor used in the political discourse
which functions as the rhetorical device or technique.

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RHETORICAL DEVICES TO INVITE APPLAUSE
The studies reported in this section are concerned with how politicians
employ rhetorical devices to invite audience applause in political speeches. In this
context, especially of politicians at election campaign rallies, audience reactions
such as clapping and booing provide an important barometer of their popular
appeal. Thus, politicians are often aware of the value of using rhetorical devices
in evoking applause to elicit agreement from their audience. According to
(Atkinson, 2001), two rhetorical devices are widely employed to invite audience
applause in political speeches. He argued that the three-part list, in particular, can
serve as a clear signal to the audience of appropriate places to applaud, given that
a three-part list that lists similar items can work to strengthen, highlight or
amplify a specific point in almost any kind of message.
Theoretical Framework
In the discussion of logos, ethos and pathos in identifying rhetorical terms
in the speech of Vice President Leni Robredo, the researchers used the study of
Hyland (2005) as he said that there are three major means of persuasion which
ensure response on the audience part. These, he writes, are ‘ethos’ which is
concerned with the appeal of one’s character. ‘Pathos’ which involves “ affective
appeals and focuses on the characteristics of the audience rather than the speaker,
considering its education level, ethnicity, gender, age, interest, background,
knowledge, group membership and so on” (Hyland, 2005). Finally, ‘logos’

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concerns the speech itself, “its arrangement, length, complexity, types of evidence
and arguments and so on” in other words the appeal to reason. (Hyland, 2005) To
better understand these three means of persuasion, a closer examination of what
they involve and mean will be done in the analysis.
Moreover, in connection with the discussion of rhetorical analysis the
researchers adopted Hyland’s Model of Metadiscourse (2005), he proposed model
comprises two types of metadiscourse; the interactive and the interactional
markers, but in this study the researchers only used the interactional markers to
anlayze the speech of Vice President Leni Robredo which includes Self-mentions,
Hedges, Boosters, Attitude Markers and Engagement Markers.
In the discussion of Hyland, the interactional marker of metadiscourse
includes the audience in the contention and demonstrates the speaker viewpoint
towards the propositional content (Hyland, 2004). Self-mentions allude to the
level of unequivocal creator nearness in the content (Hyland, 2005). This can be
acknowledged by the utilization of first individual pronouns and the possessive
descriptive words 'I, me, my, our, mine and us'. Different highlights that can be
utilized to self-mentions are the speaker. Hedges are utilized to perceive elective
voices and perspectives thus retain promise to the suggestion (Hyland, 2005).
Supports express the speaker data as a feeling or a conceivable thinking as
opposed to a reality. For instance, 'in my view, as I would like to think, likely and
tend’. Different highlights are Boosters. In contrast to Hedges, Boosters help

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scholars to communicate with sureness what they need to state. Models are in
reality, surely and disobediently. Engagement Markers are utilized by speaker to
expressly address the audience and draw in them in the discussion. This should be
possible by the utilization of comprehensive 'we, our and us', audience pronouns
'you and your' and the question mark. Hyland (2005) calls attention to that the
most evident sign of a speaker dialogic mindfulness happens when the individual
in question plainly alludes to audience, posing inquiries, making proposals and
tending to them legitimately. The last interactional highlights are Attitude
Markers. They show the speaker's emotional, rather than logical, disposition to
suggestion; examples are 'lamentably, strikingly and luckily'.

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Conceptual Framework
The framework visualization below as illustrated by the researchers
explains the relationship between concepts of this research study, and processes
used.
Fig1: Conceptual Framework
The researchers chose a speech used in the study of rhetorical analysis. By
that, the researchers used the logos, ethos and pathos to identify rhetorical terms
in the speech. After identifying the rhetorical terms, the researcher examined the
rhetorical devices using Hyland’s Model of Metadiscourse, this model includes

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Interactional Markers. The interactional markers have five elements; the Hedges,
Boosters, Attitude Markers, Self-Mentions, and Engagement Markers. The
function from Hyland’s Model of Metadiscourse will be used to examine the
speech. Next, the researchers identified, evaluated and analyzed the speech of
Vice President Leni Robredo in her presidential bid address utilizing SPACECAT
Method. Lastly, the researchers provided insightful discussion of the implication
of the study based on the data that have been gathered.

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CHAPTER III: METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
This chapter discusses the research methodology used in the study. The
chapter presents details of the, locale, research design, population sampling,
subject selection, data collection procedure, analytical framework and ethical
consideration which represents the interpretation of data.
Locale of the study
This study focused on the speech of Vice President Leni Robredo in her
presidential bid address that will be conducted using rhetorical analysis. The
researchers used the speech from video-sharing website (YouTube) and full text
in Rappler.
The study conducted in the first semester of the academic year 2021-2022.
Research Design
The researchers used qualitative approach to deeply explore, understand
and interpret social phenomena within its natural setting (Creswell, 2002).
Qualitative approach is the method used to gather data including observations,
textual or visual analysis and interviews which collects and works with non-
numerical data and seeks to interpret data to give meaningful purposes.
Furthermore, the researcher analyzed the speech as the main subject of the study.
The study is designed to accurately describe the phenomenon of persuasion using
a generally accepted method under rhetorical analysis. Therefore, the researchers

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chose a speech to study. The researchers used logos, ethos, and pathos to identify
the rhetorical terms in the speech. After that, the researchers used Hyland's model
of metadiscourse which contains Interactional Markers to examine the rhetorical
devices after identifying the rhetorical terms and those are the hedges, boosters,
attitude markers, self-mentions, and engagement markers and examined using the
function from Hyland’s model of metadiscourse. And lastly, the researchers used
the SPACECAT method to identify, evaluate, and analyze Leni Robredo's
presidential campaign speech.
Subject Selection
The research subject for this study is Vice President Leni Robredo's
presidential bid address last October 8, 2021. , and the data gathered through the
internet's YouTube and Rappler platforms. The researchers chose the speech as
the data of the study (Hart 2017) defines artifacts as the records that remain and
can be re-examined after the speech, letter, debate, editorial, or video has been
created. The researchers recognized it as timely communication piece for this
incoming Philippines election.
Data Collection Procedure
Before data collection procedure, the researcher compared the speech of
the two leading presidential bet. According to the results of a Feb 18-23 Pulse
Asia, Marcos and Vice President Robredo continued their domination of surveys.
The researchers collected the data from internet website – the video-sharing

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website which is YouTube and the full text of Vice President Leni Robredo’s
presidential bid address from Rappler that aired on October 7, 2021 1:14pm PHT.
Observation method is used as the strategy in collection the data from the text
from Rappler and video of Vice President Leni Robredo’s presidential bid address
from YouTube. The researchers observed the social settings and record the data
from video and audio of the speech. This approach involves collecting data using
one’s senses, especially looking and listening in a systematic and meaningful
way” (McKechnie, 2008).
Ethical Consideration
Several ethical considerations were taken into account to ensure that the
study was conducted in an appropriate manner (Babbie & Mouton, 2001).
The researchers only evaluate and include pertinent components in the
study, and they do not incorporate any of their political views when performing
the research in accordance with the concept of doing no damage to others. This
study also has no intention of campaigning for Vice President Leni Robredo or
casting aspersions on her in the upcoming election. The goal of this research is to
identify and uncover the speech for improved comprehension. However, the effort
put out in gathering such pertinent data for the study has no intention of harming
any individual or group of individuals. Giving the candidate information is not the
same as offering support to the candidate.

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However, if a work corresponds with a copyright violation under Republic
Act No. 8293, also known as the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
(sec. 1), it may be considered a cybercrime under Republic Act 10175, commonly
known as the Cybercrime law. Even if it is unintentional, taking someone else's
work without appropriate acknowledgment is considered theft. It's a moral
dilemma in research communication since it's feasible that harming other
researchers will benefit you (Bhandari, 2021). More so, plagiarism the act of
passing off someone else's idea or work as one's own is a breach of the
university's moral code or ethical policy, and is punished by the courts. Hence,
the researchers properly cited the original publications used in this study and
sought permission from the relevant researchers to utilize the research data. In
systematically order, the researchers put all of the data and resources they utilized
into the references.

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CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter discusses the analysis, findings and answers the general
objectives of the study.
The researcher identified rhetorical terms through the use of logos, ethos,
and pathos in the speech of Vice President Leni Robredo in her presidential bid.
Tables were presented to explain the data clearly.
Below is the presentation of the findings.
Table 1
1.1 Logos
NO. PHRASES
1 Mabigat na responsibilidad ang pagkapangulo, at hindi ito puwedeng
ibase sa ambisyon o sa pag-uudyok ng iba.
2 Lalong matimbang ang tanong na ito dahil sa napakalaking hamon ng
pandemya. Ang dami nang namatay.
3 Kaya maraming nagugutom, naghihirap, at namamatay, dahil sariling
interes at hindi kapakanan ng Pilipino ang number one priority ng mga
nasa poder.

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4 Kung gusto nating tunay na makalaya sa ganitong sitwasyon, hindi lang
apelyido ng mga nasa poder ’yung dapat palitan; ’yung korupsiyon,
’yung incompetence, ’yung kawalan ng malasakit, kailangang palitan ng
matino at mahusay na pamumuno.
5 Nitong mga nakaraang linggo, nakipagpulong tayo sa iba’t ibang mga
personalidad.
6 Sa prosesong ito, walang naging lugar ang ego o pansarili kong interes.
Mabigat na responsibilidad ang pagkapangulo, at hindi ito puwedeng
ibase sa ambisyon o sa pag-uudyok ng iba. Pagdating sa pamumuno,
iisa lang dapat ang konsiderasyon: Ano ba ang pinakamabuti para sa
bansa natin?
7 Mahaba ang daang tinahak natin para makarating sa araw na ito. Hindi
ko binalak tumakbo. Iniisip ko nang bumalik na lang sa probinsiya
namin, kung saan marami rin ang umaasa sa aking tumulong
magpanday ng pagbabago.
8 Alam na nating lahat ito: Kaya maraming nagugutom, naghihirap, at
namamatay, dahil sariling interes at hindi kapakanan ng Pilipino ang
number one priority ng mga nasa poder. Ang kawalan ng maayos na
pamamahala ang ugat ng ating maraming mga problema, at ito ang
kailangang wakasan.

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9 At kung gusto nating tunay na makalaya sa ganitong sitwasyon, hindi
lang apelyido ng mga nasa poder ’yung dapat palitan; ’yung
korupsiyon, ’yung incompetence, ’yung kawalan ng malasakit,
kailangang palitan ng matino at mahusay na pamumuno. Handa dapat
tayong iwaksi nang buong-buo ang mga agenda, ang mga interes, ang
mismong mga tao at klase ng pulitika na sanhi ng pinagdaraanan ng
bansa natin ngayon. Kung hindi ka lilinya nang malinaw, kung
makikipagkompromiso ka, kung hindi mo man lang kayang sabihin [na]
mali ang mali – nakaninong panig ka ba talaga?
The phrases gathered above about logos shows how Vice President Leni
Robredo used rhetorical appeal to presents her idea logically. In the table above, it
appeared how Vice President Leni Robredo often used logos in her speech to give
emphasis to a certain idea. Further, the speaker provided an arrangement and
various evidences in her statements, such as “Kaya maraming nagugutom,
naghihirap, at namamatay, dahil sariling interes at hindi kapakanan ng Pilipino
ang number one priority ng mga nasa poder.” Wherein Vice President Leni
Robredo was able to give a clear explanation about the increasing poverty rate,
death and hunger rate in the Philippines, which is because of the incompetent and
greedy government that we have, having said that, the audience was able to

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understand the real essence of her political speech. This is by means of persuading
the audience that allows the latter to believe in her arguments.
According to Hyland (2005), Logos is the justification of speaker’s
evidence relevant to the purpose of her argument. As justified by the phrases
stated above, Vice President Leni was successful to convince her audience
regarding her argument or stance by connecting her ideas with reasons and
various evidences. For instance, taking a stance regards corruption, poverty and
unemployment.
1.2 Ethos
NO. PHRASES
1 “Salamat sa lahat ng nagparating ng suporta, sumabay sa dasal, at
umunawa sa pinagdaanan kong discernment process ukol sa halalan ng
2022.”
2 “Iniisip ko nang bumalik na lang sa probinsiya namin, kung saan
marami rin ang umaasa sa aking tumulong magpanday ng pagbabago.”
3 “Nilinaw ko sa kanila: Handa akong magbigay-daan at tumulong na
lang.”
4 “Sa maliit na tanggapan pa lang natin dito sa Office of the Vice
President, napakarami na nating nagawa para makatulong: ang mga

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pabahay, ang ayuda at medical at livelihood assistance, ang lingap sa
mga nasalanta, ang pailaw at classrooms at dorms, ang Vaccine
Express, Swab Cab, Bayanihan e-Konsulta, Bayanihan e-Skuwela,
TrabaHOPE, Community Marts, free shuttle services, at mga libreng
PPE at napakarami pang ibang nagawa gamit ang pinagsanib nating
lakas.”
5 “Kung nakarating ang tulong natin sa Agutaya, hanggang San Remigio,
hanggang sa ground zero ng Marawi”
6 “kung saan, kapag may nadapa, may sasalo sa iyo, may aakay sa iyo
patayo; kung saan ang mga plano para sa edukasyon, transportasyon,
pagkain, kalusugan, katarungang panlipunan ay naipapatupad dahil
may gobyernong matino at mahusay,
7 “yung halos isigaw mo sa kahit sinong makakarinig: Tulong.”
8 “Buong-buo pa rin ang pananalig ko sa Diyos at sambayanang
Pilipino.”
9 Kung hindi ka lilinya nang malinaw, kung makikipagkompromiso ka,
kung hindi mo man lang kayang sabihin [na] mali ang mali –
nakaninong panig ka ba talaga?
10 Nanay ako hindi lang ng tatlong anak ko, kundi ng buong bansa.

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The table above summarizes the phrases or sentences that Vice President
Leni Robredo uttered in her speech that uses the rhetorical term--ethos. Clearly,
Vice President Leni Robredo employed ethos in her speech to present her
interaction between the Filipino. She used the ethically appealing phrases like
“Iniisip ko nang bumalik na lang sa probinsiya namin, kung saan marami rin ang
umaasa sa aking tumulong magpanday ng pagbabago" to make an argumentative
persuasion that she is credible and competent leader, hence this lead to
persuasion.
Ethos is concerned with the personal appeal of one’s character. Herein, the
speaker showed a certain credibility while delivering her speech ( Hyland, 2005),
having said that, Vice President Leni Robredo mentioned several phrases that
used ethos, because she is trying to attract the attention of the audience to earn
their faith. Moreover Vice President Leni Robredo applied one of the components
of ethos that Aristotle mentioned-- Phronesis.
In the speech, Vice President Leni Robredo, uttered “Iniisip ko nang
bumalik na lang sa probinsiya namin, kung saan marami rin ang umaasa sa aking
tumulong magpanday ng pagbabago.” Wherein, the speaker demonstrates her
wisdom as well as her intellect and experience particularly in public service. Vice
President Leni Robredo also added, “Sa maliit na tanggapan pa lang natin dito sa
Office of the Vice President, napakarami na nating nagawa para makatulong: ang
mga pabahay, ang ayuda at medical at livelihood assistance, ang lingap sa mga

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nasalanta, ang pailaw at classrooms at dorms, ang Vaccine Express, Swab Cab,
Bayanihan e-Konsulta, Bayanihan e-Skuwela, TrabaHOPE, Community Marts,
free shuttle services, at mga libreng PPE at napakarami pang ibang nagawa gamit
ang pinagsanib nating lakas.” Clearly, this is where the speaker engages her
audience and generates trust by establishing personal aptitude and skill. Vice
President Leni Robredo stated her accomplishments for the past 6 years and the
programs she is planning when she will be elected. Therefore, there is no doubt
that by using ethos in Leni Robredo's speech she was able to gain the trust of the
audience.
1.3 Pathos
NO. PHRASES
1 “Puno ng taimtim na pagninilay ang mga nakaraang araw.”
2 “Marami sa atin, ginawa na ang lahat na puwedeng gawin para lang
mailigtas ang mahal sa buhay”
3 “Nitong mga nakaraang linggo, nakipagpulong tayo sa iba’t ibang mga
personalidad.”
4 “Alam na nating lahat ito: Kaya maraming nagugutom, naghihirap, at
number one priority ng mga nasa poder.”

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5 “Ina akong nakikita ang pagdurusa ng minamahal kong bansa.
Naniniwala ako: Ang pag-ibig, nasusukat hindi lang sa pagtitiis, kundi
sa kahandaang lumaban, kahit gaano kahirap, para matapos na ang
pagtitiis. Ang nagmamahal, kailangang ipaglaban ang minamahal. “
6 “At kung gusto nating tunay na makalaya sa ganitong sitwasyon,”
7 “Handa dapat tayong iwaksi nang buong-buo ang mga agenda, ang
mga interes, ang mismong mga tao at klase ng pulitika na sanhi ng
pinagdaraanan ng bansa natin ngayon.”
8 “Buong-buo ang loob ko ngayon: Kailangan nating palayain ang sarili
mula sa kasalukuyang sitwasyon. Lalaban ako; lalaban tayo.”
9 “Malinaw sa lahat ang hamon na kinakaharap natin.”
10 “Nakita na nating lahat ang pagsisinungaling at panggigipit na kayang
gawin ng iba para maabot ang mga layunin nila.
wala tayong aasahang pagbabago.”
11 “Dito tayo poposisyon”
mailigtas ang mahal sa buhay; para makahanap ng pambili ng pagkain;
para maitawid ang sarili sa kinabukasan.”

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13 “Iba-iba man ang konteksto natin, pamilyar sa ating lahat ang
pakiramdam ng pagiging nasa laylayan; ang paghahanap ng
makakapitan, ’yung handa kang kumatok sa kahit saang pintuan, ’yung
halos isigaw mo sa kahit sinong makakarinig: Tulong.”
14 “Nahanap nila ang tapang na mag-empake, bitbitin ang mga bata, at
gawin ang unang hakbang papalabas ng pinto nila. Dahil natauhan na
sila na, kung hindi sila maglalakas ng loob, mamanahin lang ng mga
anak nila ang pagdurusa...”
15 ’Yung pagod, ’yung pakiramdam na parang wala kang kalaban-laban,
na parang nagawa mo na ang lahat pero kulang pa rin, ’yung
pagnanasang makaraos ng taumbayan, bibig…
In the table above it shows that Vice President Leni Robredo uses pathos
to affect her audience and keep them involve in her speech by mentioning person
pronouns like “atin, nating lahat, nila, tayo, at sila." Such involves an effective
appeals which focused on the characteristics of the audience rather than the
speaker.
Moreover, in the statement of Vice President Leni Robredo, “Alam na
nating lahat ito: Kaya maraming nagugutom, naghihirap, at namamatay, dahil
sariling interes at hindi kapakanan ng Pilipino ang number one priority ng mga

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nasa poder” the speaker used emotional words to directly linked with an audience
because the audience is a collective subject of speakers who tries to impact them
by her argumentation.
According to Hyland (2005), Pathos is the means of awakening people’s
emotions to sway their opinion towards that of the speaker. "Iba-iba man ang
konteksto natin, pamilyar sa ating lahat ang pakiramdam ng pagiging nasa
laylayan; ang paghahanap ng makakapitan, ’yung handa kang kumatok sa kahit
saang pintuan, ’yung halos isigaw mo sa kahit sinong makakarinig: Tulong" in
that statement of Vice President Leni Robredo she appeals to the emotions and the
sympathetic imagination of the audience, as well as their beliefs and values. So
then, people who listen to Leni Robredo’s speech will listen to what she has to say
about herself, how her strategy in politics is portrayed, and how her text allows
for interaction between herself and those listening.
Moreover, in connection with the discussion of rhetorical analysis the
researchers also analyze and examine the interactional markers used in the speech
of Vice President Leni Robredo which includes Hedges, Boosters, Attitude
Markers, Self-mentions, and Engagement Markers. The analysis is presented in
the form of a table below.

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Table 2
2.1 Hedges
NO. PHRASES AND WORDS ANALYSIS
1 “Hindi ko binalak tumakbo. Iniisip This statement lightens the tone by
ko nang bumalik na lang sa showing to her listeners that there
probinsiya namin, kung saan are no personal agendas in her
marami rin ang umaasa sa aking running as President of the country.
tumulong magpanday ng
pagbabago.”
2 “Dito tayo poposisyon. ’Yung This statement focuses on the
pagod, ’yung pakiramdam na intention of the speaker and her
parang wala kang kalaban-laban, honest desires in running for the
na parang nagawa mo na ang lahat position
pero kulang pa rin, ’yung
pagnanasang makaraos ng
taumbayan, bibig”
3 “Inihahain ko ang aking sarili This statement focuses on the
bilang kandidato sa pagkapangulo speaker’s intention to sacrifice
sa halalan ng 2022.” herself for the highest position in the
land, and not to desire such rather.

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The table shows the hedges used in the speech of Leni Robredo that
composed of different metadiscourse that helps the audience to see its
significance in speech has the potential to bring emphasis to the message of the
speaker. The speaker use hedges to make her claims tentative and cautious.
Instead of a direct claim, she prefers hedging. Wherein Vice President Leni
Robredo uses different hedges such as the speaker lightens the tone on delivering
her speech. Also, the speech focuses on the intention of the speaker and the
audience.
Moreover, according to Hyland (2005), hedges are utilized to perceive
elective voices and perspectives thus, retain promise to the speech. While, the
hedges used in the speech expresses the speaker’s feeling or the conceivable
thinking that shows empathy towards the audience. While some of the hedges
used in the speech simply means expressing some feeling of doubt or hesitancy.
Additionally, the speaker used hedges on delivering her speech to avoid stating
things categorically, as well as to avoid sounding too assertive. Aside from that, it
is particularly the speaker conveys the phrases reflecting on situating herself on
the speech.
2.2 Boosters
1 “Ang kawalan ng maayos na The speaker highlights the need to

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pamamahala ang ugat ng ating end corruption by using the word
maraming mga problema, at ito ang “kailangan”.
kailangang wakasan.”
2 “Alam ng lahat ng ibang nanay, ng The speaker intensifies her
lahat ng ibang magulang, kung ano arguments by claiming that certain
ang kaya nilang pagdaanan at mothers definitely know what they
isakripisyo sa ngalan ng kanilang can go through just for the sake of
mga anak.” their children.
3 “Kung hindi ka lilinya nang The speaker further intensifies her
malinaw, kung speech by boosting her argument as
makikipagkompromiso ka, kung against those who are undecided to
hindi mo man lang kayang sabihin choose the moral choice, which she
[na] mali ang mali – nakaninong is impliedly stating here as her.
panig ka ba talaga?”
It is shown in the table the use of different phrases and words to convey
how the speaker put forward her claims in an argument and how she appeals to
her audience. Having said that, Vice President Leni Robredo deliberately
strengthens his argument by placing emphasis on her speech by using the phrases
or word “kailangan”, “alam ng lahat”, “kaya” and “kung hindi”. Clearly, intensify
her arguments by appealing that she is sure on her statements.

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According to Hyland (2005), Boosters help scholars to communicate with
sureness on what they need to state; simply the speaker demonstrates confidence
on her speech. While in conveying the speech, Vice President Leni Robredo
applied words to support her claim or express her viewpoint to the audience more
assertively and convincingly. The speaker uses boosters while at the same time
presenting views which may be conflicting to those of the audience and inviting
dialogue with the audience, the speaker creates a situation where the audience
feels a part of the discussion and perhaps solidarity with the speaker. Therefore
the phrases “kailangan”, “alam ng lahat”, “kaya” and “kung hindi” creates an
emphatic impression in the audience as well as reflects the confidence of the
speaker on her statements. Vice President Leni Robredo uses the mentioned
boosters that predict conflicts and disagreements which may come from the
audience and provide assurance through his message; hence persuade the
audience.
2.3 Attitude Markers
1 “Mabigat na responsibilidad ang The speaker conveys that being a
pagkapangulo, at hindi ito President is not an easy job and
puwedeng ibase sa ambisyon o sa thereby expresses her feelings
pag-uudyok ng iba.” towards it.
2 “Buong-buo ang loob ko ngayon: The speaker mentions how

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Kailangan nating palayain ang intentional she is in running for the
sarili mula sa kasalukuyang Presidency.
sitwasyon. Lalaban ako; lalaban
tayo.”
3 “Puno ng taimtim na pagninilay The speaker conveys her feelings by
ang mga nakaraang araw.” stating that she evaluates things
before deciding.
The shows the attitude markers used in the speech of Vice President Leni
Robredo. This expresses the speaker’s perspective or evaluation of a particular
event. “Mabigat”, “Buong-buo ang loob ko ngayon”, and “taimtim na
pagninilay” are some of the attitude markers used by Vice President Leni Robredo
in her speech.
As explained by Hyland (2005), using attitude markers assist the speaker
to convey her evaluation, feeling, and attitude towards the discussion among its
audience. Besides, these markers inform the audience about the speaker’s point of
view and her position regarding a particular situation or topic.
2.4 Self-mentions
This statement uses the first pronoun
1 “Ina akong nakikita ang pagdurusa “akong” thereby situating the

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ng minamahal kong bansa.” speaker in her speech. The speaker
relays that she is aware with the
different problems in our countries.
2 “Malinaw kung nasaan ako: Nasa This statement uses the first pronoun
panig tayo ng mga sinasagad ang “ako” thereby expressing in the
lahat para iraos ang sarili, ang speech that the speaker is on the side
pamilya, ang kapuwa, mula sa of the marginalized to help them
pandemyang ito.” improve their lives.
3 “Naniniwala ako: Ang pag-ibig,
nasusukat hindi lang sa pagtitiis, This statement uses the first pronoun
kundi sa kahandaang lumaban, “ako” showing that she is present in
kahit gaano kahirap, para matapos her speech and thereby owning her
na ang pagtitiis. Ang nagmamahal, beliefs and her statement.
kailangang ipaglaban ang
minamahal. “
A text always contains information about the person who produced it.
Wherein Vice President Leni’s speech further projects herself through the use of
first person pronouns; some examples are presented in the table above.
As mentioned, the speaker used the first pronoun “Ako”; according to
Hyland (2005), such presence of pronoun reveals that Vice President Leni

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provides many expressions of her own personal beliefs towards her audience.
Thus, Vice President Leni Robredo strengthens her image of someone
“determined” to fight for the upcoming election that she shows towards the
audience.
2.5 Engagement Markers
1 “Marami sa atin, ginawa na ang The speaker uses the phrase
lahat na puwedeng gawin para lang “marami sa atin”; thereby engaging
mailigtas ang mahal sa buhay; para her listener that what she is telling is
makahanap ng pambili ng pagkain; particularly about them.
para maitawid ang sarili sa
kinabukasan.”
2 “Kung gusto nating tunay na The speaker once again engages
makalaya sa ganitong sitwasyon, towards her listeners by
hindi lang apelyido ng mga nasa incorporating them with her, instead
poder ’yung dapat palitan; ’yung of saying “you”, she mentions “us”;
korupsiyon, ’yung incompetence, thereby including her in the fight for
’yung kawalan ng malasakit, freedom.
kailangang palitan ng matino at
mahusay na pamumuno.

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3 “Handa dapat tayong iwaksi nang The speaker mentioned another
buong-buo ang mga agenda, ang marker “tayong” to convey that the
mga interes, ang mismong mga tao Filipino person is not alone in this
at klase ng pulitika na sanhi ng fight. This just goes to show the
pinagdaraanan ng bansa natin desire of the speaker is seeking to
ngayon. Naniniwala ako: Ang pag- engage her listeners towards her
ibig” goals for the country.
In the table above, Vice President Leni Robredo combines pronoun use
such as my, we, you and I which demonstrate the engagement markers to make
sure that the rhetorical impact of persuasion is maximized.
As stated by Hyland (2005), engagement markers provide a very
important rhetorical tool in the persuasiveness of the speech. The combination of
the speaker in vocabulary, the awareness of the audience and their knowledge of
the world around them allows both the speaker and the audience involvement at
critical points. This resulted to a more effective functioning of persuasion in the
message being forwarded.
After the analysis of interactional markers the researchers utilized
S.P.A.C.E.C.A.T method that can be used for explaining the Vice President Leni
Robredo’s presidential bid address. Rhetorical analysis requires the researcher to

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identify, evaluate and analyze what matters about the speech (SPACE) and
comment on what specific features make it rich or effective (CAT).
Below is the presentation of the findings discussion and analysis in the
speech of Vice President Leni Robredo in paragraphs form.
3. SPACECAT Method for Rhetorical Analysis
3.1 Speaker
In this part, the researchers answered the guide questions regarding the
speaker. Those are; who created this speech? Was it an individual, a business, a
government, or something else? What do you know about creator, their
background, and their experience? How is the speaker meaning or effect changed
or influenced because of the person who created it?
The speaker of the speech is Vice President Leni Robredo as she
announced her presidential bid for the May 2022 national elections on Thursday,
October 8. She was known for being a strong advocate of the Freedom of
Information Act, and a strong supporter of the Bangsamoro Basic Law.
Participatory governance and transparency were the major objectives and thrusts
of Robredo's legislative agenda. Another thing about Vice President Leni
Robredo, the 14th Vice President of the Philippines, has held various foreign,
domestic, economic, and social positions over the course of her career. She has
supported women's rights and women empowerment, human rights, ending endo
contractualization, and policies that are pro-poor. Robredo's speech appeared to

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hit a realistic but hopeful note as she called for other people to join presidential
campaign.
This was shown in her speech when she said “Anim na taon ang
nakaraan, tinanggap ko ang hamon na tumakbo sa pagka-bise presidente.
Ngayon, sasabak tayo sa mas malaking laban.”.
3.2 Purpose
purpose. Those are; why did the creator of the speech make this? What are they
hoping to accomplish with it? Are they trying to persuade, educate, entertain,
inform, incite, motivate, inspire, or something else?
The purpose of Vice President Leni Robredo's speech is to persuade the
audience about those problems we are facing, regardless if they are the result of
poor decision-making, bad governance, suffering injustices around the world. The
speaker expresses her credibility and influence and how dedicated she is to run for
presidency, the speaker’s intention to sacrifice herself for the highest position in
the land, and not to desire such rather. In her speech, Vice President Leni Robredo
detailed the factors she considered in making her decision, what would be at stake
in the historical polls, and why she decided to run for higher office in 2022 which
addresses her eagerness to run. She remarked in one of her memorable statement
‘Inihahain ko ang aking sarili bilang kandidato sa pagkapangulo sa halalan ng
2022’ and “Nanay ako hindi lang ng tatlong anak ko, kundi ng buong bansa”,

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which she talked about her candidacy against male candidates who had previously
held posts in the Philippine government.
3.3 Audience
audience. Those are; who is the intended audience of the speech? Who did the
message reach beyond the intended speech?
Vice President Leni Robredo addresses her speech in particular to the
people of the Philippines serves as her intended audience however the audiences
who reached beyond the intended one are those television viewers who watched
the presidential bid, readers of that article or newspaper, social media users, and a
crowd gathered at the event.
3.4 Context
context. Those are; when and where was this speech created and delivered? How
was it intended to be displayed or distributed? What was happening in the
community, country, culture, or world when the speech was created?
Vice President Leni Robredo's presidential bid address happened last
October 8, 2021, and according to her she initially has no intention to run, but
then realize it is time for a change “Hindi ko binalak tumakbo. Iniisip ko nang
bumalik na lang sa probinsiya namin, kung saan marami rin ang umaasa sa aking
tumulong magpanday ng pagbabago.” she also mentioned how corrupt,
incompetent, and heartless governance our country has. Vice President Leni

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Robredo also acknowledged she does not have the funds and machinery unlike
other powerful candidates. She, however, urged her supporters to amplify their
voices since it can help her campaign. She said they can let others know of her
office's efforts to help Filipinos, especially during the pandemic, despite their
meager budget. Another thing, she stated that change in governance requires
taking a leap of faith, which she is doing and urging others to do as well "Ang
kinabukasan, pinipili, pinagsisikapan, ipinaglalaban. Kailangan nating piliing
humakbang. Heto ako ngayon, humahakbang. Ipaglalaban ko kayo hanggang
dulo. Itataya ko ang lahat; ibubuhos ko ang lahat na kayang ibuhos," she said.
She closed her speech with: "Buong-buo ang tiwala ko: Magtatagumpay
tayo."
3.5 Exigence
In this part, the researchers answered the issues or problems that the
speaker stated in her speech.
The speaker imposes the problem when she talks about corruption, issue in
pandemic and struggles of every Filipino. As stated in her speech “Nilinaw ko
rin: Buhay at kinabukasan ng Pilipino ang pinag-uusapan natin ngayon.
Pinipilahan ang mga ospital, dumadaing ang mga health workers, at nagugutom
ang mga nawalan ng trabaho. Samantala, bilyon-bilyong piso ang inilagay sa
mga kuwestiyonableng kontrata habang milyon-milyong Pilipino ang
naghihikahos”

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“Malinaw kung nasaan ako: Nasa panig tayo ng mga sinasagad ang lahat para
iraos ang sarili, ang pamilya, ang kapuwa, mula sa pandemyang ito”. She makes
the listener more willing to advocate for change, and look back on their own
experience. Sharing her personal experiences shows how even successful people
have endured their struggles in the past until today. Moreover, Vice President
Leni Robredo stated some facts and evidences regarding the issues and problems
that our country facing “Kaya maraming nagugutom, naghihirap, at namamatay,
dahil sariling interes at hindi kapakanan ng Pilipino ang number one priority ng
mga nasa poder. Ang kawalan ng maayos na pamamahala ang ugat ng ating
maraming mga problema, at ito ang kailangang wakasan”.
3.6 Choice
choice. Those are; why does this message matter, especially in the moment of
creation, for the speaker or audience? What moved the creator of the artifact to
create it? Were they inspired, angered, frustrated, or something else? Does the
message have lasting impact, even after it was created?
Vice President Leni Robredo begins her speech with an anecdote– a brief
story about a real life situation and even a nightmares that happened, before
moving on to detailing a change process and ending with a call to action. Having
said that, the message of Vice President Leni Robredo is relevant especially
today’s election period. At the time when the speaker delivered her message, she
intended to inform the public that she will be running for presidency. Moreover,

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in relation to the discussion of metadiscourse markers the researchers discovered
that the speaker demonstrates her frustrations in her speech. As discussed in
boosters Vice President Leni Robredo use different phrases and words to
emphasize her argument. Having said that, Leni Robredo deliberately strengthens
his argument by using the phrases “Alam ng lahat ng ibang nanay, ng lahat ng
ibang magulang, kung ano ang kaya nilang pagdaanan at isakripisyo sa ngalan
ng kanilang mga anak.” Clearly, intensify her arguments by appealing that she is
sure on her statements.
3.7 Appeals
appeals. Those are; how did the creator intend to appeal to their audience, through
emotion, logic, or credibility?
In connection with the discussion of logos, ethos and pathos the speaker
shows the appeal of pathos when she used emotionally loaded words like “sa
wakas”, “lumaya”, “pagdurusa”, “maglalakas ng loob” in her speech when she
said “At naaalala ko kapag, sa wakas, pinili na nilang lumaya – kapag nahanap
nila ang tapang na mag-empake, bitbitin ang mga bata, at gawin ang unang
hakbang papalabas ng pinto nila. Dahil natauhan na sila na, kung hindi sila
maglalakas ng loob, mamanahin lang ng mga anak nila ang pagdurusa...” She
tries to convince and depicting her emotions the audience into believing that if
they don’t take action now to fight for freedom then they will live as slaves (a

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very negative connotation). Aside from that, the speaker shows the appeal of
logos because she is using reasoning and logical statements like “Ina akong
nakikita ang pagdurusa ng minamahal kong bansa. Naniniwala ako: Ang pag-
ibig, nasusukat hindi lang sa pagtitiis, kundi sa kahandaang lumaban, kahit
gaano kahirap, para matapos na ang pagtitiis. Ang nagmamahal, kailangang
ipaglaban ang minamahal” In this matter, Vice President Leni Robredo
convinces the audience that she is worth listening to and not just attacking the
other people even though she disagrees with them, stating some situation calmly
and intelligently. However, she also shows the appeal of ethos when she tries to
attract the attention of the audience to earn their faith when she said “Buong-buo
ang tiwala ko, magtatagumpay tayo. Buong-buo pa rin ang pananalig ko sa Diyos
at sambayanang Pilipino”. She established her speaker-audience relationship
using ethically attractive terms like "buong-buo pa rin ang pananalig ko sa
Diyos" to establish an argumentative persuasion of ethos, by employing phrases
and words as ways to persuade the audience.
3.8 Tone
tone. Those are; what is the general tone of the message? What do you learn about
the message or speaker’s attitude from the tone? Does the tone shift in certain
parts of the communication? What is the purpose for the shift?

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Throughout the deliberation of her speech, Vice President Leni Robredo
used a distressed, sympathetic brave tone to describe how people are treated with
indifference, how our country suffers from corruption, how people have endured
their struggles in the past until today, and how willing she is to fight for change,
as she stated in her speech “Kaya maraming nagugutom, naghihirap, at
namamatay, dahil sariling interes at hindi kapakanan ng Pilipino ang number one
priority ng mga nasa poder. Ang kawalan ng maayos na pamamahala ang ugat
ng ating maraming mga problema, at ito ang kailangang wakasan”Aside from
that, she had shown the tone of courage as she faced the fight with bigger and
stronger enemies when she said ‘Inihahain ko ang aking sarili bilang kandidato
sa pagkapangulo sa halalan ng 2022’ and "Buong-buo ang tiwala ko:
Magtatagumpay tayo." The tone of a bold person, fearless, courageous and
sometimes a little reckless when challenging with frightening situations had
shown by the speaker.

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CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter is represented in three sections. The first section contributes
to the overall summary of the findings. Subsequent to this is the conclusion of the
study and followed by recommendations of the researchers.
Summary of Findings
This section summarizes the main research findings of the study. This
study focused on the speech of Vice President Leni Robredo in her presidential
bid that was studied using rhetorical analysis. First, the researchers identified the
rhetorical terms in the speech using logos, ethos and pathos. Moreover, with use
of interactional markers proposed by Hyland (2005), the researchers examined the
rhetorical devices found in the speech. To dissect it, the researchers used the
SPACECAT Method; as a result, the researchers identified, evaluated and
analyzed what matters about the speech.
The findings in this study based on the accomplishment of the researchers
provided that Vice President Leni Robredo’s Presidential Bid Address involved
the use of rhetorical appeal (logos, ethos, and pathos). This was used to present
her speech ethically, logically, and emotionally appealing. Further, the
researchers evaluated Vice President Leni Robredo’s Presidential Bid Address
using Interactional Markers. Vice President Leni Robredo delivered her speech
with assurance using phrases or word “kailangan”, “alam ng lahat”, “kaya” and

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“kung hindi” for clarification to strengthen her argument. By dissecting the data
using the SPACECAT Method, the researchers examined and evaluated the
speech using the guide questions included in the acronym. The data showed the
important aspects in her Presidential Bid Address to effectively explain the
rhetorical effect.
Conclusion
Based on the summary of findings discussed earlier, the researchers
concluded the following: first, by employing logos, ethos, and pathos on Leni’s
presidential address, the vice president was able to persuade the public on her
argument about corruption, pandemic issues, education, economy and hunger;
most particularly her reason of running in presidency. Second, the researcher
observed and concluded that rhetorical terms is one of the important parts on the
speech of Vice President Leni Robredo; or even in any type of writing, as Hyland
has also justified.
Aside from that, Vice President Leni Robredo skilfully used and implied
the logos, ethos and pathos in his presidential bid to engage and build trust with
the Filipino people. In fact, the audience regardless of their religion, ethnicity, age
etc. was persuaded by the speaker. Therefore, the researchers has concluded that
any person can convey their message effectively when they are also using
appropriately all of the three elements of logos, ethos and pathos and imply them
in the speech or writing.

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While the interactional markers applied by Vice President Leni Robredo
on her presidential bid played a significant role in producing an emphatic and
effective speech among its audience. Wherein, the utilization of interactional
markers is imperative on reflecting the clearer message of the speech. As the
researchers successfully dissect the speech of Vice President Leni Robredo,
researchers discovered that there are phrases or sentences that reiterate the real
message and intention of the speech. In general, Vice President Leni Robredo
utilizes a lot of interactional metadiscourse features in her speech. The researchers
also concluded that her speech was delivered well because she effectively connect
the ideas and facts, hence, created a more in-depth comprehension to the
audience. Additionally, to apply metadiscourse in any form of speaking or
writing, schools must teach first the concept of metadiscourse. Further, by means
of employing the interactional markers it became more effective for the speaker as
well as to the audience to depict the real intention and emotions of the speaker.
However, undoubtedly, the researchers observed that many professional
writers just concentrate on the product which is the written text itself and they do
not pay enough attention to the main objective of writing which is communication
with the audience.
Therefore, with the thorough discussion the researchers concluded the
relevance and feasibility of main purpose and objectives in this study.
B A C HBE AL OC RHOEFLT O
E CRH N
O FI C AA LR- V
T OS C IA NT I O
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6
Recommendations
After a thorough analysis and discussion of data, the researchers suggest
that this research be studied into further. Other future researchers may conduct
a study related to rhetorical analysis, not only the logos, ethos, pathos,
interactional markers and SPACECAT method. In connection with this, the
researchers also expect the students to learn the proper criticism with a concrete
process to make an effective rhetorical choice.
Moreover, the researchers expect that this study will serve as a reference
for future similar and related studies. The researcher would also recommend other
researchers to look at other ways in analyzing a speech.
Additionally, the researchers suggest that future researchers should enrich
the field of rhetorical analysis particularly in delivering speech, perhaps by
researching a variety of current events, topics or subject and including new and
concrete theory. Thus, the validity of these findings could be more precise and
reliable.

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Appendices
FOR LOGOS, ETHOS AND PATHOS
Table 1
1.1 Logos
NO. PHRASES
1 Mabigat na responsibilidad ang pagkapangulo, at hindi ito puwedeng
ibase sa ambisyon o sa pag-uudyok ng iba.
2 Lalong matimbang ang tanong na ito dahil sa napakalaking hamon ng
pandemya. Ang dami nang namatay.
3 Kaya maraming nagugutom, naghihirap, at namamatay, dahil sariling
interes at hindi kapakanan ng Pilipino ang number one priority ng mga
nasa poder.
4 Kung gusto nating tunay na makalaya sa ganitong sitwasyon, hindi lang
apelyido ng mga nasa poder ’yung dapat palitan; ’yung korupsiyon,
’yung incompetence, ’yung kawalan ng malasakit, kailangang palitan ng
matino at mahusay na pamumuno.
5 Nitong mga nakaraang linggo, nakipagpulong tayo sa iba’t ibang mga
personalidad.

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6 Sa prosesong ito, walang naging lugar ang ego o pansarili kong interes.
ibase sa ambisyon o sa pag-uudyok ng iba. Pagdating sa pamumuno,
iisa lang dapat ang konsiderasyon: Ano ba ang pinakamabuti para sa
bansa natin?
7 Mahaba ang daang tinahak natin para makarating sa araw na ito. Hindi
ko binalak tumakbo. Iniisip ko nang bumalik na lang sa probinsiya
namin, kung saan marami rin ang umaasa sa aking tumulong
magpanday ng pagbabago.
8 Alam na nating lahat ito: Kaya maraming nagugutom, naghihirap, at
kailangang wakasan.
9 At kung gusto nating tunay na makalaya sa ganitong sitwasyon, hindi
lang apelyido ng mga nasa poder ’yung dapat palitan; ’yung
korupsiyon, ’yung incompetence, ’yung kawalan ng malasakit,
kailangang palitan ng matino at mahusay na pamumuno. Handa dapat
tayong iwaksi nang buong-buo ang mga agenda, ang mga interes, ang
mismong mga tao at klase ng pulitika na sanhi ng pinagdaraanan ng
bansa natin ngayon. Kung hindi ka lilinya nang malinaw, kung

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makikipagkompromiso ka, kung hindi mo man lang kayang sabihin [na]
mali ang mali – nakaninong panig ka ba talaga?
1.2 Ethos
NO. PHRASES
1 “Salamat sa lahat ng nagparating ng suporta, sumabay sa dasal, at
umunawa sa pinagdaanan kong discernment process ukol sa halalan ng
2022.”
2 “Iniisip ko nang bumalik na lang sa probinsiya namin, kung saan
marami rin ang umaasa sa aking tumulong magpanday ng pagbabago.”
3 “Nilinaw ko sa kanila: Handa akong magbigay-daan at tumulong na
lang.”
4 “Sa maliit na tanggapan pa lang natin dito sa Office of the Vice
President, napakarami na nating nagawa para makatulong: ang mga
mga nasalanta, ang pailaw at classrooms at dorms, ang Vaccine
Express, Swab Cab, Bayanihan e-Konsulta, Bayanihan e-Skuwela,
TrabaHOPE, Community Marts, free shuttle services, at mga libreng
PPE at napakarami pang ibang nagawa gamit ang pinagsanib nating
lakas.”

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5 “Kung nakarating ang tulong natin sa Agutaya, hanggang San Remigio,
hanggang sa ground zero ng Marawi”
6 “kung saan, kapag may nadapa, may sasalo sa iyo, may aakay sa iyo
patayo; kung saan ang mga plano para sa edukasyon, transportasyon,
pagkain, kalusugan, katarungang panlipunan ay naipapatupad dahil
may gobyernong matino at mahusay,
7 “yung halos isigaw mo sa kahit sinong makakarinig: Tulong.”
8 “Buong-buo pa rin ang pananalig ko sa Diyos at sambayanang
Pilipino.”
9 Kung hindi ka lilinya nang malinaw, kung makikipagkompromiso ka,
kung hindi mo man lang kayang sabihin [na] mali ang mali –
nakaninong panig ka ba talaga?
10 Nanay ako hindi lang ng tatlong anak ko, kundi ng buong bansa.
1.3 Pathos
NO. PHRASES
1 “Puno ng taimtim na pagninilay ang mga nakaraang araw.”
mailigtas ang mahal sa buhay”

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3 “Nitong mga nakaraang linggo, nakipagpulong tayo sa iba’t ibang mga
personalidad.”
4 “Alam na nating lahat ito: Kaya maraming nagugutom, naghihirap, at
number one priority ng mga nasa poder.”
5 “Ina akong nakikita ang pagdurusa ng minamahal kong bansa.
Naniniwala ako: Ang pag-ibig, nasusukat hindi lang sa pagtitiis, kundi
sa kahandaang lumaban, kahit gaano kahirap, para matapos na ang
pagtitiis. Ang nagmamahal, kailangang ipaglaban ang minamahal. “
6 “At kung gusto nating tunay na makalaya sa ganitong sitwasyon,”
7 “Handa dapat tayong iwaksi nang buong-buo ang mga agenda, ang
mga interes, ang mismong mga tao at klase ng pulitika na sanhi ng
pinagdaraanan ng bansa natin ngayon.”
8 “Buong-buo ang loob ko ngayon: Kailangan nating palayain ang sarili
mula sa kasalukuyang sitwasyon. Lalaban ako; lalaban tayo.”
9 “Malinaw sa lahat ang hamon na kinakaharap natin.”
10 “Nakita na nating lahat ang pagsisinungaling at panggigipit na kayang
gawin ng iba para maabot ang mga layunin nila.

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wala tayong aasahang pagbabago.”
11 “Dito tayo poposisyon”
mailigtas ang mahal sa buhay; para makahanap ng pambili ng pagkain;
para maitawid ang sarili sa kinabukasan.”
13 “Iba-iba man ang konteksto natin, pamilyar sa ating lahat ang
pakiramdam ng pagiging nasa laylayan; ang paghahanap ng
makakapitan, ’yung handa kang kumatok sa kahit saang pintuan, ’yung
halos isigaw mo sa kahit sinong makakarinig: Tulong.”
14 “Nahanap nila ang tapang na mag-empake, bitbitin ang mga bata, at
gawin ang unang hakbang papalabas ng pinto nila. Dahil natauhan na
sila na, kung hindi sila maglalakas ng loob, mamanahin lang ng mga
anak nila ang pagdurusa...”
15 ’Yung pagod, ’yung pakiramdam na parang wala kang kalaban-laban,
na parang nagawa mo na ang lahat pero kulang pa rin, ’yung
pagnanasang makaraos ng taumbayan, bibig…

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FOR INTERACTIONAL MARKERS
Table 2
2.1 Hedges
1 “Hindi ko binalak tumakbo. Iniisip This statement lightens the tone by
ko nang bumalik na lang sa showing to her listeners that there
probinsiya namin, kung saan are no personal agendas in her
marami rin ang umaasa sa aking running as President of the country.
tumulong magpanday ng
pagbabago.”
2 “Dito tayo poposisyon. ’Yung This statement focuses on the
pagod, ’yung pakiramdam na intention of the speaker and her
parang wala kang kalaban-laban, honest desires in running for the
na parang nagawa mo na ang lahat position
pero kulang pa rin, ’yung
pagnanasang makaraos ng
taumbayan, bibig”
3 “Inihahain ko ang aking sarili This statement focuses on the
bilang kandidato sa pagkapangulo speaker’s intention to sacrifice
sa halalan ng 2022.” herself for the highest position in the

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land, and not to desire such rather.
2.2 Boosters
1 “Ang kawalan ng maayos na The speaker highlights the need to
pamamahala ang ugat ng ating end corruption by using the word
maraming mga problema, at ito ang “kailangan”.
kailangang wakasan.”
2 “Alam ng lahat ng ibang nanay, ng The speaker intensifies her
lahat ng ibang magulang, kung ano arguments by claiming that certain
ang kaya nilang pagdaanan at mothers definitely know what they
isakripisyo sa ngalan ng kanilang can go through just for the sake of
mga anak.” their children.
3 “Kung hindi ka lilinya nang The speaker further intensifies her
malinaw, kung speech by boosting her argument as
makikipagkompromiso ka, kung against those who are undecided to
hindi mo man lang kayang sabihin choose the moral choice, which she
[na] mali ang mali – nakaninong is impliedly stating here as her.
panig ka ba talaga?”
2.3 Attitude Markers
1 “Mabigat na responsibilidad ang The speaker conveys that being a

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pagkapangulo, at hindi ito President is not an easy job and
puwedeng ibase sa ambisyon o sa thereby expresses her feelings
pag-uudyok ng iba.” towards it.
2 “Buong-buo ang loob ko ngayon: The speaker mentions how
Kailangan nating palayain ang intentional she is in running for the
sarili mula sa kasalukuyang Presidency.
sitwasyon. Lalaban ako; lalaban
tayo.”
3 “Puno ng taimtim na pagninilay The speaker conveys her feelings by
ang mga nakaraang araw.” stating that she evaluates things
before deciding.
2.4 Self-mentions
This statement uses the first pronoun
1 “Ina akong nakikita ang pagdurusa “akong” thereby situating the
ng minamahal kong bansa.” speaker in her speech. The speaker
relays that she is aware with the
different problems in our countries.
2 “Malinaw kung nasaan ako: Nasa This statement uses the first pronoun
panig tayo ng mga sinasagad ang “ako” thereby expressing in the
lahat para iraos ang sarili, ang speech that the speaker is on the side

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pamilya, ang kapuwa, mula sa of the marginalized to help them
pandemyang ito.” improve their lives.
3 “Naniniwala ako: Ang pag-ibig,
nasusukat hindi lang sa pagtitiis, This statement uses the first pronoun
kundi sa kahandaang lumaban, “ako” showing that she is present in
kahit gaano kahirap, para matapos her speech and thereby owning her
na ang pagtitiis. Ang nagmamahal, beliefs and her statement.
kailangang ipaglaban ang
minamahal. “
2.5 Engagement Markers
1 “Marami sa atin, ginawa na ang The speaker uses the phrase
lahat na puwedeng gawin para lang “marami sa atin”; thereby engaging
mailigtas ang mahal sa buhay; para her listener that what she is telling is
makahanap ng pambili ng pagkain; particularly about them.
para maitawid ang sarili sa
kinabukasan.”
2 “Kung gusto nating tunay na The speaker once again engages
makalaya sa ganitong sitwasyon, towards her listeners by
hindi lang apelyido ng mga nasa incorporating them with her, instead
poder ’yung dapat palitan; ’yung of saying “you”, she mentions “us”;

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korupsiyon, ’yung incompetence, thereby including her in the fight for
’yung kawalan ng malasakit, freedom.
kailangang palitan ng matino at
mahusay na pamumuno.
3 “Handa dapat tayong iwaksi nang The speaker mentioned another
buong-buo ang mga agenda, ang marker “tayong” to convey that the
mga interes, ang mismong mga tao Filipino person is not alone in this
at klase ng pulitika na sanhi ng fight. This just goes to show the
pinagdaraanan ng bansa natin desire of the speaker is seeking to
ngayon. Naniniwala ako: Ang pag- engage her listeners towards her
ibig” goals for the country.
FOR S.P.A.C.E.C.A.T METHOD (guide questions)
Table 3
3.1 Speaker  Who created this speech?
 Was it an individual, a business, a
government, or something else?
 What do you know about creator, their
background, and their experience?
 How is the artifact’s meaning or effect

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changed or influenced because of the person
who created it?
3.2 Purpose  Why did the creator of the speech make this?
 What are they hoping to accomplish with it?
 Are they trying to persuade, educate,
entertain, inform, incite, motivate, inspire, or
something else?
3.3 Audience  Who is the intended audience of the speech?
 Who did the message reach beyond the
intended speech?
3.4 Context
 When and where was this speech created and
delivered?
 How was it intended to be displayed or
distributed?
 What was happening in the community,
country, culture, or world when the artifact

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was created?
3.5 Exigence  What issue or problems that the speaker stated
in her speech?
3.6 Choices  Why does this message matter, especially in
the moment of creation, for the speaker or
audience?
 What moved the creator of the artifact to
create it?
 Were they inspired, angered, frustrated, or
something else?
 Does the message have lasting impact, even
after it was created? Why or why not does it
matter now?
3.7 Appeals
 How did the creator intend to appeal to their
audience? Through emotion, logic, or
credibility?

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3.8 Tone  What is the general tone of the message?
 What do you learn about the message or
speaker’s attitude from the tone?
 Does the tone shift in certain parts of the
communication? What is the purpose for the
shift?
Moreover, below is the full text of Leni Robredo’s statement in Filipino
(as she delivered it).
Deklarasyon ng kandidatura para sa pagkapangulo ni Kgg. Leni Robredo
Magandang umaga sa inyong lahat.
Puno ng taimtim na pagninilay ang mga nakaraang araw. Salamat sa
lahat ng nagparating ng suporta, sumabay sa dasal, at umunawa sa
pinagdaanan kong discernment process ukol sa halalan ng 2022.
Sa prosesong ito, walang naging lugar ang ego o pansarili kong interes.
ibase sa ambisyon o sa pag-uudyok ng iba. Pagdating sa pamumuno, iisa

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lang dapat ang konsiderasyon: Ano ba ang pinakamabuti para sa bansa
natin?
Lalong matimbang ang tanong na ito dahil sa napakalaking hamon ng
pandemya. Ang dami nang namatay. Marami sa atin, ginawa na ang lahat
na puwedeng gawin para lang mailigtas ang mahal sa buhay; para
makahanap ng pambili ng pagkain; para maitawid ang sarili sa
kinabukasan.
Mahaba ang daang tinahak natin para makarating sa araw na ito. Hindi
ko binalak tumakbo. Iniisip ko nang bumalik na lang sa probinsiya namin,
kung saan marami rin ang umaasa sa aking tumulong magpanday ng
pagbabago.
Nitong mga nakaraang linggo, nakipagpulong tayo sa iba’t ibang mga
personalidad. Nilinaw ko sa kanila: Handa akong magbigay-daan at
tumulong na lang. May alok din silang sumanib na lang ako bilang
kandidato, o bilang bahagi ng kanilang administrasyon sakaling manalo
sila. Ang tugon ko, hindi ito tungkol sa posisyon; hindi tayo nakikipag-
usap para makipagtransaksiyon. Ang pinakamahalaga, magkaisa kami –

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sa prinsipyo, sa pangarap para sa bansa, at sa landas na dapat tahakin
tungo sa katuparan ng mga ito.
Nilinaw ko rin: Buhay at kinabukasan ng Pilipino ang pinag-uusapan
natin ngayon. Pinipilahan ang mga ospital, dumadaing ang mga health
workers, at nagugutom ang mga nawalan ng trabaho. Samantala, bilyon-
bilyong piso ang inilagay sa mga kuwestiyonableng kontrata habang
milyon-milyong Pilipino ang naghihikahos.
Alam na nating lahat ito: Kaya maraming nagugutom, naghihirap, at
kailangang wakasan.
At kung gusto nating tunay na makalaya sa ganitong sitwasyon, hindi lang
apelyido ng mga nasa poder ’yung dapat palitan; ’yung korupsiyon, ’yung
incompetence, ’yung kawalan ng malasakit, kailangang palitan ng matino
at mahusay na pamumuno. Handa dapat tayong iwaksi nang buong-buo
ang mga agenda, ang mga interes, ang mismong mga tao at klase ng
pulitika na sanhi ng pinagdaraanan ng bansa natin ngayon. Kung hindi ka

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lilinya nang malinaw, kung makikipagkompromiso ka, kung hindi mo man
lang kayang sabihin [na] mali ang mali – nakaninong panig ka ba talaga?
Malinaw kung nasaan ako: Nasa panig tayo ng mga sinasagad ang lahat
para iraos ang sarili, ang pamilya, ang kapuwa, mula sa pandemyang ito.
Iba-iba man ang konteksto natin, pamilyar sa ating lahat ang pakiramdam
ng pagiging nasa laylayan; ang paghahanap ng makakapitan, ’yung
handa kang kumatok sa kahit saang pintuan, ’yung halos isigaw mo sa
kahit sinong makakarinig: Tulong.
Nanay ako hindi lang ng tatlong anak ko, kundi ng buong bansa. At alam
ng lahat ng ibang nanay, ng lahat ng ibang magulang, kung ano ang kaya
nilang pagdaanan at isakripisyo sa ngalan ng kanilang mga anak.
Naaalala ko nga ’yung maraming kaso ng domestic abuse na hinawakan
ko noong nag-aabogado pa ako. Kung paanong tiniis ng mga kliyente ko
ang pang-aabuso at pananakit ng asawa nila. Kapag tinanong mo kung
bakit, iisa ang sagot: Alang-alang sa mga anak nila.
At naaalala ko kapag, sa wakas, pinili na nilang lumaya – kapag nahanap
nila ang tapang na mag-empake, bitbitin ang mga bata, at gawin ang

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unang hakbang papalabas ng pinto nila. Dahil natauhan na sila na, kung
hindi sila maglalakas ng loob, mamanahin lang ng mga anak nila ang
pagdurusa.
Ina akong nakikita ang pagdurusa ng minamahal kong bansa. Naniniwala
ako: Ang pag-ibig, nasusukat hindi lang sa pagtitiis, kundi sa kahandaang
lumaban, kahit gaano kahirap, para matapos na ang pagtitiis. Ang
nagmamahal, kailangang ipaglaban ang minamahal.
Buong-buo ang loob ko ngayon: Kailangan nating palayain ang sarili
mula sa kasalukuyang sitwasyon. Lalaban ako; lalaban tayo.
Inihahain ko ang aking sarili bilang kandidato sa pagkapangulo sa
halalan ng 2022.
Malinaw sa lahat ang hamon na kinakaharap natin. Nakita na nating
lahat ang pagsisinungaling at panggigipit na kayang gawin ng iba para
maabot ang mga layunin nila. Nasa kanila ang pera, makinarya, isang
buong estrukturang kayang magpalaganap ng anumang kuwentong gusto
nilang palabasin. Pero hindi kayang tabunan ng kahit na anong ingay ang
katotohanan: Kung parehong uri ng pamamahala at pareho ang pagkatao

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ng mga magwawagi sa araw ng halalan, wala tayong aasahang
pagbabago.
Dito tayo poposisyon. ’Yung pagod, ’yung pakiramdam na parang wala
kang kalaban-laban, na parang nagawa mo na ang lahat pero kulang pa
rin, ’yung pagnanasang makaraos ng taumbayan, bibigyan natin ng bago
at positibong anyo. Gagawin natin itong paninindigan, gagawin nating
enerhiya. Tatalunin natin ang luma at bulok na klase ng pulitika. Ibabalik
natin sa kamay ng karaniwang Pilipino ang kakayahang magdala ng
pagbabago.
Alam kong marami sa inyo ang ilang buwan nang kumikilos nang kusa
tungo sa layuning ito. Ramdam na ramdam ko ang tiwalang kaloob ’nyo
sa akin. Sinasabi ko ngayon: Buong-buo rin ang tiwala ko sa inyo. Kaya
tinatawag ko kayo: Gisingin ang natutulog pang lakas.
Tumindig kayo; tinitiyak ko, mayroon ding titindig sa tabi ninyo.
Kumausap ng labas sa nakasanayan; palawakin pa ang hanay. Ihayag
ang katotohanan na sa kabila ng mga limitasyon, sa kabila ng
panggigipit. Sa maliit na tanggapan pa lang natin dito sa Office of the

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Vice President, napakarami na nating nagawa para makatulong: ang mga
mga nasalanta, ang pailaw at classrooms at dorms, ang Vaccine Express,
Swab Cab, Bayanihan e-Konsulta, Bayanihan e-Skuwela, TrabaHOPE,
Community Marts, free shuttle services, at mga libreng PPE at
napakarami pang ibang nagawa gamit ang pinagsanib nating lakas.
Kung naipatupad natin ang lahat ng ito; kung nakarating ang tulong natin
sa Agutaya, hanggang San Remigio, hanggang sa ground zero ng Marawi
kahit ginigipit tayo, imagine kung ano pa ang kaya nating gawin, kung
saan pa ang kaya nating marating, kung maitututok ang buong enerhiya
ng gobyerno sa tangi nitong dapat iniintindi: ang kapakanan ng
taumbayan.
Anim na taon ang nakaraan, tinanggap ko ang hamon na tumakbo sa
pagka-bise presidente. Ngayon, sasabak tayo sa mas malaking laban.
Panata ko ngayon: Ibubuhos ko nang buong-buo ang aking lakas, hindi
lang hanggang sa halalan kundi hanggang sa mga natitirang araw ko,
para ipaglaban ang Pilipinas ng ating mga pangarap – isang lipunan
kung saan, kapag nagbanat ka ng buto, kapag ginawa mo ang lahat ng
kaya mo, makaaasa ka sa ginhawa at pag-asenso; kung saan, kapag may
nadapa, may sasalo sa iyo, may aakay sa iyo patayo; kung saan ang mga

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plano para sa edukasyon, transportasyon, pagkain, kalusugan,
katarungang panlipunan ay naipapatupad dahil may gobyernong matino
at mahusay, gobyernong tapat at may pananagutan, gobyernong tunay na
inuuna ang interes ng taumbayan.
May landas tungo sa kinabukasang ito. Pero hindi ito maaabot sa
pagwawalang-kibo kapag may nangyayaring hindi tama. Hindi ito
puwedeng iasa sa iba habang nanonood ka lang; hindi puwedeng pumikit
na lang at umasang pagdilat natin nagbago na ang mundo. Ang
kinabukasan, pinipili, pinagsisikapan, ipinaglalaban. Kailangan nating
piliing humakbang.
Heto ako ngayon, humahakbang. Ipaglalaban ko kayo hanggang dulo.
Itataya ko ang lahat; ibubuhos ko ang lahat na kayang ibuhos. Sama-
sama tayong tumaya sa laban na ito. Buong bansa tayong tumungo sa
isang kinabukasang mas patas at mas makatao; kung saan ang bawat
Pilipino ay may pagkakataong umasenso; kung saan ang lakas ng bawat
isa ay nagiging nagkakaisang lakas ng lahat – lakas na dadaig sa
anumang krisis, anumang hamon, lakas na magiging simula ng ating
kolektibong pagbangon. Buong-buo ang tiwala ko, magtatagumpay tayo.
Buong-buo pa rin ang pananalig ko sa Diyos at sambayanang Pilipino.
Maraming salamat. Mabuhay ang Pilipinas.

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DALUBHASAANNGLUNGSODNGLUCENA

UTILIZING SPACECAT METHOD: A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF

LENI ROBREDO’S PRESIDENTIAL BID ADDRESS

the Faculty of Arts in English Language Studies

Dalubhasaan ng Lungsod ng Lucena

Isabang, Lucena City

of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies

Samantha Faye G. Ortiz

Ryan James P. Racsag

Language conveys powerful meaning, especially when they are used in

political discourses. Human beings rely on language to express themselves, and

topic of humanities; it is considered as one of the most important aspect in human

audience (Rabiah, 2012). According to Leech (1996), the function of language is

individuals; language is also used and observed in political field.

emotional impact to society (Beqiri, 2018). In politics, it is expected for a

and phrases (Gagich & Zickel)

Last 2016 campaign, President Duterte administration focused on

impact on democratic institutions and norms (Timberman, 2019, para. 2).

B A C HBEALCOHREOLFOTREOC FHANRI TC SAILN- EV N

However, despite of the incompetency and corruption issue of the Pesident

Duterte administration, survey showed that 79 percent of Filipinos were satisfied

with Duterte’s war on drugs (Paroccha, 2019, para. 3).

Pesident Duterte administration. And now, that the election is approaching,

Particularly, Vice president Leni Robredo, a presidential candidate who addresses

Consequently, the researcher aims to analyze the presidential bid of Vice

President Leni Robredo utilizing SPACECAT method. It is to examine and

successfully persuade the public.

Rhetoric is strategic, purposeful, and persuasive written or verbal

communication. The purpose of rhetoric is to persuade an audience through words.

Aside from that, rhetoric is fundamental in any rhetorical criticism. Rhetorical

criticism is the analysis of the language used to persuade an audience. It is the

intentional language that is used to impart information or change an idea

surrounding something which can affect an audience choice or perspective.

Therefore, in this study, students or even normal individuals will be exposing to

the intriguing field of rhetorical criticism (Noorda, 2021).

B A C HBEALCOHREOLFOTREOC FHANRI TC SAILN- EV N

Background of the study

The language in politics is a practice of communication on how a

inevitably connected to power, in which it is concerned in making decision, to

politician is known as rhetoric. Rhetoric is the art of using spoken words to

is the persuasive speaking of someone who has a purpose to attract people to

persuasion, however, in order to effectively persuade, individuals must first

certain situation or topic.

In the view point of the researcher, rhetorical analysis is valuable; it is

expected to help people to be able to produce effective speech in front of

audience. The aim of delivering speech in front of audience is to share

B A C HBEALCOHREOLFOTREOC FHANRI TC SAILN- EV N

gain audience's trust.

B A C HBEALCOHREOLFOTREOC FHANRI TC SAILN- EV N

of foreign oil as we’ve been in almost 30 years.”

In this political speech, Obama used logos to address statistics or examples

policies, politicians, and ideologies. While in the rhetorical analysis conducted by

Furthermore, Chilton and Schaffner (2002) mention that political speech

constituted in language. The relationship between language and politics stems

to achieve socio-political goals. Language seems to be a very important tool used

by politicians to establish group awareness and cement voters by making them

mentioned by Graber (2000), arguing that a political speech is not only a

monologue, but also an example of social interaction aimed at influencing the

nation. In fact, public speaking is an act of presenting a speech to an audience

inspired by words and impressed by meanings. In general, speakers add

B A C HBEALCOHREOLFOTREOC FHANRI TC SAILN- EV N

metadiscourse markers into their speech to make it comprehensible to the