Lesson 1.1: Antiderivatives Lesson Summary Indefinite integration is the inverse of differentiation and given this definiton indefinite integration is also called the antidifferentiation. This lesson focuses firston reversing the process of finding derivatives. Then the idea of t being also the indefinite integral and its notation will be introduced Learning Outcomes 1. Express the general form of the antiderivatives of a function. 2. Solve simple differential equations using the integral notation. Motivation Question Given thata function f(x) Is the derivative of F(x), can indefinite integration of f(x) result to F(x)? Discussion Suppose you are given a function (1) FQ) = 427 + 5x +1 ‘And unlike what we used to do in Caloulus for Engineers |, where we find derivatives of functions, we are to find the functon that when differentiated in terms of x, would result to the function given above. Let us name the function that we are looking for as F(x). To summarize the conditions, a (1.2) ah = 1@ Fx) = Anta Se 4d a 2 (3) BPO = at toed To determine this function F (x) we may apply the differentiation process in reverse. To do this, we identify first what type of function the f(x) is. And we know immediately that itis a polynomial. We recall from our discussion in ESci 112 that the derivative of a polynomial is also a polynomial. We further recall that the differentiation rule that we use to determine the derivatives of polynomials is the one that is called the Power Rule(14) Power Rule Let us first describe how we reverse the Power Rule: 1) Add 1 to the exponent. 2) Divide the coefficient by the new exponent (added by 1) Also, according to the Sum Rule of differentiation, the Power Rule must be applied to each of the terms of the F(x). Then in our reverse process we apply the reverse power rule to each of the terms of f(x). a a a (1.5) Gt@ +P] = Fue) +7 v@) Sum Rule We also have a constant term in the polynomial, which would mean that we must recall the Identity Rule. (1.6) zx Power Rule The solution would be as follows: U7) f@) = 4x2 45x41 Given Rewriting the polynomial; the constant term is multiplied by the variable but with zero exponent 1) Adding 4 to the exponents of the variable x = Ax? + Sx tx? = 4x2 ygyttt p04 = 4x34 Sx? +x 4.501 2) Dividing the coefficient = sx*tioxd¢ox by the exponent sae 7 incremented by 1 44.5 The apparent antiderivative = fysy dye F@) geet get tx of f(x) Antidifferentiation is the name for reversing the process of differentiation. Also, the function F(x) which resulted from the antidifferentiation of the derivative function f(x) is called an antiderivative of the f(x).PM Antiderivative function F is an antiderivative of the function f if, Are =Fe for all x in the domain of f. To check if F(x) is really an antiderivative of f(x), ra) = tx 43 y2gy Given aT +2 da a4 5 Differentiation both Brey = (Gx +ix+x) oe Aro = 4x? 45x41 (17) f@) = 4x245x41 Given d = ZrO = [0 v Indeed, the derivative of F(x) is f(x). However, we might be missing something. Remember that there is also the Constant Rule: a Cis anarbirary (18) Flcl=0 co (x) may have a constant term which, after differentiation, became zero and, thus, not apparent when we only have the derivative function as basis. We lack data to determine this constant exactly. F(x) may be any of the three below: 44,5 qxitpet tat) aera Say Se get pe te 4 ay Sya geet pet tees‘Try differentiating the three expressions above and you will find out that each of these three expressions has the same derivative, which is equal to f(x). It is then apparent that this constant term may be any number on the real number line including zero, Therefore, the number of antiderivatives of f(x) is infinite, from the negative to the positive infinity. To represent all the possible antiderivatives of f (x), we will use an arbitrary ‘constant that could stand for any possible value of the constant, We let this arbitrary constant be C and add this to F(x). The resulting exoression is the general form of antiderivative of a f(x). 4 (o) ew ateaSterec Family of antiderivatives of 2 the function f(x) General Form of Antiderivatives of a aU . Function IF is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then the G is also an antiderivative of f ifand only if G(x) = FQ) +6, where C is an arbitrary constant, forall values of x Based on Theorem 1.1, the general form of antiderivatives of a function can be expressed by adding C to a known antiderivative of that function. ec OM ERS OC Re Us ho) ature) Find the general form of entidorivatives of h(x) = cosx. We recall that sinx = cosx a ‘Then we know for sure that one of the antiderivatives is, (x) = sinx Applying Theorem 4.1, the general form of antiderivatives of h(x) is Hx) =sinx+C ‘The arbitrery constant ¢ is called the constant of integration. The necessity ‘of acding C to define the general form of antiderivatives of a function shows the uncertainty of antidifferentiation. Hence, antidifferentiation is also called indefinite integration. And, in turn, the general form of entiderivative of a function is called the indefinite integral. General form of antiderivatives Indefinite integralWhen a function suchas h(x) in Example 1.1 is equeted to the derivative H'(x), as shown below HG) = GO) Given (1.10) HQ) = cosx Differential equation then (111) HG) = sinx+¢ General solution The function H(x) = sinx +C is the general solution of the differential equation, Equation (1.10). A differential equation is an equation that involves a function and its derivatives. Other examples of differential equation are the following: Een Solve the differential equation of y’ = 4x. First, we need to identify a function whose derivative is In-z. By reversing power rule, we conclude that sex = 4x Therefore, 2x? is an antiderivative if 4x and y= 202 isa solution of y' = 4x. Then applying Theorem 1.1, the general solution of the differential equation y' = 4x is y= 2x46 The graphs of some of the members of the farrily of solutions for the differential equation y' = 4x is shown in Figure 1. Itmay be observed in Figure 1 that the functions shown are the same parabola but at different locations depending on the value of C. We recall that the derivative of a function describes its instantaneous rate of change. Derivative describes how a function is sensitive to small changes of the domain, x. This tells that functions having the same derivative may be at different parts of the cartesian plane but how much their y changes at certain values of x is the same.ys2e?+5, C=5 y=2x242; C=2 ys 2x; c=0 y=2?-2) C=-2 Figure 1. Functions of the form y = 2x? + ¢ Assessment + Given that sec xtan.x is the derivative of sec.x. What is the general form of the antiderivatives of sec xtanx?. * Draw the curves of five of the possible solutions to the differential equation y' = sec x tan x. * Find the general solution of t= 3x? and check the result by differentiation.Lesson 1.2: Integration Notation Lesson Summary Indefinite integration is the inverse of differentiation and given this definition indefinite integration is also called the antidifferentiation. This lesson focuses first on reversing the process of finding derivatives. Then the idea of it being also the indefinite integral and its notation will be introduced. And this lesson will end by deriving the basic integration formulas from the basic differentiation rules. Leaming Outcomes 1. Express the general form of the antiderivatives of a function. 2. Solve simple differential equations using the integral notation. 3. |. Determine the integral of some functions using the basic integration formulas. Motivation Question Discuss all the information that is contained in an indefinite integral Discussion In differentiation, we do not have to write “the derivative of f(x)"; instead, we use the notation a Eel Derivative of f(x) Now to denote the general form of antiderivatives of a function, f(x), in terms of x, we write General form of antiderivative of freer FG), 0r Indefinte inogral of re) (1.12) [roe= reece Equation (1.12) is read as “the antiderivative of f(x) equals F(x) plus C.” As discussed in the previous section, the equation is also read as “the indefinite integral of f(x) equals F(x) plus C."But as we observe the notations for derivative and antiderivative, itis not readily apparent that they are inverses. Unlike the case with sine function whose inverse function is arcsine, sin ints) =» Sree he nverse So, let us look at it this way starting with a simple differential equation ay Given, (14) EO Derivative Form Rewriting Equation (1.15) in its differential form by multiplying both sides by de Differential form of (15) dy = f(aydx Equation (1.14) Equation (1.15) is read as “differential of y equals differential of f(x).” And since f(x) is defined by x, the differential f(x) has differential of x attached to it, Take note of the distinction between Equations (1.14) and (1.15), These two equations are the same but just of different forms, Let us recall rom the previous section that solution to differential equations are functions. And in the case of Equation (1.14), the differential of the function y that would solve the equation must be equal to f(x)dx. The operation called antidifferentiation (or indefinite integration) is used to solve this equation. This operation is denoted by the integral sign { . We integrate both sides, Je = J FCodx (4.16) y = FO)HC General solution Therefore Integration is inverse aay J way of differentiation Equation (1.17) shows that f and d cancel out, the same way that sine and aresine negated each other's effects in Equation (1.12). With the use of the differential form of the equation, itis now clear that f is inverse of a And the role of dx in a aoland in Jrove is to indicate that the variable of differentiation and antidifferentiation (or indefinite integration), respectively, is x. Figure 2 summarizes the details of the general solution of Equation (1.15). Integral sign Integrand Variable of Integration An antiderivative of f(x) Constant of integration y J rosa FQ)+C — uy Indefinite Integral Figure 2. General solution of dy = f(x) ‘At this point, its clear that “general of antiderivatives” and “indefinite integral” ‘mean the same thing. The former name is too long that itis impractical to keep using. Hence, we will be calling the expression in Equation (1.12) as indefinite integral. Assessment Why symbol is the inverse of [2 How many derivatives can a function have? How many antiderivatives can a function have? ‘What is the role of dx in the notation J f(x)dx? What is the solution to a differential equation? What does the word indefinite stand for in the name indefinite integral? What is the difference between the derivative and the differential form? 8. Verify the statement by showing that the derivative of the right side equals the integrand of the left side. JCB)easee eosensJo-aerndea bt areLesson 1.3: General Properties of Indefinite Integrals Lesson Summary This lesson will introduce the first three integration formulas which are named the general properties of indefinite integrals. Then it wll proceed on showing how these formulas are used. Leaming Outcomes Use the general properties of indefinite integrals to simplify the given integrand. Motivation Question Since integration formulas are derived from the differentiation rules, what differentiation rule is each of the general properties of indefinite integrals derived from? Discussion Before we dive into the different integration formulas and techniques let us first discuss the three general properties indefinite integrals. These general properties of indefinite integrals are among the integration formulas. However, these integration formulas are used most often that they deserve a special place in our discussion. Definition of Indefinite Integrals. F(u) is an antiderivative of f(u) [rootu= renee Poe ‘+ Itis the set of all antiderivatives of a function f(x), denoted by ffG@)dx ‘+The indefinite integral is identified by: © antidifferentiation of f(x) to determine F(x), and © adding arbitrary constant C to F(x) to represent all the possible constant terms ‘+ So, this means that: © Indefinite integral is mainly the inverse of derivativerear = F@+e Jaro = rere Elfreaa] = sore 0 Always add 6 to the antiderivative to complete the indefinite integral Do not forget to add ¢ + These pieces of information may be redundant but one of the most common mistakes of siudents is forgelting to add C to their final answer. Sum Rule for Integration i. The indefinite integral of the sum of different functions is equal to the sum of the indefinite integral of each of the functions Joa + wu) +4 zu) |e = feaoae + fwondu on fecoau ii, The same way as with differentiation ii, Take note that this elso apples to difference of functions. AFB-C=A+B4(-C) EU MESS ARCOM Le eo ‘Apply sum rule for integration on the indefinite integral [or-sne sear Solution: The integrand has three terms. The indefinite integral can be rewritten as [ree [overs eax Integrand with constant factor ‘+ Ifanintegrand conteins a constant factor, that factor may be written before the integral signJrreode =k reax Eee Ciena ieee) Simpify the following integrands a) [Fsinsax by J sxax °) J Ge? ~Zsins + 0%) ae Solution: ‘The constants can be readily transferred to the left side of the integral sign (or outside the integral) a) [Fsinxax = 5 | sins ae ») foxtx = 5 f sae °) J Gx? ~Zsinz + 6) de = [ox dx fFsinxax + f etrax = 3ftac—Ffsincar [ear The general propertes of indefinite integrals provide opportunities for the integrand to be broken up and simplified into bite-sized chunks. This allows Us to deal with the smaller chunks of the problem which is usually much easier than trying to sove a giant of an indefinite integral. Unfortunately, we are limited to the © Sum Rule and Factoring out constant factors ‘What we can do using Sum Rule cannot be applied to products and quotients of functions. (x) G Hy ] (=) a Fax (x) a With the general properties of indefinite integrals paired with a strong foundation on Precalculus and Differential Calculus, simplifying an integrand, tomuch more manageable forms is an eventuality. But what exactly is manageable and bite-sized integrand that we desire when ‘we simplify indefinite integrals? These are the integrands that we recognizeas derivatives of some function. For example, we would be confident to integrate f sec? x dx since we know that the integrand is the derivative of tan x. Hence, we answer, [rcetzte tana sc This what we wish our integrand to become when we simplify indefinite integrals using skills in * Precalculus ‘+ Differential Calculus, and ‘+ General properties of Indefinite integrals We simplify indefinite integrals for us to be able to use the integration formulas that we know. Benen tania ioc iuren cee ‘Simplify the following indefinite integrals fo T Terex ‘Solution: The integrand is a rational expression and does not appear to be a sum or difference of tems. But we do recall from algebra that, atb_a db c ce Hence, we try to apply this property of fractions to our integrand. Also, we detect a common factor in the terms found in the denominator. We factor it out first. 1esin Say Faas ‘The common fector is a fraction in the denominator. To take it out of the rational expression, we multiply the integrand by an expression equal to 1 sinx 2 1 — Fa sity_ ao in x2 yy BCL ~ sin? x) x 2 Use the property of fraction =? = 2 +2 Take note that the goal of simplification of the integrand is such that the simplified integrand is a derivative resulting from a recognizable differentiation formula. Also observe proper use of brackets. 1 sinx corer ay sn@ 4 (seetx ~ Sap *eeea) " = 2 [eect x ~tanx xsee2)dx Use the second general property of indefinite integrals = aff sectxdr= f secxtan xa] A this point, we have simplified the indefinite integral enough to be able to integrate it using the knowledge from ESci 112 and the definition of indefinite integral. 1-sinx Hentz = 2tanx—2secx+CAssessment Simplify the following indefinite integrals such that the given indefinite integrals are broken down to forms whose integrand are the derivatives from the differentiation rules that you know. 2: 1. Je +2tan?.9 dx 2. [Feu er 3. [Gteosxrax 4. fortLesson 1.4: Translation of Differentiation Formulas to Integration Formulas (TDFIF) Lesson Summary Indefinite integration formulas are initially derived from differentiation formulas. It is done by simply switching the inputs and outputs based on the indefinite integrals being the inverse of derivatives but with a slight difference. Always add C to the antiderivative solved. Learning Outcome Derive integration formulas from differentiation formulas. Motivation Question Is it possible to derive all indefinite integration formulas directly from differentiation formulas? Discussion In previous section, indefinite integration was introduced as the inverse of differentiation. This relationship between indefinite integration and differentiation is demonstrated by the following formulas. [rod = rose Jaro = rac A row] In Differential Calculus a set of differentiation rules has been repeatedly used as part of the calculations. Listed in the tables below are the common integration formulas. How these integration formulas are derived from the differentiation rules are also shown. FO)+CTable 1. TDFIF for Constant of integration or any constant a slel=0 Differentiation Formula or ‘The formulas above show why indefinite integrals are called as such. Basing merely on the zeroed term, the best guess of indefinite integration is that it must be a constant. There is a way to pinpoint a value for that arbitrary constant. And that is with the help of initial conditions. These conditions describe the state of the input x and output y values at the start of the scenario of the problem being solved, This is an example of an initial condition y(0) =m. More discussion on this topic will be for a later lesson, Table 2. TOFIF for identity function Differentiation Formula or This integration formula in Table 2 may be the easiest one, but also the most important. Itis even the simplest version of the definition of the indefinite integral. simplest version of the definition of the indefinite integral In the next two tables are the third and second general properties of indefinite integral which were introduced in the previous lesson. The use of these properties was already demonstrated. Tables 3 and 4 shows how closely they resemble their differentiation formula counterparts.Table 3, TOFIF for General Property Integral: Function mulled by a constant (k) a da bifferentiaton FCO) = kL) Formula or Table 4. TOFIF for Sum Rule poereaaten CSERIERITETITS Formula The next and last table shows how the Fundamental integration Formulas are derived. It starts with the one that we reversed in Lesson 1.1 to introduce the concept of antiderivatives, the Power Rule. We described what the rule meant in indefinite integration. In Table 5, the first and second steps of Power Rule for indefinite integration are shown simultaneously. ‘The Fundamental Integration formulas are called as such since these formulas were derived directly form the Fundamental Differentiation formulas. Do not be confused of the names. These formulas are also referred to as “pasic” and “standard.” Table 5, TOFIF for the Fundamental integration Formulas Differentiation Formula ortinu =4 Ditferentiation all; _ ian =a d Differentiation qylt'l = dna)a* Formula TS Differentiation " Formula or Seen a Differentiation alsin] = cose Formula Sen Differentiation A tcosul = ~ sina Formula or See Differentiation A team a) =sectu Formula or Differentiation Formula or da Differentiation qylseeul = secu tanu Formula orDifferentiation esc ucotu Formula enon Jey Differentiation Formula ° 1 0 d[arcsiny] = ay vy Proof Tet yt «iy wit aaa ‘Multiply Both sides by dx wyatew w ‘Substitute (i) and (i) into (i) u 1A a[presing] = = (Feu) -@) a 6 Differentiation Formula alArecosy] orDifferentiation Formula or Diterenaon Pome" 8 1 [Arcsin y] = = dy ro Proof, (i) Multiply Both sides by dx tyahaw w ‘Substitute (i) and (i) into (i) 1 a Pry ae o d a Arceos y] Differentiation Formula alarceos yl = Sa ay orDifferentiation Formula or Ww Proof Let w Multiply both sides by ax oa au «iy ‘Substitute (ii) and (iii) into (i) 1 4 ficcant| = (2 Divide both sides by « 2 -afaresin4 ‘Applying formulas from Table 3 on the left side of equation or Differentiation . Formula 10} Differentiation g, Formula Proof Tati) (iy ‘Substitute (i) and (i) into (i) a arcsec] = He) -1 ‘Multiply both sides by * 2 afaresec4] = Se a alien a Applying formulas from Table 3 on the left side of equation, ay. oF Differentiation or Formuia Product Rule a qlwl=u aot or Differentiation « aoe Formuia alu] =udv+vdu Rearranging the termsDifferentiation a Parma E tcoshul = sind Differentiation @ Formula Flsinnul = cosh Bec Evaluate the following indefinite integrals a [ Goin xa b) J sxae ° 3ftar—Zf sinx fe Solution: ‘The constants can be readily transferred to the left side of the integral sign (or outside the integral) Nneae = Efe a) fFoinzae = $f sinxas Except for the variable of integration, the indefinite integral matches on the of the fundamental trigonometric integrals. x 7 Gosx) ‘The antiderivative of the integrand has been identified according to the integration formula, Now to express the general antiderivative or the indefinite integral, we add the arbitrary constant C >) fora = 5 fxar Using the Power Rule since the form of the integrand fis it = 5X ad ‘The antiderivative of the integrand has been identified, now to complete the indefinite integral. Let us add C 3) 3 xtar—3 sinx de + f eta Using Power Rule in the first term 8 SE sinxdes f etaxTrigonometric integral for the second term = 922. cosx)+ | eta ‘And the third term fits the exponential integral Then add ¢ Beek Evaluate the indefinite integral 5 wei® Solution: The integrand almost fits the formula for Arotan indefinite integral except that there is the constant 5 at the numerator and 4 in the denominator is not ana Using the general property of indefinite integral on constant factors, we can factor 5 out of the integrand. wae =sfaqe Multiply dx with the numerator dx -slrq Then, rewrite 4 in its exponential form = sf“ wae Now the integrand fits the Aretangent integral, where u = x, a= 2, end du = dx. Now we use the integration formula to determine the antiderivative of the integrand, 1 x = S:yArctan> Then we simplify and add ¢ to complete the indefinite integralEach of the fundamental integration formulas will be discussed in detail in the next module. Assessment Evaluate the following indefinite integrals . 207% 1. fe+2tan dav 2. f Ts 2 fe +.cosx)? dx 4. fo Idx 2 xdx — 4 dy wee a l= . la 7. —=« 8. feet = 246 +32 -1ydx