Lecture 1: Peace, Conflict, and Violence  Examples of peace policies under this:

communication, peace education, international

What is PEACE?
 a state of tranquility or quiet
 freedom from disquieting or oppressive thoughts
or emotions
 harmony in personal relations
Etymology
Other meanings by famous personalities:
“Peace is not merely the absence of war but the
presence of justice, of law, of order – in short, of
government.” – Albert Einstein (A Definition of Peace,
n.d.)
“peace is not merely to absence of this tension, but
the presence of justice” – Martin Luther King Jr.
(“When Peace Becomes Obnoxious” | The Martin
Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, n.d.)
“Peace can only last where human rights are
respected, where the people are fed, and where
individuals and nations are free.” (The 14th Dalai
Lama - Nobel Lecture - NobelPrize.Org, n.d.)
cooperation, dispute resolution, arbitration,
conflict management, etc.
What is VIOLENCE?
 “The intentional use of physical force or power,
threatened or actual, against oneself, another
person, or against a group or community, that
either results in or has a high likelihood of
resulting in injury, death, psychological harm,
maldevelopment or deprivation.” (Violence: A
Global Public Health Problem, n.d.)
Types of Violence:
 Self-directed violence: subdivided into suicidal
behaviour and self-abuse.
 Interpersonal violence : divided into two sub-
categories: Family and intimate partner violence,
and Community violence
 Collective violence: subdivided into social,
political and economic violence.
Nature of Violent Acts:
 Physical
 Sexual
 Psychological
 involving deprivation or neglect.

Major types of Peace (Johan Galtung, 1964)

1. Negative Peace
 absence of violence, and war (conflict, hostility,
agitation, disturbance, disagreement or quarrel,
struggle, violence, terrorism, civil strife or civil
commotion, social disorder, etc.); absence of
mental disturbance such as anxiety, worry,
restlessness etc
 In relation to health sciences: curative
 examples of peace policies under this:
international conventions (Geneva Conventions), What is CONFLICT?
balance of power strategies, arms control  a struggle for power, property, etc.
2. Positive Peace  strong disagreement between people, groups,
 the integration of human society etc., that results in often angry argument
 state of tranquility, calm, repose, quietness,  a difference that prevents agreement:
harmony, friendship, amity, concord, peaceful or disagreement between ideas, feelings, etc.
friendly relation, public order, pacification, (merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conflict)
spiritual content, reconciliation, serenity, security,
social justice and bliss. Different Situations of Conflict
 In relation to health sciences: preventive  International Armed Conflict
 Non-International Armed Conflict
 Other situations of Violence
Causes of Conflict disputes without recourse to violent action. It may
include a variety of analytical methods.
 Government inability to provide basic good
governance and protection of the people (Conflict Analysis: Questions and Answers with the
 Power struggle by a section of the elite Author | United States Institute of Peace, n.d.)
 unequal access to political power (forecloses
paths to peaceful change)
 Economic mismanagement and decline structured process of analysis to understand conflict
 Ethnic and religious animosities, human rights
 conflict profile
violation, and ethnic cleansing resulting from
 involved actors and their perspectives,
extreme forms of nationalism
 structural and proximate causes
 relative ease of arms trafficked all over the world
 dynamics of how these elements interact
 struggles for control over major natural resources
 examines open conflict (conflict that is very
What is Conflict Analysis? visible and deep-rooted), surface conflict
(visible but shallow or with no roots), and also
Conflict analysis is a structured inquiry into the causes
latent conflict (below the surface with
and potential direction of a conflict. It seeks to
potential to emerge) (Fisher et al., 2000)
identify opportunities for managing or resolving

Why do Conflict Analysis?
 provides a comprehensive and accessible
assessment of issues
 Provides documentation for
policymakers/practitioners
Guiding questions for conflict analysis
 Profile: What is the context that shapes conflict?
Is there a history to the conflict? What are the
structures and institutions that influenced/shaped
such conflict?
 Actors: Who are the actors that shape the
conflict? Who are the main actors? What are their
interests? What power do they have? What are
the relationships between actors?
 Causes: What causes conflict? What are the
structural and proximate causes of conflict?
 Dynamics: What are the current conflict
dynamics/trends? Behavioral changes? Triggers?
Developing Scenarios?
What is Conflict Resolution?
 means for parties to find a peaceful solution to a
disagreement (personal, financial,
politicalinvolved, or emotional)
 Best course of action: Negotiation
o Goals of Negotiation:
o Develop a solution that is best to all
parties involved
o Find a solution at the quickly as possible
o To improve relationship of conflicting
parties
Possible steps in Conflict Resolution
 Acknowledgement of the situation
 Allow expression of feelings
 Define the problem
 Identify underlying need
 Find common areas of agreement
 Identify solutions to satisfy needs
 Identify follow up procedure
 Actions to take if problem is unresolved
Lecture 2: Inner Peace
What is Self-Awareness?
 A focus or attention towards oneself
 capacity of becoming the object of one’s own
attention (Duval & Wicklund, 1972).
 the capacity of becoming the object of one’s own
attention
Benefits of Self-Awareness
1. Allows one to live in the present - knowing
one’s self and wants
2. Ability to let go of toxic people
3. Ability to look at mistakes as stepping stones
and not hindrance to success
4. Gratefulness
5. Knowledge of one’s boundaries and
limitations.
6. Confidence
7. Productivity: being more proactive than
reactive
8.
JOHARI Window
Developing Self Awareness
1. Look at yourself objectively. ...
2. Keep a journal. ...
3. Write down your goals, plans, and priorities. ...
4. Perform daily self-reflection. ...
5. Practice meditation and other mindfulness habits.
6. Take personality and psychometric tests. ...
7. Ask trusted friends to describe you
What is Emotional Intelligence?
 Emotional intelligence - “the ability, capacity, skill,
or self-perceived ability to identify, assess, and
manage the emotions of one’s self, of others, and
of groups”
 Daniel Goleman, 1995 - Emotional intelligence:
Why it can matter more than IQ
 emotions - organised responses that cross
psychological subsystems, (physiological,
cognitive, motivational and experiential systems)
 Emotions arise from a response to either an
internal or external event.
People with high Emotional Intelligence
 know themselves very well Symptoms of Distress
 Have the ability to sense the emotions of others.  Headaches
 affable, resilient, and optimistic.  Fatigue
 Gastrointestinal problems
Benefits of having high Emotional Intelligence
 Hypertension (high blood pressure)
 People become more productive and successful at
 Heart problems, such as palpitations
what they do,
 Inability to focus/lack of concentration
 help others become more productive and
 Sleep disturbances, whether it’s sleeping too
successful.
much or an inability to sleep
 moderates conflict; promotes understanding and
 Sweating palms/shaking hands
relationships; fosters stability, continuity, and
 Anxiety
harmony.
 Sexual problems
 links strongly with concepts of love and
spirituality. What is Stress Management?
 Changes that an individual effects in his/her life to
Five Domains of Emotional Intelligence manage the stress being experienced.
 Self-Awareness  It can be through self-care or relaxation exercises;
 Self-Regulation it can also be changing one’s response to the
 Motivation stress.
 Empathy/Social Awareness
Benefits of Stress Management
 Social Skills
 Reduces blood pressure
Can Emotional Intelligence be learned?  heart disease
 Yes. shown to increase with age  digestive problems
 Must be:  improves sleep
 personally motivated  Better mental health
 practice what is learned  Better sexual drive
 receive feedback
How to Manage Stress?
 reinforce new skills
 Understand yourself
 Setting your priorities
What is Stress?
 Practice dealing with stressful moments
 pressure or demand that is placed on an organism
to adapt or adjust.  Examining your personal expectations
 any event that places a demand on the body  Living a healthy lifestyle (balance between work
(mentally or physically) and vacation)
 All living organisms experience stress  Learning to accept that change as part of life
 way humans react physically and mentally to  Avoiding activities that promise reducing stress
changes, events, and situations. but actually contribute to it.
 Experienced based on their context or perception
of the event
 Two types: Distress and Eustress
 Distress - negative view of the situation: out of
control, overwhelmed, oppressed
 Eustress - helps a person meet the challenge, can
be an antidote against boredom; engages focused
energy
 Note: a eustress can become a distress

Causes of Stress
 Unsetting effects of change
 Feeling or perception of a challenge or threat
from an outside source
 Feeling of lost personal control