Assignment NO 1

Anatomy

Rabia Basri

Sap ID: 34655

To: Ma’am Saira Abroo

 Question NO 1
Peyer’s Patches
Microfold cells are located in the epithelium of covers mucosa-lymphoid
tissues, like Peyer’s patches (PPs) of the small intestine. M cells transport
actively immune cells to initiate Immunol response. M cells respond to the
mucosal immune system and systematic immune response.

The mucosal surface is covered by the physical shield composed of musician

and glycocalyx and chemical barriers which are size-selected also.
Chemicals include an antimicrobial and antigen-specific secretory
immunoglobin (Ig) A (S-IgA), and in the case of vertebrates, it (S-IgA)
produces a response in gut-associated lymphoid tissues GALTs which is the
largest immune-inductive site in the body. Several lymphoid tissues made
GALTs, Peyer’s Patches (PPs) is one of them.
Peyer’s Patches is found throughout the small intestine, and ileum region
and known as the small mass of the small intestine it is also called the
lymphoid nodules.

Function
It is the most important part of the immune system. It monitors the population
of the bacteria in the small intestine and prevents the growth of pathogenic
bacteria in the small intestine.
Structure
Peyer’s Patches are lymphatic tissue nodules that are roughly egg-shaped
but are surrounded by the connective tissue capsule. They belong to the
class of non-encapsulated lymphatic tissues known as lymphatic nodules,
including the tonsils and lymphatic tissues of the appendix.
Main Function
Their main function is to analyze the pathogenic bacteria in the ileum and
respond to them. Antigens are absorbed by the lining of the surface of each
Peer’s Patch by the endocytosis process from the microbes in the gut.
These antigens are then passed from the lymphoid tissues where
macrophages absorb them and present to be as B lymphocytes and T
lymphocytes. When B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes are presented with
the danger from pathogenic antigens then these lymphocytes trigger the
immune response b producing the pathogenic specific response b producing
pathogenic-specific antibodies; b turning the T lymphocytes into specific
pathogen-killing cytotoxic and migrating to the lymphatic nodes through the
lymphatic vessels and here it alerts the other cells of the immune system.
The body’s immune system is then on full alert to the pathogenic attack
before it can spread through the whole body and reach the extreme limit.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02345/full
https://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/immune-lymphatic/peyers-patches

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 Question No 2
Small Intestine
The small intestine is the largest part/segment of the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract. It is the longest continuous part where food travels through the
digestive system. In this tract, food is the break down into tin parts and the
important nutrients are absorbed and the remaining waste is moved to the
large intestine.
When food leaves the stomach it enters the small intestine, which is also
called the small bowel, and this small bowel connects to the large bowel
which is the second name of the large intestine. These two intestines work
to break down the food, absorb its nutrients, and solidify the food. Most of
the digestion of our food takes place in the small intestine of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Parts of Small Intestine

Based on slightly different functions, the small intestine is divided into three
main parts, the beginning section, the middle section, and the end section.
Although they do not have specific shapes.
1. Duodenum
It is the first part of the small intestine connected with the stomach and
the stomach feed into it. It is a short descending chute (about 10cm
long) curve around the pancreas of ‘C’ shaped before connecting to
the rest coiled part of the intestine.
2. Jejunum
The remaining parts of the intestine are coiled the is inside the
abdominal cavity. In its middle section, the jejunum makes up a little
less than half of its remaining section. Jejunum gives deep red color
due to the presence of man blood vessels.
3. Ileum
The ileum is the last and largest part of the small intestine, where the
wall of the intestine becomes small and narrow, Also here the blood
supply is reduced, Food remains much time in this part, and man of
the nutrients and water are absorbed in this part.
Mucosa
The walls of the small intestine are lined with the mucosa with man
glands that secrete and absorbed the mucosa according to the need.
Mucosa secretes a small number of digestive enzymes and lubricants
in the ileum and jejunum during the absorbing of nutrients from our
food. Each section of the intestine is designed to absorb a specific
amount of nutrients, as well as water.
The mucosa has so many sections and folds that it has a surface area
100 times more than your skin. That’s why 95%of of the carbohydrates
and proteins you take are absorbed by the small intestine. It absorbs
90% of the water you take during your digestion and the rest of it is
absorbed by the large intestine.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22135-small-intestine

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 Question No 3
Specialized Epithelial Cells Inside Stomach Mucosa
The gastric mucosa consists of six different types of cells. In addition to the
tall columnar surface epithelial cell, there are five common types of cells
found in various gastric glands.
1. Mucoid Cell
These are common to all gastric glands and secrete gastric mucus.
These are the main types of cells that are found in the cardiac and
pyloric of the stomach. The fundic parts of the body and necks of the
glands are lined with mucoid cells.
2. Zymogenic or Chief Cells
These are located in the gastric glands, in the body, and in fundic
portions of the stomach. These secrete pepsinogen from which the
proteolytic pepsin (protein-digesting) enzyme is produced. There are
two types of pepsinogens, pepsinogen I and pepsinogen II, both are
formed in the mucous and zymogenic cells in the gland of the body of
the stomach.
3. Gastrin Cells
Gastrin also called ‘G’ cells are located in the antrum of the stomach,
these endocrine cells secrete the acid-stimulating hormone gastrin in
response to the low acidity content of the stomach when food enters
the stomach and gastric distention. Gastrin then enters the
bloodstream and is carried through the circulation to the mucosa of the
stomach where it becomes to bind with the active site of the membrane
of the parietal cells.
4. Parietal or Oxyntic Cells
These are found in the glands of the body and the fundic portion of the
stomach. They secrete hydrogen ions that bind with chloride ions that
form hydrochloric acid (HCl). The acid then enters the lumen of the
glands and passes through the stomach. This whole process occurs
when only one or more types of receptors are bonded to histamine,
gastrin, or acetylcholine on the outer membrane of the parietal cells.
Prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that are present in all types
of body fluids, inhibit the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl).
5. Endocrine Cells
Endocrine cells are enterochromaffin-like cells. Because their
scanning characteristics are scattered throughout the body of the
stomach. Enterochromaffin-like cells secrete different types of
substances including the hormone serotonin.

https://www.britannica.com/science/human-digestive-system/Gastric-
secretion

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