Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis and role in the cell cycle

Melosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of

chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells
while Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical
daughter cells. The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace
worn out cells.

What Can Happen if Meiosis Goes Wrong?

Meiosis is a type of cell division that makes sex cells, or gametes. Errors
during meiosis can lead to mutations in gametes. Defective gametes that
undergo fertilization may result in miscarriages or ultimately lead to
genetic disorders. The most likely mistake to occur during meiosis is
chromosomal non-disjunction, which results in the wrong number of
chromosomes in a sex cell.

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis occurs in the wall of the seminiferous tubules,

with stem cells at the periphery of the tube and the
spermatozoa at the lumen of the tube. Immediately under the
capsule of the tubule are diploid, undifferentiated cells The
stem cells, called spermatogonia (singular: spermatagonium),
go through mitosis with one offspring going on to differentiate
into a sperm cell, while the other gives rise to the next
generation of sperm.
Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis)

Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and eggs, takes place

through the process of meiosis, During meiosis, two cell
divisions separate the paired chromosomes in the nucleus and
then separate the chromatids that were made during an earlier
stage of the cell's life cycle, resulting in gametes that each
contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent. The
production of sperm is called spermatogenesis and the
production of eggs is called oogenesis.

Oogenesis

Oogenesis occurs in the outermost layers of the ovaries. As

with sperm production, oogenesis starts with a germ cell, called
an oogonium (plural: oogonia), but this cell undergoes mitosis
to increase in number, eventually resulting in up to one to two
million cells in the embry
PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. MOUTH

The mouth serves for the intake and preparation of food for the
digestive process. It breaks food into small particles and moves it into
the pharynx. Teeth hold, cut, tear, and grind our food. Without teeth, we
could eat only soft foods. Although the main task of chewing and
grinding the food is done by our teeth, several other parts of the mouth
contribute to this function.

Lips and cheeks hold food in the mouth and, with the help of the tongue,
put food between teeth for chewing.

The mouth muscles and the movement of the jaw are also necessary for
proper mastication. Saliva moistens and softens food to facilitate
chewing and swallowing. It initiates the chemical digestion of food with
the enzymes it contains.

The tongue moves food around the mouth while we chew and finally
gathers the chewed food into a ball

(bolus), before moving it at the back of the mouth for swallowing,

*EPIGLOTTIS

The epiglottis is a leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food and
water from entering the windpipe and the lungs. It stays open during
breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing, it closes to
prevent aspiration of food into the lungs, forcing the swallowed liquids
or food to go along the esophagus toward the stomach instead. It is thus
the valve that diverts passage to either the trachea or the esophagus.

2. ESOPHAGUS

Esophagus is a relatively straight muscular tube through which food

passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus can contract or
expand to allow for the passage of food. Anatomically, It lies behind the
trachea and heart and in front of the spinal column.
*PERISTALSIS- rhythmic muscular contraction

3. STOMACH

Stomach is a sac like expansion of the digestive system, between the

esophagus and the small intestine. The stomach has 3 main functions:

1. Temporary storage for food, which passes from the esophagus to the
stomach where it is held for 2

hours or longer

2. Mixing and breakdown of food by contraction and relaxation of the

muscle layers in the stomach

3. Digestion of food
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Digestion and Absorption

Concepts:

1. Food is essential because it provides energy to run body functions and

the building blocks to grow and repair body tissues.

2. What you eat matters because the cells in your body need certain
things that you can provide only by eating.

3. Food must be broken down into many separate, simple molecules

that can flow into your bloodstream and from there move into your cells
where they are used as fuel or for building new molecules.

4. The body's process of breaking down food into smaller particles is

called digestion.

5. The three main divisions of digestive system are:

5.1. Mouth region - also called oral or buccal cavity - lips, tongue, teeth,
INTERACTION

Digestive system interacts with the following body systems:

1. Integumentary system (skin)

Milk is known to rich in CALCIUM.

Despite people drinking milk a lot to think that it helps them to

grow taller and have stronger bones and teeth, it will only be
limited to the body's ability to absorb CALCIUM.

For CALCIUM to be absorbed by the body there should be

enough VITAMIN D.

2. Circulatory system (heart, blood vessels and blood)

Nutrients that are absorbed by the cells are being delivered by

the circulatory system. 30 percent of blood pumped by the
heart goes to the digestive system.

3. Excretory system (liver and kidney)

Liver breaks down amino acids (protein) and fat and removes
the wastes from the blood.
gums, palate, pharynx, epiglottis.

5.2. Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract - this is the passage of food passing

through the mouth region - esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, rectum, anus

5.3. Accessory organs (liver, kidney, pancreas)

6. Digestion of food involves 6 processes:

6.1. INGESTION - taking of food into the mouth and GI tract

6.2. PROPULSION - movement of the food down the GI tract

Swallowing - VOLUNTARY type of propulsion where the tongue pushes

the
food down to the esophagus.

Peristalsis - INVOLUNTARY type of propulsion where the muscles of the

digestive tract contract & relax alternately

6.3. DIGESTION - involves mechanical and chemical digestion.

Mechanical digestion is breaking down of food with the use of teeth,

mouth movement, movement of the stomach, etc.

Chemical digestion is breaking down of food with the use of body

chemicals like enzymes, acids, etc.

6.5. ASSIMILATION - involves building of complex substances after

absorption. Opposite of absorption.

Simply, think of it as process when you eat too many SWEETS and FATTY
FOOD that you gain weight.

5.6 EXCRETION - elimination of undigested food also called DEFECATION.

Stool or Feces are indigestible materials like fiber, small amounts of

water, mucus, and bacteria