INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION, and IMMERSION

Quarter 4: Module 7

Name: Sheena Mae M. Cadag

12 HUMSS C

Warming Up

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Practice Task 1: The Masterpiece

Title: COVID 19 Pandemic – Barrier of Growth: A Case Study about the Financial Constraint
Experiencing by the Miranda Family Amidst Pandemic

Practice Task 2: Guess Who?

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

 The study focused on discovering the financial constraints experienced by three families of
Miranda, specifically the changes, effects, and coping mechanisms they possessed in the middle
of the pandemic.

Practice Task 3: Signify the Importance

 Society. This study could be a valuable tool for developing awareness of families experiencing
financial constraints during a pandemic. With this, it could be helpful to spread information
about this particular situation and thus could create a helping community if needed.
 Future researchers. The study could benefit future researchers because it can further research
and develop studies related to this topic. Aside from that, this study would be beneficial to
develop solutions to the problems encountered in the study.

ADDITIONAL TASKS

I. Writing a Clear Report

Practice Task 1: Bulls Eye the Problem

Title: COVID 19 Pandemic – Barrier of Growth: A Case Study about the Financial Constraint
Experiencing by the Miranda Family Amidst Pandemic

Statement of the Problem:

1. What are the demographic and economic background of the Miranda Family?
2. What changes occurred in the Miranda family's financial planning/budgeting plan before the
pandemic and the current situation?
 3. What are the coping mechanisms that the Miranda family did to withstand the pandemic?

Practice Task 2: #Relate Me

A.

Related Literature:

1. Ross (2021) said that a financial constraint prevents a path of economic activity from being
pursued and must instead be accommodated. Financial restraints are actual problems that
should not be confused with subjective or emotional reasons for not taking action.

B.

Related Study:

2. Additionally, in the study entitled "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of Higher
Education Students: A Global Perspective" by Aristovnik et al, their purpose was to offer the
most detailed and large-scale study to date on how students view the consequences of the first
wave of COVID-19 crisis in early 2020 on many parts of their life on a worldwide scale. The data
gathered revealed that students with socio-demographic characteristics – male, part-time, first-
level, applied sciences, a lower living standard-were less satisfied with the academic life they
acquired during the crisis. On the other note, students with socio-demographic characteristics of
the female, full-time, first-level students, and students faced with financial problems were
significantly affected by their emotional and personal lives. As from the results found, several
vital aspects influence students' satisfaction with their university's involvement. These findings
may be helpful to policymakers and higher education institutions throughout the world as they
formulate policy recommendations and measures to help students during this and future
pandemics.

Practice Task 3: INTRODUCE my study

Covid-19 was first suspected in the Philippines last January 2020 and climb up to 633
cases in March (Edrada, Lopez, Villarama, et al., 2020). The rapid increase of claims forced the
government to implement lockdowns and quarantines that temporarily stopped business firms for
an extended period. The government adapted extreme non-pharmaceutical interventions to achieve
the "flattened curve" in the pandemic (Ullah and Khan,2020). Flattening the curve of cases of COVID
would be beneficial to regrow the economic state of the country.

Despite the preventive measures done by the officials still, the reported cases are
continuously increasing. That is why it led the Philippine economy to contract by 9.5% in the
gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 and dropped up to -16.9% in the second quarter of 2020
(Rivas, 2021). Associated with this is an increase in the unemployment rate having 4.5 million
Filipinos have suffered (The Straits Times, 2020). Due to this, financial worries have significantly
impacted the Filipinos' outlook on protecting themselves against the virus, increasing workers
that accept risky jobs in the middle of a pandemic due to fear of being financially unstable to
survive the crisis (International Labour Organization, 2020).
Financial constraints are economic restraints on behavior that develop when difficulties
within institutions, markets, or the system severely hinder the availability of credit
 intermediation services, causing actual economic activity to diverge from its projected direction.
(Rosengren, 2011). Additionally, it is characterized as a lack of resources required to satisfy
consumers' needs or wants. That is why, when experienced, it leads the consumer to experience
specific negative impacts. The typical response to such devastation could be anxiety, depression,
post-traumatic stress, severe grief, alcohol or drug abuse, nightmares, panic, high-stress levels,
insomnia, and other physical and mental symptoms (American Association for Marriage and
Family Therapy, n.d.).
Understanding a phenomenon regarding the experiences of a family during the
pandemic in terms of financial aspects would provide a broader and deeper understanding of
different social class responses to crisis. It could connect communities to be aware of other life
stories surviving the pandemic. The study would emphasize the changes, effects, and coping
mechanisms of a particular family amid a pandemic. Henceforth, the researcher came up with
the study, "COVID 12 Pandemic – Barrier of Growth: A Case Study about the Financial Constraint
Experiencing by the Miranda Family Amidst Pandemic".

II. Revising a Written Research Report

Practice Task 1.

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Covid-19 was first suspected in the Philippines last January 2020 and climb up to

633 cases in March (Edrada, Lopez, Villarama, et al., 2020). The rapid increase of

claims forced the government to implement lockdowns and quarantines that temporarily

stopped business firms for an extended period. The government adapted extreme non-

pharmaceutical interventions to achieve the "flattened curve" in the pandemic (Ullah and

Khan,2020). Flattening the curve of cases of COVID would be beneficial to regrow the

economic state of the country.

Despite the preventive measures done by the officials still, the reported cases

are continuously increasing. That is why it led the Philippine economy to contract by

9.5% in the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 and dropped up to -16.9% in the

second quarter of 2020 (Rivas, 2021). Associated with this is an increase in the
unemployment rate having 4.5 million Filipinos have suffered (The Straits Times, 2020).

Due to this, financial worries have significantly impacted the Filipinos' outlook on

protecting themselves against the virus, increasing workers that accept risky jobs in the

middle of a pandemic due to fear of being financially unstable to survive the crisis

(International Labour Organization, 2020).

Financial constraints are economic restraints on behavior that develop when

difficulties within institutions, markets, or the system severely hinder the availability of

credit intermediation services, causing actual economic activity to diverge from its

projected direction. (Rosengren, 2011). Additionally, it is characterized as a lack of

resources required to satisfy consumers' needs or wants. That is why, when

experienced, it leads the consumer to experience specific negative impacts. The typical

response to such devastation could be anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress,

severe grief, alcohol or drug abuse, nightmares, panic, high-stress levels, insomnia, and

other physical and mental symptoms (American Association for Marriage and Family

Therapy, n.d.).

Understanding a phenomenon regarding the experiences of a family during the

pandemic in terms of financial aspects would provide a broader and deeper

understanding of different social class responses to crisis. It could connect communities

to be aware of other life stories surviving the pandemic. The study would emphasize the

changes, effects, and coping mechanisms of a particular family amid a pandemic.

Henceforth, the researcher came up with the study, "COVID 12 Pandemic – Barrier of

Growth: A Case Study about the Financial Constraint Experiencing by the Miranda

Family Amidst Pandemic".

Statement of the Problem

The study entitled "COVID 19 Pandemic – Barrier of Growth: A Case Study

about the Financial Constraint Experiencing by the Miranda Family Amidst Pandemic"

generally aims to understand the different experiences of the Miranda family in having

financial constraints while in the pandemic. Specifically, it sought to know the following

questions:

1. What are the demographic and economic background of the Miranda Family?

2. What changes occurred in the Miranda family's financial planning/budgeting plan

before the pandemic and the current situation?

3. What is the effect of the financial planning/budgeting plan changes in the

Miranda family's everyday life?

4. What are the coping mechanisms that the Miranda family did to withstand the

pandemic?

Scope and Delimitation

The study focused on discovering the financial constraints experienced by three

families of Miranda, specifically the changes, effects, and coping mechanisms they

possessed in the middle of the pandemic. The researcher used a case study approach.

Thus, it only focused on three families of Miranda. To choose the respondents, the

researcher used purposive sampling, a nonprobability sampling method where

researchers carefully consider selecting a sample population, even if it statistically does

not present the larger population. The researcher has undergone a survey to provide

sufficient responses to conduct the study.

Furthermore, the study would not discuss the general financial constraint that a

family experience would only focus on the three Miranda families’ situations. Therefore,

the study does not mean to generalize the result. However, it could also be used as

evidence and additional information about research that tackles financial constraints in

household settings.

Assumptions

In conducting the study, the following assumptions were made:

1. The respondents were experiencing financial constraints in the middle of the

pandemic.

1. The respondents would provide honest and correct responses in the survey.

2. The instruments used in conducting the study would be reliable and valid to

construct data that is elicited and reliable.

Significance of the Study

As the country strives to the challenges the COVID-19 pandemic had brought,

family as the basic unit of society had been seen to be most affected considering that

business establishments and other firms that provide occupations were shut down.
Given this fact, the study would help understand the financial constraints that a single-

family unit is experiencing in the middle of a pandemic. Specifically, it could be

beneficial to:

Government. The information that would be gathered about the financial

constraints of a single-family could represent others experiencing the same situation as

well. With this, the information generated could be beneficial to the government to

assess the plan they could generate. It would highlight the struggles and current

situation a family is experiencing; thus, it would also help the government be aware.

Additionally, with the awareness it could provide, then the study would be beneficial to

voice out the struggles of a family that the government cannot see.

Society. This study could be a valuable tool for developing awareness of families

experiencing financial constraints during a pandemic. With this, it could be helpful to

spread information about this particular situation and thus could create a helping

community if needed.

Future researchers. The study could benefit future researchers because it can

further research and develop studies related to this topic. Aside from that, this study

would be beneficial to develop solutions to the problems encountered in the study.

 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Literature

A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease that can only be

recognized if the disease emanates from numerous countries. Most people cannot

contain the virus due to a lack of natural immunity. Due to this, it leads to the spread of

disease rapidly between people and across communities worldwide, causing massive

outbreaks of infectious disease, which causes a significant increase in morbidity and

mortality. Additionally, it may also cause significant economic, social, and political

disruption (Morens, Folkers & Fauci, 2009). Previous prominent pandemics evince not

just a spike of attack rates of disease but a drastic spread of disease—that is, multiple

cases appearing within a short time. Both common-source acquisition and highly

contagious illnesses with short incubation periods have this epidemiologic trait.

Evidence also implies that pandemic risk has grown over the last century due to

increased global travel and integration, urbanization, land-use changes, and more

exploitation of the natural environment. These trends will likely continue and intensify

(Gallivan, Mulembakani, Rubin, et al., 2017).

With these descriptions about the pandemic, the impact it brought to many is

undeniably traumatic. It could cause economic damage through multiple channels,

including short-term fiscal shocks and longer-term adverse shocks to economic growth.
Align with this, individual behavioral changes, such as fear-induced aversion to

workplaces and other public gathering places, could be a primary cause of adverse

shocks to economic growth during pandemics. Moreover, in nations with weak

governance and legacies of political turmoil, pandemics can raise political stressors and

tensions (Madhav, 2017).

The World Health Organization (WHO) is responsible for all of the happening in

the pandemic. They are accountable for announcing the emergence of a new pandemic

based on how the disease intensifies and fits into 6 phases. Those six phases will

observe how the outbreak is fast anticipating the population and its growth rate. They

emphasize that pandemics are not necessarily specified by their growth rate but rather

by the speed of transmission of the disease. However, the growth rate of the pandemic

is still beneficial for health officials to prepare and construct a plan for an outbreak.

Knowing how rapidly a disease is spreading can assist public health professionals in

assessing how quickly we need to act to help slow it down (Lockett, 2020).

As COVID-19 strangulate the global economy, economic growth had seen to

excessively decline. The widely infectious sickness stifles economic activity, causing the

globe to enter a recession worse than the financial crisis of 2008 (Masters, 2020). As a

result of the unusual restrictions imposed to contain the virus, some industries were

forced to shut down or temporarily halt operations, resulting in economic upheaval.

These closures have triggered a second economic catastrophe, with unemployment

hitting 14.7 percent in April, the worst since the Great Depression (Trueblood, Sussman,

Leary, et al., 2020). Furthermore, according to numerous results, worldwide growth has

been estimated to be as low as 1%. (Institute for International Finance, 2020). As a

result, in substantial trade disruptions, commodities price decreases, and financial

circumstances tightening in many nations. These consequences have already resulted

in significant rises in unemployment and underemployment rates, and they will continue

to jeopardize the viability of many businesses throughout the world. (Loayza and

Pennings, 2020).

A financial constraint prevents a path of economic activity from being pursued

and must instead be accommodated. Financial restraints are actual problems that

should not be confused with subjective or emotional reasons for not taking action (Ross,

2021). Part of these changes is affected by both macro and microeconomic identities—

family as the basic unit of the economic struggles that the pandemic had brought.

Household consumer expenditure accounts for more than half of GDP in most nations.

The amount of money spent by households reflects their living standards, and most

people strive to spread their spending out across time. As a result, consumption seldom

varies greatly, and as a result, it has received very little scholarly and governmental

attention. Because of its size and extensive exposure to the financial sector, the

household sector can impact the whole economy. It also impacts monetary and financial

stability since household behavior, especially saving and spending decisions, impacts

market pricing (Sukada & Santoso, n.d.) During crises, there is also evidence that

reduced income growth dampens consumption growth. One interpretation of this data is

that consumers cannot smooth consumption during financial crises, implying that credit

limits play a role. Financial constraints in households mainly happen by knowing the

determinants of credit and demand (Petra, Merola & O'Toole, 2013). According to

recent research, household income and the age of the family head are significant
drivers of debt demand. When the head of the home is over 55 years old and relatively

risk cautious, the household requires less debt. When a family's income is higher, it

owns a home, the family size is more significant, and the head of the household works,

the household wants more debt. When a family owns a home, has a significant net

worth, and the head of the household is over 55 and has worked for a long time, there is

a lower likelihood of credit limitation (Chen & Chivakul, 2008). Other socio-economic

factors hypothesized to influence debt supply and demand include family size, gender,

labor market position, and household status. Because a large family is more likely to

have a larger dependence ratio, individuals in a large family are more likely to borrow

than those in a smaller family. In general, issues like mortgages, consumer credit,

income insurance, and credit card loans have already impacted citizens' spending and

savings habits, according to a study. When employing these financial tools, households

will encounter a condition known as credit limitations (Shen, 2017).

UNHCR, the U.N. Refugee Agency, in a project named "Livelihoods, Food, and

Futures: COVID-19 and the Displaced," highlights the pandemic's consequences on

poor and vulnerable people including refugees. As a result of the outbreak,

underprivileged households, particularly those in displaced areas, choose to change

into negative coping strategies such as cutting back on meals, raising debts, selling

assets, or stopping their children's education. It also shows how employment and

income levels have plummeted since the outbreak of the pandemic. Additionally, it also

looks at how families struggle to satisfy basic requirements, with many being forced to

make sacrifices due to tight household finances. These financial crises have insidious

and severe 'side consequences,' affecting education, mental and physical health, food
security, gender-based violence, community connections, and more (United Nations

High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR], 2021).

The Philippines' gross domestic product is expected to contract by -3.8 percent in

2020, putting a large portion of the population, including those currently in poverty, at

risk of economic hardship in the short and medium-term. A total of 5 million individuals

have been added to the 2.3 million persons who were unemployed in April of the year

2019. COVID-19 has already affected 92 percent of the questioned families in the

research locations, with 61 percent being totally or seriously affected. Some

respondents have already proposed sending children to beg (0.47%, work (2.6 %),

relatives (1.18 %), or institutions (0.71 %), or they work in high-risk occupations

themselves (0.47 %). Families with savings were able to extend their budget for 81.35

days, primarily for food, with female respondents making money last longer (87.67

days) than male respondents (17.44 days) (World Vision, 2020).

Governments put restrictions on some activities, such as when China's

government forces industries to close or Italy's government shutters most of the

country's businesses. The health sector, manufacturing, retail, and other services,

commerce and transportation, education, and other areas of the economy are all

impacted by these measures. As a result, both the supply side and the demand side

result in lower-income. These short-term economic effects may result in slower long-

term growth (Evens, 2020).

The potential worldwide impact is estimated to be $2.7 trillion by Orlik and others

at Bloomberg. The Asian Development Bank presents scenarios ranging from $77
billion to $347 billion and an OECD analysis predicting half of world economic growth

(Over, 2020).

The Eurozone's GDP estimation might fall by as much as 12% in 2020, according

to a report released in April 2020. In August 2020, the European Union had 15 million

job-

less persons, a rise of 700,000 from April 2020 (Lagarde, 2020).

The United States' gross domestic product fell by 48 percent in the first quarter of

2020 and 32.9 percent in the second quarter. In 2020, consumer expenditure in the

United States fell 10% from the previous year. The GDP of the United Kingdom shrank

by 20.4 percent in the second quarter of 2020 (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2020).

From April to June 2020, Japan's GDP shrank by 27.8%, the third consecutive

quarterly fall and the largest in postwar history. In August 2020, South Korea officially

entered a recession for the first time in 17 years (Dennis, 2020).

In 2019, 650 million people were estimated to be living in extreme poverty and

given probable development trajectories, poverty was expected to decrease steadily in

most countries and globally. Poverty might climb by 120 million people in 2020,

compared to 2019. The 2020 estimate is 144 million people greater than the baseline

route for poverty. While some of this may be countered when economies recover in

2021, the longer-term scenario implies that half of the increase in poverty will be

permanent. By 2030, the poverty rate might still be 60 million people greater than the

baseline (Kharas, 2020).

The pandemic's economic standstill and the detrimental effects of economic

contraction on higher education will not disappear after a vaccine is developed and
delivered. The global economy and higher education may take years to recover from

COVID-19 (WHO, 2020).

Related Studies

According to a Harvard University study, over two-thirds of U.S. households

affected by covid-19 are experiencing financial difficulties. According to the statistics,

54% of households with annual earnings less than $100,000 had significant financial

issues, compared to 20% of those with yearly incomes over $100,000. 63& of

households with a disabled member say they are experiencing considerable financial

difficulties, and 37% say they have spent all or most of their funds. The 22% of homes

with someone sickened by COVID-19 have struggled to pay for medical treatment. The

9% of homes with someone sickened by the virus lost health insurance during the

pandemic, and the remaining 7% did not have it at all before the outbreak began.

Additionally, in the study entitled "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Life of

Higher Education Students: A Global Perspective" by Aristovnik et al, their purpose was

to offer the most detailed and large-scale study to date on how students view the

consequences of the first wave of COVID-19 crisis in early 2020 on many parts of their

life on a worldwide scale. The data gathered revealed that students with socio-

demographic characteristics – male, part-time, first-level, applied sciences, a lower

living standard-were less satisfied with the academic life they acquired during the crisis.

On the other note, students with socio-demographic characteristics of the female, full-

time, first-level students, and students faced with financial problems were significantly

affected by their emotional and personal lives. As from the results found, several vital

aspects influence students' satisfaction with their university's involvement. These

findings may be helpful to policymakers and higher education institutions throughout the

world as they formulate policy recommendations and measures to help students during

this and future pandemics.

Moreover, in Tajikistan, a study entitled "Impact of COVID-19 on Lives,

Livelihoods, and Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs) in Tajikistan" by

Mirsoev and Sedaghat, aimed to provides socio-economic background and fundamental

situation analysis, as well as unfolding situation and measures in Tajikistan. It was

found out that the coronavirus pandemic hurt 63.1 percent of MSMEs, with differences

by economic sectors and firm size. Moreover, it was revealed that MSMEs in rural

regions are disadvantaged in access to business advising services and markets in rural

regions compared to MSMEs in metropolitan regions. Additionally, 83.1 percent of

MSMEs involved in small-scale cross-border commerce saw a drop in sales due to

border closures and travel restrictions. Also, almost a quarter of the MSMEs that were

impacted had to shut down for some time. Employees at smaller businesses and those

who are younger are more likely to see a salary cut. The proportion of women and girls

working in informal jobs is relatively high. The percentage of unregistered workers

varies by industry. As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, 85.2 percent of afflicted

MSMEs saw a drop in sales; defaulted loans have driven some MSMEs deeper into

debt. The government could compel countrywide postponement of tax payments for all

sorts of private firms, according to 33% of all MSMEs.

The study entitled" The Economic Impact of Lockdowns: A Persistent

Inoperability Input-Output Approach," conducted by De La Salle University, Manila,

proposed synthesizing a model employing a persistent inoperability input-output

paradigm to account for the long-term interruption caused by a business closure (PIIM).

It demonstrates that sectors in the Philippines that experience greater inoperability

under quarantine may recover faster depending on their resilience. Moreover,

unaffected sectors may experience higher degrees of inoperability than directly affected

sectors at first. Lastly, the economic impact on non-locked-down areas is equally

enormous.

On the other hand, a survey was conducted by UNDP to assess the socio-

economic impact of COVID-19 on the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim

Mindanao. According to the study, residents found methods to cope with the crisis in the

near term, with many staying optimistic about the recovery process. Borrowing money,

depending on cheaper food, or reducing food intake are examples of household coping

mechanisms during a pandemic. Moreover, despite the unfavorable consequences,

most people remain hopeful and believe that recovery will occur within 6 to 2 years.

Furthermore, according to research done by the Asian Development Bank

Institute, as the pandemic progresses, about half of Filipino households will only be able

to meet required costs for up to two weeks. According to their assessment, just 8.8% of

questioned Filipino households can manage without income for more than three

months, and only 14.1 percent can endure for up to 3 months. As a result, if the COVID-

19 outbreak continues, many families in these nations may face hunger and maybe

increasing poverty.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

Based on the literature gathered, the COVID-19 pandemic does not just

affect the health aspect of many lives but rather the totality of every aspect. The disease
spread rapidly between people and across communities worldwide, causing massive

outbreaks of infectious disease, which causes significant economic, social, and political

disruption (Morens, Folkers & Fauci, 2009). Due to this, it is expected to experience

financial constraints in society. A financial limitation prevents a course of economic

activity from being pursued and must instead be accommodated. Financial limitations

are concrete concerns that should not be confused with subjective or emotional reasons

for not taking action (Ross, 2021). Household consumer expenditure accounts for more

than half of GDP in most nations. Because of its size and extensive exposure to the

financial sector, the household sector can impact the whole economy (Sukada &

Santoso, n.d.). Family is the basic unit of society that is greatly affected by the

unprecedented changes of the pandemic. As a result of the unprecedented restrictions

enforced to contain the virus, specific industries were compelled to shut down or

temporarily suspend operations, resulting in economic instability. These closures have

produced a second economic calamity, with unemployment exceeding 14.7% in April

(Trueblood, Sussman, Leary, et al., 2020). In the study of Asian Development Bank

Institute, as the outbreak continues, roughly half of Filipino households will only be able

to fulfill essential costs for up to two weeks. Their evaluation revealed that barely 8.8

percent of questioned Filipino households can cope without income for more than three

months, and only 14.1 percent can endure for up to 3 months.

The following information could be a better guide to better understand the

experiences of a particular family amidst the pandemic in terms of financial aspects.

Being aware of their current situation connect communities to be aware of other life

stories surviving the pandemic.

Gap Bridged by the Study

The related studies focused on the impact of COVID-19 on the economic status

of the world. The literature focuses on the general changes that happened worldwide,

including the statistics about the negative impact of COVID-19 and its effect on families

and other communities. On the other hand, the related literature focuses on defining the

circumstances that COVID-19 impacted on families. It provides information on the

pandemic, financial constraints, and the struggles of the situation. The study entitled

"COVID 19 Pandemic-Barrier of Growth: A Case Study about the Financial Constraint

Experiencing by the Miranda Family Amidst Pandemic" aimed to provide a deeper

understanding of a particular family amid a pandemic. Mainly, it aims to know the

specific financial constraints and coping mechanisms they have struggled with within

the middle of the pandemic, unlike being stated in general. Moreover, it would be helpful

to determine specific problems encountered by a family fully.

Theoretical Framework

Financial constraints experienced in a household setting are primarily built on

solid concepts developed by pioneers and excellent thinkers.

This study is associated with the Theory of Financing Constraints and Firm

Dynamic and the Finance Constraint Theory. Evidence suggests that financial

restrictions are essential factors of company dynamics. Such limits may develop due to

the financing of investment possibilities or temporary liquidity requirements, such as

those necessary to weather a recession. It backs up the theory that borrowing limits

have a significant impact on business development and survival. Furthermore, the

asymmetric information model of the multi-period borrowing/lending relationship

 revealed that borrowing limits develop as a characteristic of the optimum long-term loan

contract. Such restrictions relax as the value of the borrower's claim to future cash-flows

grows. It was also indicated that the ideal contract has many ramifications for the

dynamics of a company.

The Finance Constraint Theory begins explicitly with precisely the “deep

structure” that the liquidity preference theory leaves implicit. The function of money is

central rather than its value as an asset. Because of problems of asymmetric

information, people are constrained in their ability to command current resources by

more than simply their subjective evaluation of some intertemporal budget constraint.

There is a system of monetary-financial institutions whose purpose is to deal with these

informational problems and to regulate individuals’ current spending-their exercise of

“effective demand.” Money is part of this system of regulation. It is easiest to illustrate

the finance constraint theory with a simple “cash-in-advance” model. Individuals receive

a weekly endowment of goods “as manna from heaven.” The endowment is specialized

but individuals wish to consume 3 broad spectrum of goods (Kohn, 1988)

The theories above mentioned served as a support in the conduct of the study

entitled COVID 19 Pandemic – Barrier of Growth: A Case Study about the Financial

Constraint Experiencing by the Miranda Family Amidst Pandemic. The theoretical

paradigm is shown on Figure 2.1.

RESULT OF
THEORIES PROCESSES THE USED
THEORY

A. Theory of
Financing The importance of
Understanding
Constraints and analyzing the
Firm Dynamic Learning underlying factors
B. Finance resulting to financial
 Figure 2.1 Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

The study entitled "COVID 19 Pandemic-Barrier of Growth: A Case Study about

the Financial Constraint Experiencing by the Miranda Family Amidst Pandemic" shows

the different changes in financial aspects of the Miranda family amidst the COVID-19

pandemic. Further, the effect of these changes in psychological aspects, the

advantages and disadvantages were also discussed. Additionally, the ways they cope

up with these problems were also elaborated. In order to gather the data, a survey was

done by the researcher.

Financial Constraints of Miranda Family

Effect Coping
Changes
Mechanisms

Psychological

Advantages
 Disadvantages

Figure 2.2 Conceptual Paradigm

Definition of Terms

Pandemic. A worldwide disease that happens if a new disease emanates worldwide

and most people lack the natural immunity to fight it off. In the study, it was the

circumstance being studied.

Financial Constraints. Something that restricts a course of economic activity, which

must be accommodated instead. In the study, it is the variable being measured or the

independent variable.

Coping Mechanisms. An adaptation to environmental stress that is based on

conscious or unconscious choice and that enhances control over behavior or gives

psychological comfort.
References:

Advanced Solutions International, I. (n.d.). Financial Distress & the Family. Financial_
Distress. https://aamft.org/Consumer_Updates/Financial_Distress.aspx.

Consumption and credit constraints during financial crises. VOX, CEPR Policy Portal.
(n.d.). https://voxeu.org/article/consumption-and-credit-constraints-during-financial-
crises.

Council on Foreign Relations. (n.d.). Coronavirus: How Are Countries Responding to

the Economic Crisis? Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgroun
der/coronavirus-how-are-countries-responding-economic-crisis.

Data reveals the impact of COVID-19 on livelihoods and futures. UNHCR Philippines.
(n.d.). https://www.unhcr.org/ph/22703-data-reveals-impact-covid-19-livelihoods-
futures.html.

Dennis, M. J. (2020, November 13). The impact of COVID‐19 on the world economy an-
d higher education. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.100
2/emt.30720.

Diokno, B. E. (2021, February 12). Benjamin E Diokno: Philippines economic outlook -

toward a solid recovery. The Bank for International Settlements. https://www.bis.or
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Edrada, E. M., Lopez, E. B., Villarama, J. B., Villarama, E. P. S., Dagoc, B. F., Smith,
C., Sayo, A. R., Verona, J. A., Trifalgar-Arches, J., Lazaro, J., Balinas, E. G. M.,
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G., Saito, N., Nepomuceno, J. R., … Solante, R. M. (n.d.). First COVID-19 infec-
tions in the Philippines: a case report. Tropical Medicine and Health. https://www.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154063/.

Farmer, B. (2020, September 28). Nearly Two-Thirds Of U.S. Households Struck By

COVID-19 Face Financial Trouble. NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots
/2020/09/28/916605221/nearly-two-thirds-of-u-s-households-struck-by-covid-19-
face-financial-trouble.
Hermesauto. (2020, December 4). The Philippines suffers the worst job losses in 15
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and-lockdown.
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Rivas, R. (2021, March 15). IN CHARTS: Philippine economy, a year in lockdown.

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covid-19-lockdown-2021.

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households-philippines-would-survive-weeks-no-income-adb-institute.

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about-financial-constraints-your-clients.asp.

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impact on financial stability. EconPapers.
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https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/MFUconnexion/article/view/241209.
 Chapter 3
Design and Methodology

Research Design

The research study entitled "COVID 19 Pandemic – Barrier of Growth: A Case

Study about the Financial Constraint Experiencing by the Miranda Family Amidst

Pandemic" is designed to study three Miranda families. The study would be using a

case study approach – a qualitative research approach that uses a single 'case' to

understand the phenomenon and provides detailed explanations usually put in context

for the wider society (Heffernan, n.d.). Hence, it will discuss an in-depth analysis of the

Miranda families’ experiences, struggles, and coping mechanisms amidst the pandemic

that could be beneficial to a broader perspective about families' financial state in the

pandemic.

Sources of Data

Research Locale

The study was conducted at Guinobatan, Albay where the respondents live.

Specifically, the researcher went to Purok-4 Maipon to ensure the safety of everyone.

The household head was given the survey questionnaire and was answered at their

own pace.

Population and Sampling

The respondent of the study is three unit of family living in Albay. In particular,

the three Miranda family was chosen since the study only focuses on analyzing a single
case. Purposive sampling was used in the study to provide accurate data that will

represent the financial constraints that a family experiences during the pandemic.

Purposive sampling is a kind of nonprobability sampling that produces a sample that

can be logically assumed to represent the population (Lavrakas, 2008). The way the

respondents are chosen is through the judgement of the researcher. The researcher

used this technique to target the criteria that the study is needing.

Methodology

Data Gathering Procedure

Before the procedure, the respondents were given a letter and a consent form

that contains permission and protocols upon conducting the case study. The

respondents were also given a waiver that needed to be signed by the respondents to

ensure that they are willing to participate in the study.

The researcher then surveyed to gather the needed data and information. The

responses and results served as the basis for the researcher to determine the financial

constraints of the Miranda family. The responses were then encoded – the process of

translating thoughts, ideas, or questions into words, and ensure that both researcher

and respondents share the same understanding of both the questions asked and the

answers given.

Data Analysis

In analyzing and interpreting the data, themes are expected to be formulated.

Themes are patterns across data sets that are essential to a better description of a

phenomenon (Cassol et al., 2018). The researcher have done the thematic analysis in
order to come up with the needed results. According to Cassol et al. (2018) thematic

analysis is a method commonly used in qualitative research wherein it focuses on

analyzing, evaluating and identifying reported patterns within data. This method

classifies data into thematic categories as well as the examination of all the cases in a

study to make sure that each theme has been clarified and compared. Hence, thematic

analysis can be used to develop classifications about a phenomenon.

Research Instrument

The researcher have prepared an open-ended questionnaire wherein the

respondents are free to answer a specific question. The statement of the problem

guided the formulated questionnaire in order to further formulate more profound and

sufficient data associated with the study. The questionnaire consisted of several types

of questions in which it aims to answer the stated problems of the study. It mainly

consists of questions focusing on four particular elements: demographic and economic

background, changes in financial planning in the pandemic, the effect of these changes,

and coping mechanisms towards these changes. The first part consisted of the

respondents' demographic and economic information. The latter part of the

questionnaire consisted of nine (9) questions about the financial constraints experience

of the Miranda family.

References:

Case Study. Ask Dr. Cath. (n.d.). https://www.drcath.net/toolkit/case-study.

Encoding. Sage Research Methods. (n.d.).

https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-survey-research-
methods/n160.xml.

Purposive Sample. Sage Research Methods. (n.d.).

https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyclopedia-of-survey-research-
methods/n419.xml.

Cassol, H., Pétré, B., Degrange, S., Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Lallier, F., Bragard, I.,
Guillaume, M., & Laureys, S. (n.d.). Qualitative thematic analysis of the phenomenology
of near-death experiences. PLOS ONE. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?
id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0193001.
 Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

This chapter presents the results of the study about the experiences of the

Miranda Family in terms of financial aspects amidst the pandemic.

Demographic and Economic Background

In the study conducted by several authors, it was shown that a person's

socioeconomic and demographic profile have associations and influences on an

individual's financial literacy levels. The main variables that are being measured are

age, occupation, and income. Associated with this, the study revealed the demographic

and economic background of the three Miranda families.

Table 4.1 Age of the Members of the Miranda Families

Sample
Age Category n %
20 or under 4 36.4%
21 – 30 2 18.2%
31 – 40 0 0%
41 – 50 0 0%
51 – 60 4 36.4%
61 – 70 1 9%

Table 4.1 showed the age range of the members in the three Miranda families.

The respondents were asked about their demographic background, and it

showed that most of the families were at the age of 20 below and 51 – 60 years old

(36.4% of the samples). Others are 21 – 30 years old, which comprises 18.2% of the

samples. At the same time, the remaining members were the senior citizens who are at

the age of 61 – 70 years old (9% of the samples).

 According to major research, financial literacy tends to be higher among adults in

the middle of their life cycle and is commonly lower in younger and elderly individuals.

To prove this out, in the survey conducted by Agarwal, Driscoll, Gabaix, and Laibson

(2009), they asked a question that determines the financial literacy level of the

respondents. It showed that respondents aged 25 – 65 years old tend to answer 5%

more of the questions than those under 25 and over 65 years old.

Table 4.2 Occupation of the Members of the Miranda Families

Sample
Occupation n %
Self-employed 2 18.2%
Driver 2 18.2%
Private employee 1 9%
Vendor 1 9%
Housewife 1 9%
Student 4 36.4%

Table 4.2 showed the occupations of the members of the Miranda families.

The family members were also asked about their designated occupation in the

family. The survey showed that most of them are still students accumulating 36.4% of

the sample. Consequently, two of the respondents were self-employed, and the other

two were drivers. The remaining respondents said they are either a private employee in

the company, a vendor of masks and plants and a housewife.

In analyzing the occupation of a person, a study found out that individuals with

more ample labor experience undergo a more significant number of financial situations;

therefore, they acquire more knowledge which is equivalent to a higher level of financial

literacy (Chen & Volpe, 1998). Additionally, they are also more advanced in analyzing

complex information and a good decision-maker than those who are unemployed.
Unemployed or unskilled workers were found to have lower performance in financial

aspects due to lack of contact with financial issues. This is because of having low job

performance and work productivity (King & Garman, 2004).

Monthly Income
11,200
Figure 11,000 4.1
10,800
10,600
10,400
10,200
10,000
9,800
9,600
9,400
Family 1 Family 2 Family 3

Monthly Income
Monthly Income of the Miranda Families

Figure 4.1 showed the monthly income of the three Miranda families

Along with the occupation they noted, they were also asked about their monthly

income. It showed that their income only ranges between 10,000 to 11,000 per month.

According to the data, two families gain 10,000 a month with their occupation while the

other earns 11,000 with their jobs.

Regarding about the income of an individual, certain studies proved that low-

income levels are associated with lower financial literacy levels since they are more

likely to drop out of school, which in the long run contributes to their financial illiteracy

(Calamato, 2010). In this case, reverse causation is possible: individuals with high
financial literacy levels, when making better financial decisions, achieve higher income

levels than individuals with low financial literacy levels. 

Theme 1: Changes in Financial Planning by Miranda families amidst Pandemic

The coronavirus pandemic had generated a complex economic shock that had

impacted households differently. Due to this, financial planning and other financial

concerns of different families had brought related changes in their usual way of

budgeting.

Based on the researcher's gathered data, all of them experience a lightweight

way of budgeting before pandemic occurs. They could have enough money for the

family and include unnecessary things in the budget.

"Before the pandemic, we can buy something even if it is not important" – R1

"Medyo maluwag sa pag-budget" – R2
"Mulawag sa budget" – R3

However, when pandemic happened, all of them adjusted their budgeting plan by

minimizing their expenses to survive the pandemic.

"To minimized expenses and discipline ourselves." – R1

"Minimize expenses, planting crafts "– R2
"Minimizing the expenses of the family" – R3

With the changes that happened, they came up with other strategies to help them

with their finances. They mentioned that they build discipline within themselves in order

to manage their finances amidst pandemic. Others look for an extra source of income to
add up to their budget. It includes planting vegetables and other plants to sell. Also, they

sew face masks that are very in demand nowadays.

"The important is the discipline and always with communication to my family." – R1

"Hirap sa budgeting kaya naghanap ng source of income tulad sa pagtatanim ng gulay,
halaman at pagtatahi ng face mask." – R2
‘’Pagtitipid ng badyet’’ – R3

Financial Planning of the

Miranda Families

Before During
Pandemic Pandemic

Look for other source of

Minimized income
Could buy expenses
unnecessary things
Enough
budget Discipline
to self

Figure 4.2 Financial Planning of the Miranda Families

Figure 4.2 illustrates the financial plan of the Miranda families before and during

the pandemic. The researchers made themes associated with their financial planning

before and during pandemic. In line with this, according to the data, it showed that

before pandemic, respondents have enough budget for the family. They still could

include unnecessary things in the budget; however, during the pandemic, the data

showed that the respondents tend to have discipline within themselves by minimizing

expenses and looking for another source of income to add up with their budget for the

family.
Theme 2: Effect of the Changes in Financial Planning by Miranda families amidst

Pandemic

Associated with the unprecedented happenings of the COVID-19 had brought

are the problems that many people are not prepared. According to the survey, families

of Miranda had experience different approaches in terms of financial aspects amidst

pandemic. The survey showed their reactions, the advantages, and disadvantages of

the pandemic regarding their financial aspect.

Based on the survey's accumulated data, all of the respondents experienced

negative emotions in the middle of pandemic. Some said they got sad and worried with

their family; others note that they are struggling to survive the situation. They also stated

that they would just endure the difficulty of the situation, especially since most

establishments are closed.

"Sad and worried to my family for the present situation" – R1

‘’Kahirapan, pagtitiis, dahil sa mga ibang store/factory na nag closed.’’ – R2
"Mahirap" – R3

On the bright side, despite the financial constraints during the pandemic, they

mentioned that they had developed self-discipline in handling money.

‘’Natutong magtipid.’’ – R1
"Discipline myself "– R2
‘’Disiplina sa sarili at pagbabadyet sa pamilya’’ – R3
 However, on the other hand, they also mentioned the disadvantage of pandemic

in terms of their financial aspect. Since financial problems became evident, it leads

them to be limited in using money.

"Being limited [with the expenses]" – R1

"Financial problem cause of pandemic." – R2

Effect of the Changes in Financial Planning by Miranda

families amidst Pandemic

Reactions Advantages Disadvantages

Discipline on Limited with

Difficult Sad
money expenses

Financial
Patient with problem
Worried
the situation

Figure 4.3 Effect of the Changes in Financial Planning by Miranda families amidst

Pandemic

Figure 4.3 illustrates the effects of the changes that occurred in the financial

planning of the Miranda families amidst pandemic. Based on the data, the respondents

experience different reactions to the unprecedented situation they are in, like being sad,

experiencing difficulty, worried about the family, and being patient with the current

situation. They also stated that having money disciplined became an advantage in their
situation while, on the other hand, financial problems and being limited with expenses

are the disadvantages they experienced.

Theme 3: Coping Mechanisms of the Miranda Families in Experiencing Financial

Constraints amidst Pandemic

Notwithstanding the mentioned effects of the pandemic in terms of financial

aspects of Miranda families, the respondents' ability remains stronger to handle those.

Summing up, most of the respondents' coping mechanism towards the situation is

through having the right mindset, asking for help, and looking for other sources of

income.

The survey mentioned that they just became positive and open-minded about

managing their reactions to these problems. Additionally, their faith in God is also there

whenever they encounter financial problems.

"Always [have] positive thinking and pray to God." – R1

"Being open minded "– R2
‘’Pagiging bukas ng isipan’’ – R3

Moreover, they also ask for help from others to cope with these problems. Most

of them go to their families or relatives. Others seek help with the local government and

external connections like the company they are working in.

"Always [have] positive thinking and pray to God." – R1

"Being open minded "– R2
‘’Pagiging bukas ng isipan’’ – R3

Furthermore, their usual ways of managing financial constraints are asking for

external help like looking for accountability; finding other side hustles like selling masks;

and lastly imposing money discipline with themselves.

"To look [for] other sources of income such to sell face mask" – R1
 "Minimize expenses "– R2
‘’Madiskarte sa buhay at humanap ng bagong mapagkakakitaan.’’ – R3

Coping Mechanisms of
the Miranda Families

Managing Support
Strategies
Emotions system

Positive
Family Side hustle
mindset

Open- Local Minimize

mindedness Government expenses

Hopefulness Look for

External help
in God accountability

Figure 4.4 Coping Mechanisms of the Miranda families amidst Pandemic

Figure 4.4 illustrates the coping mechanisms of the Miranda families in

experiencing financial constraints amidst pandemic. The respondents note that they

tend to build a positive and open-minded outlook in managing their emotions towards

the problem. Other than that, their hopefulness with God is also their way of coping with

these problems. Additionally, they also stated that they also seek help from other people

like in the other relatives/ family, local government, and other external connections like

in the company they are working in. Moreover, the respondents also shared their

strategies as their way of coping up with the situation. It includes finding a side hustle,

minimizing expenses, and looking for accountability.

 Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary

A case study implies uncover stories that represent the in-depth understanding of

a particular phenomenon which is a great way of providing explanations and solutions.

Since COVID-19 happened, many unprecedented happenings had occurred worldwide.

This causes several changes in the economy due to the preventive implantations of the

pandemic, to control the contagious disease of coronavirus. Along with it are the decline

of economic growth. Verily, the Philippine economy contract by 9.5% in the gross

domestic product (GDP) in 2020 and dropped up to -16.9% in the second quarter of

2020 (Rivas, 2021). That is why family as the basic unit of the economic struggles

mostly that the pandemic had brought.

The study entitled "COVID 19 Pandemic – Barrier of Growth: A Case Study about

the Financial Constraint Experiencing by the Miranda Families Amidst Pandemic,"

generally focused on understanding the different experiences of Miranda families in

having financial constraints while in the pandemic. Specifically, it sought to know the

demographic and economic background of Miranda families, changes in the financial

planning of Miranda families amidst pandemic, effects of the changes in the financial

planning of Miranda families amidst pandemic, and the coping mechanisms of Miranda

families towards financial constraints. The study is only limited to three (3) families as

respondents which were selected using the purposive sampling technique. A survey
questionnaire was used to provide sufficient and responses for the needed data of the

study.

Findings

The results gathered revealed the demographic and economic profile of the

families and financial constraints experience through the following themes: Theme 1:

Changes in Financial Planning by Miranda families amidst Pandemic; Theme 2: Effect

of the Changes in Financial Planning by Miranda families amidst Pandemic; Theme 3:

Coping Mechanisms of the Miranda Families in Experiencing Financial Constraints

amidst Pandemic.

The demographic profile showed that most of the Miranda families' ages range

from 20 below and 61 – 70 years old. The usual occupation of the members showed are

self-employed and a driver. However, most of the members are still students. Lastly,

associated with their occupation, the respondents shared that their monthly income only

ranges from 10,000 to 11,000.

In assessing the financial constraints of the families, theme one tackles the

changes that happened in the financial planning of the Miranda families. It specifically

talked about the financial plan of the Miranda families before and after the pandemic.

The results showed that before pandemic, the families have enough budget for their

family and could still buy unnecessary things. While during pandemic, they said that

they tend to build discipline within themselves by minimizing their expenses and look for

other income to provide sufficient needs for everyday lives. On the other hand, theme

two talks about the effect of the changes in financial planning by Miranda families
amidst pandemic. The results showed that the families became worried and sad about

the situation.

Additionally, they mentioned that they are having difficulties coping and are just

being patient with the situation. Moreover, they also stated the advantages and

disadvantages they had experience. According to the data, they had developed

discipline in handling money. However, they cannot deny that the disadvantages are

they had experienced financial problems like being limited with their expenses. On the

positive outlook, the respondents still managed to cope with the aforementioned

problems they had experienced. Theme three discussed the coping mechanisms of the

families with regards to the mentioned problems. Most of the respondents said that they

just became positive and open-minded with the situation in managing their emotions.

Additionally, they strengthen their faith in God, and they abide with Him to have

hope. Also, they look for support systems like with other families, government, and other

external connections. To help with their finances, they also look for other strategies like

finding a side hustle, minimizing expenses, and looking for accountability.

Conclusions

To conclude, the following were the results and findings gathered in the study

that aims to understand the different experiences of the Miranda families in having

financial constraints while in the pandemic:

1. The respondents' family members usually range in the age of 20 below and 51 –

60 years old. The occupation of the family members mostly showed self-
 employed and driver. The monthly income of each household ranges between

Php10,000 to Php11,000

2. Before pandemic, the respondents could still attain enough budget for the family.

In contrast, during pandemic, the families struggle with their finances, making

them minimize their expenses, look for other sources of income, and discipline

themselves with money.

3. The effect of the changes in the Miranda families' financial planning made them

feel sad and worried with other members of the family. Moreover, they had

experienced difficulty and manage to be patient with the circumstances. Other

than that, they became limited with expenses and financial problems occurred.

On the positive note, they had created a money discipline in their selves.

4. The families' coping mechanisms were through managing emotions such as

having positive and open-minded outlook and having hope with God; having

support system such as with family, local government and external connections;

and having strategies such as looking for side hustle and accountability, and

minimizing expenses.

Recommendations

This research study is fixed to its scope and limitation and concluded based on

the objectives that the researchers developed through the process. If this study would

be given an extended exploration, primarily from the variables subjected to this

research, the researchers prepared the following recommendations for future use and

upgrading of this study:

 1. The study would provide a more in-depth analysis on a broader perspective by

adding respondents in a particular area. Moreover, it also strengthens the study

by including other families from different places as long as they are experiencing

the same situation. This process is also called having a focus group discussion.

2. It would also provide more detailed data by knowing other variables that could

contribute to the financial constraints of a specific family.

3. Adding more variables in the respondents' demographic and economic profile

would create more sufficient data.

Practice Task 2

ABSTRACT

COVID-19 pandemic had caused an undeniably trauma worldwide that leads to

economic damage through multiple channels, including short-term fiscal shocks and

longer-term adverse shocks to economic growth. Philippines as a third world country,

had seen to struggle massively. The Philippine economy contracted by 9.5% in the GDP

in 2020 and dropped up to -16.9% in the second quarter of 2020 (Rivas, 2021). As a

result of the outbreak, underprivileged households, particularly those in displaced areas,

choose to change into negative coping strategies such as cutting back on meals, raising

debts, selling assets, or stopping their children's education. It also shows how

employment and income levels have plummeted since the outbreak of the pandemic

(United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR], 2021). With regards to the

said situation, the researchers came up with a case study that aims to identify and

describe the financial constraints experiences of Miranda families to enlighten the way

they react and comprehend the phenomenon. The researchers gathered the data by the
 use of survey on the three families selected through the use of purposive sampling. The

researchers then came up with the following themes: Theme 1: Changes in Financial

Planning by Miranda families amidst Pandemic, Theme 2: Effect of the Changes in

Financial Planning by Miranda families amidst Pandemic, and Theme 3: Coping

Mechanisms of the Miranda Families in Experiencing Financial Constraints amidst

Pandemic. The researchers concluded that the respondents have the same outlook and

coping mechanisms towards the financial constraints they had experienced during the

pandemic.

COOLING DOWN

1. T

2. F

3. T

4. T

5. F

6. T

7. T

8. F

9. T

10. T

LEARNING CHALLENGES

Task 1.

What is revising and editing of a research draft?

1. Revising is making changes specially to correct or improve something. It means to study

something again.
 2. Editing is the process of improving words and phrases to perfect your research paper. It requires

you to rewrite, but editing means making small or subtle changes to improve language and

usage, rather than making substantial changes in the content.

Task 2.

1. Revising

a. Avoid any informational gaps

b. Acknowledgement sources used

c. Check for logical progression of arguments, consistency of tone and expression, and the

development of ideas

2. Editing

a. Check your grammar, spelling, punctuation, and typographical errors.

b. Rewrite unclear statements.

c. Avoid using irrelevant words and sentences