Bend Strength of Complete Closed-Type Carbon

Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Stirrups

with Rectangular Section
C. Lee 1; M. Ko 2; and Y. Lee 3
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Abstract: Complete closed-type carbon fiber-reinforced polymer stirrups with a rectangular section (CFRPRS) were developed and tested in
the research reported in this paper. The use of a CFRPRS is intended to relieve stress concentrations and reduce the number of kinked fibers at
the bent portion. A total of 16 B.5 specimens were tested with consideration of the bend strength of the CFRPRS as well as carbon fiber-
reinforced polymer (CFRP) stirrups with circular sections. Observations were made regarding the bend strength and failure modes. Three
different types of CFRPRS were tested with different width-thickness ratios (34.4 for a sectional area of 27.9 mm2 and 4.5 or 8.0 for 72 mm2 )
and three different ratios of the bend radius to the area-equivalent bar diameter (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5). The test results indicated that CFRPRSs
exhibited improved bend strength as compared to its counterpart, the conventional CFRP stirrups with circular sections. CFRPRSs possessing
a larger stirrup width-thickness ratio provided more strength for a given sectional area. The best correlation between the test results and
predictions of the CFRPRS bend strength was observed when sections of the CFRPRS were modeled as a collection of transformed individual
circular sections. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000428. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Author keywords: Bend strength; Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers; Test; Predictions.

Introduction
Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have the valuable property of
noncorrosiveness, which enables this material to be applied to vari-
ous structural members. In spite of some disadvantages, such as a
linear stress-strain relationship, lower modulus of elasticity, lower
shear strength, and the stress-rupture phenomenon, FRPs are used
for flexural or shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups (Shehata
et al. 1998; Razaqpur and Isgor 2006).
As FRPs are made of anisotropic materials, their shear bending
strength is weak. Consequently, when FRP bars are bent to form
stirrups, the resistance is significantly reduced at the bent portions
as compared to the tensile strength (Maruyama et al. 1993; Ishihara
et al. 1997; Shehata et al. 2000; El-Sayed et al. 2007). At the bend,
the FRP stirrup experiences shear stresses due to the bearing
against concrete and normal stresses in the longitudinal direction
parallel to the fiber’s direction. Furthermore, the bending the
FRP bars during the fabrication process of stirrups causes the inner
fibers in the bend to become kinked as compared to those in the
outer radius (Fig. 1) (Morphy 1999; Ahmed et al. 2010).
As a result, FRP stirrups, particularly with circular sections, can
withstand stresses of approximately 30–80% of their tensile
strength. The reduction rate is largely dependent on the type of
FRP bar, ratio of the bend radius to the bar diameter, bending
1 then analyzed.
Professor, School of Architecture and Building Science, Chung-Ang
Univ., Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea (corresponding author). E-mail:
cdlee@cau.ac.kr
2
Master’s Graduate, School of Architecture and Building Science,
Chung-Ang Univ., Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
3
Master’s Graduate, School of Architecture and Building Science,
Chung-Ang Univ., Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
Note. This manuscript was submitted on April 19, 2013; approved on
July 25, 2013; published online on July 27, 2013. Discussion period open
until March 3, 2014; separate discussions must be submitted for individual
papers. This paper is part of the Journal of Composites for Construction,
© ASCE, ISSN 1090-0268/04013022(11)/$25.00.
process, and test method [Nagasaka et al. 1993; Ehsani et al. 1995;
Shehata et al. 1998; ACI 440.1R-06 (ACI 2006); Ahmed et al.
2010]. Experimental results showed that the bend strength is pri-
marily dependent on the bend ratio defined by rb ¼ R=df, where
R and df are the inner bend radius and the diameter of the FRP
stirrup with a circular section, respectively [Fig. 2(a)]. Previous test
results indicate that the bend strength generally increases linearly in
accordance with the bend ratio [ACI 440.1R-06 (ACI 2006); ISIS-
M03-07 (ISIS Canada 2007); El-Sayed et al. 2007; ACI 440.6M-08
(ACI 2008a); ACI 440.5-08 (ACI 2008b); Ahmed et al .2010].
To improve the efficiency of conventional FRP stirrups with cir-
cular sections, a new type of stirrup was developed in the research
reported in this paper. The developed CFRPRS was fabricated with
a rectangular section in a completely closed form. The use of a rec-
tangular section was predicted to alleviate the degree of fiber-
kinking at the bent portion because the difference in radius between
the innermost and outermost fibers is smaller for a rectangular
shape that is wider and thinner than for a circular section with
the same sectional area [Fig. 2(b)]. Additionally, a CFRPRS in
a completely closed form was presumed to enable stirrups to utilize
its tensile strength without the possibility of slipping and thus more
effectively confine core concrete. To verify the ability of the
CFRPRS to resist stresses at the bent portion, direct tensile tests
and B.5 tests in accordance with ACI 440.3R-04 (ACI 2004) were
performed. The bend strength with respect to tensile strength was
Sectional Dimensions of CFRPRS
Before the sectional dimensions of CFRPRS were determined, the
volume of kinked fibers at the bent portion was estimated on the
basis of the following assumptions: (1) kinks occur for the fibers
with a bend radius that is less than the radius of the midsection
(i.e., Ry < Rm ) [Figs. 2(a and b)], (2) the total length of each kinked
fiber at the bent portion equals the fiber length at the midsection

© ASCE 04013022-1 J. Compos. Constr.

J. Compos. Constr., 2014, 18(1): 04013022

 fibers to the total volume of fibers for the circular and rectangular
sections are vck and vrk , respectively
Z d =2 Z pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi  2 2 
f ðdf =2Þ2 −y2 π π · rf · ðRþ0.5df Þ
vk ¼ 2
c
ðRm −Ry Þdxdy
0 0 2 2
 
1 1
¼ · ð1aÞ
3π 0.5þrb

N Z Z  
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X t1f =2 wf =2 π π ·wf ·tf ·ðRþ0.5tf Þ

vrk ¼2 ðRm −Ry Þdxdy
Fig. 1. Possible causes of premature failure at the bend for FRP stirrups
i¼1 0 0 2 2
with a circular section  
1 1
¼ · ð1bÞ
8N 0.5þrt

where Rm ¼ R þ df =2 for a circular section; Rm ¼ R þ ði − 0.5Þ ·

t1f for a rectangular section at the ith layer; Ry ¼ Rm − y; and rt ¼
R=tf = ratio of bend radius to thickness of a rectangular stirrup.
Eq. (1) indicates that vck becomes smaller as the bend ratio rb
increases. Eq. (1) demonstrates that the use of a rectangular section
that is wider and thinner or has a larger number of layers in the
fabrication of a stirrup can result in a lower volume of kinked fibers
for the same thickness. Using Eq. (1), the thickness of a rectangular
section that yields a smaller amount of kinked fibers than in a cir-
cular section with the same sectional area can be estimated

8·R·N
0 < tf < ð2Þ
3π · ð0.5 þ rb Þ − 4N

The CFRPRSs in the research reported in this paper were manu-

factured with reference to two commercially available CFRP rods
with diameters as follows: (1) 6.0 mm (DWCR6), and (2) 9.5 mm
(DWCR9). These rods were produced by the pultrusion method.
Table 1 summarizes the measured sectional and tensile properties
of the DWCR6 and DWCR9 bars. Three different types of
CFRPRSs were fabricated, i.e., one with an equivalent sectional
area as DWCR6 (28.3 mm2 ) and two others with equivalent sec-
tional areas as DWCR9 (71.3 mm2 ). In accordance with Eq. (2), the
maximum thicknesses of the CFRPRSs to contain a smaller amount
of kinked fibers than DWCR6 and DWCR9 bars with rb ¼ 1.5 are
4.8 and 7.7 mm, respectively (conservatively with N ¼ 1). For
rb ¼ 3.0 or 4.5, these are 5.0 and 7.9 mm, respectively. Smaller
thickness than these values were used in the research reported in
this paper. The CFRPRS corresponding to DWCR6 was denoted
as CR3101, which had sectional dimensions of 31 × 0.9 mm
and an effective area of 27.9 mm2 . The two CFRPRSs equivalent
to DWCR9 were denoted as CR1804 (18 × 4 mm) and CR2403
(24 × 3 mm). These CFRPRSs had an effective sectional area of

Fig. 2. FRP stirrups with circular, rectangular, and transformed

sections: (a) circular section; (b) rectangular section; (c) rectangular Table 1. Effective Sectional Areas and Tensile Properties
section modeled as a collection of transformed individual circular Modulus
sections in parallel Effective Tensile of Strain at
area strength elasticity maximum
Types (mm2 ) (MPa) (GPa) stress (%)
(π · Rm =2), and (3) the kinked length of the fiber is proportional to DWCR
the difference between the arc lengths at the bent portion and at the DWCR6 28.3 2,190 139 1.5
midsection [π · ðRm − Ry Þ=2]. The circular section has a sectional DWCR9 71.3 1,880 144 1.3
area Af and diameter df , and the rectangular section has the same CFRPRS
sectional area with width wf and thickness tf . The rectangular sec- T3101 27.9 1,880 144 1.3
tion was formed by wrapping and bonding N layers of unit strips T1804 72.0 1,850 142 1.3
T2403 72.0 1,740 134 1.3
with a thickness t1f . The corresponding relative volumes of kinked

© ASCE 04013022-2 J. Compos. Constr.

J. Compos. Constr., 2014, 18(1): 04013022

 72 mm2 . The same composition ratio of the fibers to the matrix
used in the fabrication of the DWCR rods was applied to the
CFRPRSs; the CFRPRSs were thus composed of carbon-fiber fil-
aments and a matrix of epoxy resin with a ratio of 6∶4 by volume.
Commercially available carbon-fiber sheets were used to fabri-
cate the CFRPRS, each with a thickness of 0.45 mm. The carbon-
fiber filaments used in the sheet were the same types that were used
in the DWCR bars. The company provided the average tensile
strength, modulus of elasticity, and maximum strain of the individ-
ual carbon-fiber filaments as 3,520 MPa, 230,000 MPa, and 1.5%,
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respectively. Each carbon-fiber sheet was composed of bundles
of carbon-fibers. Each bundle contained 24,000 carbon-fiber fila-
ments with an average width of 3.7 mm and a cross-sectional area
of 4.0 × 10−5 mm2 =filament. To form a CFRPRS section with a
sectional area equivalent to its counterpart of the DWCR bar,
carbon-fiber filaments corresponding to 60% of the total sectional
area were required. For instance, the required number of bundles
for DWCR9 (9.5 mm diameter with a sectional area of 71.3 mm2 )
was estimated by dividing the required total number of fiber
filaments by the number of filaments in one bundle ½42.8 mm2 =
ð4.0 × 10−5 mm2 =filamentÞ
=24,000 ¼ 45 bundles=section. Once
the required number of bundles for the given sectional area was
determined, the number of layers to be stacked in a rectangular sec-
tion was determined by dividing the total number of bundles per
section by the number of bundles in one layer. For a CFRPRS
equivalent to DWCR9, nine layers with five bundles/layer and
seven layers with six bundles/layer were stacked for CR1804 and
CR2403, respectively.
Similarly, for the case of a CFRPRS equivalent to DWCR6,
a total of 424,500 carbon-fiber filaments were required when
the total sectional area of carbon fibers in the bar (0.6 ×
28.3 mm2 ¼ 17.0 mm2 ) was divided by the area of one carbon-
fiber filament. The required number of bundles was ½17.0 mm2 =
ð4.0 × 10−5 mm2 =filamentÞ
=24,000 ¼ 18 bundles. Accordingly,
one layer was composed of nine bundles on average and two layers
were stacked for the CR3101 specimen.
Experiment–Tension Tests
Fabrication of Tension Specimen
A pair of direct tension specimens for each CFRPRS were fabri-
cated to measure the average tensile strengths of the developed rec-
tangular stirrups, i.e., a specimen denoted as T3101 with sectional
dimensions of 31 × 0.9 mm to measure the tensile strength of the
CFRPRS equivalent to DWCR6, and two specimens denoted as
T1804 and T2403 with sectional dimensions of 18 × 4 mm and
24 × 3 mm, respectively, to measure the tensile strength of the
CFRPRS equivalent to DWCR9. The manufacturing process is
described by the following steps:
• The strips of carbon-fiber sheets were cut to the appropriate
sizes and then impregnated with the epoxy resin. The fiber-
to-matrix ratio was 6.0∶4.0 by volume.
• The matrix was mixed with epoxy resin and hardener with a
weight ratio of 100∶55. The tensile strength of the epoxy pro-
vided by the manufacturer was 60 MPa, which was approxi-
mately 70% of the tensile strength of the epoxy used in the
DWCR bars. The compound was mixed using a portable mixer
for about 10 min to achieve a uniform mixture.
• Molds for the tension specimens were made with acrylic panels.
To secure the appropriate space for the desired thickness of
the tension specimen, acrylic strips of the intended sectional di-
mensions were bonded along the edges of the base acrylic panel.
© ASCE 04013022-3
J. Compos. Constr., 2014, 18(1): 04013022
For easier removal of the cured tension specimen from the ac-
rylic mold, a vinyl sheet was placed on the surface of the mold.
• Each of the impregnated carbon-sheet strips was overlaid on a
previously placed impregnated carbon sheet on the bottom of
the acrylic mold. The stacked carbon-sheet strips were then roll-
pressed to squeeze out undesirable pores and condense matrix
into the stacked-fiber sheets. This process was repeated until all
the required numbers of carbon-fiber strips were layered to form
the required rectangular sectional shape.
• After completion of stacking, specimens were covered with a
vinyl sheet. A top acrylic mold was screwed to the bottom ac-
rylic mold for the maintenance of thickness during the curing
period. The specimens were taken out from the mold after 3 days
and further cured for an additional 3 weeks before cutting. Fig. 3
presents the different sizes of fabricated tension specimens that
were ready for the tension test.
Test Setups
The minimum required length of the CFRPRS tension test speci-
mens (T3101, T1804, and T2403) was estimated to be 1,400 mm,
which includes the length of the two end-steel anchorages, each
with a length of 500 mm, to develop the bond strength. The steel
anchorages were designed to prevent premature failure of the test
specimens due to slippage or tensile fracture of the CFRPRS at the
entrance of anchorage because of a high stress concentration. The
steel anchorage was composed of a threaded circular pipe, steel
caps, and a bolt. The tension specimen was inserted into the steel
pipe and one end of the pipe was then capped with a steel cap. After
the pipe was carefully filled with nonshrink mortar with a 28-day
compressive strength f c0 ¼ 65.8 Mpa, the other end of the steel
pipe was also capped with a steel cap. An exposed length of
400 mm between the two anchorages was maintained for the
CFRPRS. The remaining embedded portion of the tension speci-
men in the anchorage was epoxy-coated with aluminum oxide
powders to enhance the bond strength. The test setup consisted
of a 300-kN hydraulic jack, a 500-kN load cell, two 50-mm
LVDTs, and a strain gage. Two steel plates were placed in front of
the anchorages to distribute the applied load on the anchorages. The
two LVDTs were attached to the supporting steel plate to measure
the relative displacement between the anchorages. A strain gage
Fig. 3. Tension specimens with different sectional dimensions:
(a) T3101; (b) T1804; (c) T2403
J. Compos. Constr.
 was attached to the exposed surface of the specimens at the mid-
length between the anchorages. The test was performed 10 days
after mortar-casting. The tension test was complete in approxi-
mately 60 min.

Test Results
Table 1 presents the results of the tension test. All the specimens
exhibited a linear elastic behavior and fractured in the straight
portion between the two anchorages. Sudden and brittle failure oc-
curred, and the fibers in the specimen were separated and shredded
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diagonally at failure.
The average tensile strengths measured from each of the two
T3101, T1804, and T2403 specimens were 1,880, 1,850, and
1,740 MPa, respectively. These measured tensile strengths were
close to the given tensile strengths of 2,190 and 1,880 MPa for
DCWR6 and DWCR9, respectively. The CFRPRS specimens ex-
hibited an average modulus of elasticity of 144, 142, and 134 GPa
for T3101, T1804, and T2403, respectively, which were also close
to the values of 139 and 144 GPa for DWCR6 and DWCR9,
respectively.

Experiment–Bend Tests

ISIS Canada (2006) and ACI 440.6M-08 (ACI 2008a) reported that
either B.5 or B.12 test methods may be considered for determining
the bend strength of FRP bent bars/stirrups (Fig. 4). Ahmed et al.
(2010) performed both the B.5 and B.12 tests for four specimens of
CFRP stirrups and 12 specimens of glass fiber-reinforced plastic
(GFRP) stirrups. In accordance with their test results, the B.12 test
method underestimated the FRP bend capacity as compared to the
B.5 test method. They concluded that the B.5 test method produced
more realistic results in evaluating the bend capacity of the FRP
stirrups because it simulates the performance mechanism of the stir-
rups embedded in concrete. Based on their observations, the B.5
test method was adopted in the research reported in this paper for
measuring the bend strength of the CFRPRS.

Fabrication of CFRPRS
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer stirrups with a rectangular section
with different sectional dimensions and configurations (CR3101,
CR1804, and CR2403) were fabricated for the B.5 tests, as follows:
• To make a complete closed CFRPRS with dimensions of 270 ×
860 mm for the B.5 test, carbon-fiber sheets were cut to the ap-
propriate sizes for CR1804, CR2403, and CR3101.
• Depending on the different bend radii of the CFRPRSs, wooden
jigs of different sizes to wrap the carbon-fiber sheets were pre-
pared. Each jig consisted of four horizontal corner-supporting
rods in a quarter circular shape and a radius equal to the required
bend radius of a particular CFRPRS. The additional connecting
rods were used at both edges of the jigs to hold the corner-
supporting rods in position. Pieces of plywood were fixed to
the connecting rods. For easier removal of the cured CFRPRS
from the wooden form, the surface of the form was covered with
a vinyl sheet.
• The epoxy resin was spread on the surface of the vinyl sheet
before the first layer of carbon sheet strip was wrapped around
the surface of the wooden jig.
• The impregnated carbon sheet strips were wrapped around the
jig in accordance with the required number of layers for each
CFRPRS (nine, seven, and two layers for CR1804, CR2403,
and CR3101, respectively). For each round of wrapping, the
impregnated carbon-sheet strip was roll-pressed to remove
Fig. 4. Two typical test-methods for bend strength: (a) B.5; (b) B.12
the undesirable pores between the wrapped layers and condense
the resin into the stacked-fiber sheets. This process was repeated
until the required number of layers was completed.
• After the wrapping was complete, the impregnated CFRPRSs on
the jig were further condensed during the curing period by cov-
ering and pressing the CFRPRS with 3 mm-thick acrylic panels.
To secure the desired thickness of the CFRPRS while pressing,
a pair of acrylic strips was fixed along the edges on the surface
of the jig. Pressing was carried out by fastening the acrylic
panels at each edge of the panel with four bolts. The jig was
disassembled 3 days after impregnation and the cured CFRPRS
was removed from the jig.
• The CFRPRS was then cured for more than 3 weeks and cut to
the desired width. Figs. 5(a and b) show a completed CFRPRS
and the bent portions of the CFRPRS with different rb ¼ 1.5,
3.0, and 4.5, respectively.
Test Setups
A total of 16 B.5 specimens (two specimens with DWCR9 and 14
specimens with a CFRPRS) were constructed to measure the bend
strength. Table 2 summarizes the details of the stirrups for the B.5

© ASCE 04013022-4 J. Compos. Constr.

J. Compos. Constr., 2014, 18(1): 04013022


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Fig. 5. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer stirrups with a rectangular
section with different rb and B.5 test setup: (a) complete closed-type
CFRPFS; (b) bent portions of CFRPRS with different values of rb ;
(c) B.5 test setup
specimens. The experimental parameters were the sectional shapes
(circular and rectangular), sectional dimensions (a circular section
with a diameter of 9.5 mm and rectangular sections with dimen-
sions of 31 × 0.9, 18 × 4, and 24 × 3 mm) and ratios of the bend
radius to the diameter (rb ¼ 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5). Different bend
radius-diameter ratios were considered to investigate whether the
bend strength increases with respect to an increase in the bend ratio.
The bend ratio of rb ¼ 1.5 was also included in the test to observe
the effectiveness of the CFRPRS in resisting stresses in the bent
portion for a bend ratio of less than the minimum value required
by ACI 440.1R-06 (ACI 2006), i.e., 3.0. Two specimens were
tested for each experimental parameter. The two identical B.5
specimens with DWCR9 stirrups were denoted as CC9/45A and
CC9/45B (Table 2). The bend ratio of these specimens was
rb ¼ 1.5rb ¼ 4.5. The B.5 specimens with CFRPRS were denoted
in accordance with their sectional dimensions and the ratio of the
bend radius to the area-equivalent diameter. For example, CR1804/
15A represents the CFRPRS B.5 test specimen with sectional di-
mensions of 18 × 4 mm and a bend ratio rb ¼ R=dfe ¼ 1.5, where
the area-equivalent diameter dfe was determined from the diameter
of the circular section with a sectional area of CFRPRS with wf · tf
© ASCE 04013022-5
J. Compos. Constr., 2014, 18(1): 04013022
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
w f · tf
dfe ¼ 2 ð3Þ
π
The last character (i.e., A or B) represents the two specimens
with the same experimental parameters. For the CR1804 specimen,
three different values were considered (i.e., rb ¼ 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5).
For both the CR2403 and CR3101 specimens, two different values
were considered (i.e., rb ¼ 3.0 and 4.5).
Fig. 4(a) shows the configuration, dimensions, and reinforce-
ment arrangement of a B.5 specimen tested in the research reported
in this paper. The dimensions of each concrete block were
500 × 300 × 200 mm. The test length of the stirrups between
the two concrete blocks in the B.5 specimen was maintained at
400 mm. To ensure a stress concentration at the bent portion,
the embedded portions of both the rectangular and circular section
CFRP stirrups were unbonded from the face of a concrete block to
the starting point of bending by wrapping them with a vinyl sheet.
Each concrete block was reinforced by steel bars with a diameter of
10 mm with spacings of 75 mm to prevent any splitting failure of
the concrete block prior to rupture of the CFRP stirrups. The con-
crete blocks were constructed using ready-mixed, normal-weight
concrete with a 28-day target compressive strength of 30 MPa.
After casting the concrete into a wooden mold, it was carefully
vibrated using a portable rod-type vibrator. At the time of casting,
three concrete cylinders of 100 × 200 mm were made and air-cured
at room temperature under the same conditions as the B.5 test
blocks.
The test was performed 30 days after concrete-casting. The
average concrete compressive strength was 27 MPa at the time
of the test. Fig. 5(c) displays a typical setup for the B.5 test.
The test setup consisted of a 300-kN-capacity hydraulic jack, which
was placed horizontally between the two concrete blocks. A load
cell with a capacity of 500 kN was used to measure the applied
load. Steel bearing-plates were placed in front of the hydraulic jack
to distribute the applied load on the concrete surface. Two LVDTs
were used to measure the relative displacement between two con-
crete blocks. For each leg, a strain gage was attached to measure
the tensile strain. Care was taken to minimize the occurrence of
accidental eccentricity during the loading process. Loading was
completed in approximately 40 min.
Test Results: Failure Modes
Table 2 presents the bend strength (ffb ), tensile strength (f fu ), rel-
ative bend strength to tensile strength (ffb =f fu ), and failure mode
from the test results. The failure of CFRP stirrups occurred at differ-
ent locations along the stirrups, as follows: (1) at the bent portion,
i.e., B-type failure [Fig. 6(a)]; (2) at the exposed leg between the
concrete blocks, i.e., L-type failure [Fig. 6(b)]; and (3) at the face of
the concrete block, i.e., F-type failure [Fig. 6(c)]. Regardless of the
failure location, at the maximum stress, all stirrups failed in a brittle
manner, and the fibers were ripped off and separated. Except for
the CR3101 specimens, which failed either by the L-type or F-type
mode, all the stirrups in the remaining B.5 specimens failed in
accordance with the B-type mode.
Fig. 7 shows the measured load versus tensile strain of the
CR3101 specimens for a pair of exposed legs between concrete
blocks. Although similar strain values at the same load level were
observed from a pair of legs in the CR3101/30A, CR3101/30B, and
CR3101/45A specimens, a discrepancy of these values was found
in the CR3101/45B specimen [Fig. 7(b)], which failed in accor-
dance with the F-type mode. This might imply that F-type failure
was caused by the stress concentration due to an undesirable eccen-
tricity during the loading process, which resulted in the smaller
J. Compos. Constr.
 Table 2. Details and Test Results of B.5 Test
Geometry
Stirrups with
transformed
individual
Sectional dimensions Actual stirrups circular sections ffb =ffu
Diameter Bend Area- Tensile Bend
or radius equivalent Bend Bend strength strength Mode
Names of wf × t f R diameter ratio Diameter ratio ffu ffb of
Number specimens (mm) (mm) dfe (mm) rb dfi (mm) rbi (MPa) (MPa) Measured Average failure
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1 CC9/45A 9.5 42.8 9.5 4.5 9.5 4.5 1,880 778 0.41 0.48 B
2 CC9/45B 9.5 42.8 9.5 4.5 9.5 4.5 1,880 1,014 0.54 B
3 CR1804/15A 18 × 4 14.3 9.6 1.5 4.5 3.2 1,850 763 0.41 0.48 B
4 CR1804/15B 18 × 4 14.3 9.6 1.5 4.5 3.2 1,850 1,012 0.55 B
5 CR1804/30A 18 × 4 28.5 9.6 3.0 4.5 6.3 1,850 1,102 0.60 0.62 B
6 CR1804/30B 18 × 4 28.5 9.6 3.0 4.5 6.3 1,850 1,192 0.64 B
7 CR1804/45A 18 × 4 42.8 9.6 4.5 4.5 9.5 1,850 935 0.51 0.57 B
8 CR1804/45B 18 × 4 42.8 9.6 4.5 4.5 9.5 1,850 1,167 0.63 B
9 CR2403/30A 24 × 3 28.5 9.6 3.0 3.4 8.4 1,740 1,079 0.62 0.66 B
10 CR2403/30B 24 × 3 28.5 9.6 3.0 3.4 8.4 1,740 1,215 0.70 B
11 CR2403/45A 24 × 3 42.8 9.6 4.5 3.4 12.6 1,740 1,267 0.73 0.76 B
12 CR2403/45B 24 × 3 42.8 9.6 4.5 3.4 12.6 1,740 1,373 0.79 B
13 CR3101/30A 31 × 0.9 18.0 6.0 3.0 1.0 17.7 1,880 1,731 0.92 0.92 L
14 CR3101/30B 31 × 0.9 18.0 6.0 3.0 1.0 17.7 1,880 1,703 0.91 L
15 CR3101/45A 31 × 0.9 27.0 6.0 4.5 1.0 26.6 1,880 1,882 0.99 0.92 L
16 CR3101/45B 31 × 0.9 27.0 6.0 4.5 1.0 26.6 1,880 1,586 0.84 (0.99)a F
a
Value of f fb =f fu exclusive of that of CR3101/45B.

Fig. 6. Different types of failure patterns after B.5 test: (a) B-type;
(b) L-type; (c) F-type

relative bend strength of 0.84 through premature failure than 0.99

of the specimen CR3101/45A. The CC9/45A and CC9/45B spec-
imens with circular CFRP stirrups, both of which failed in accor- Fig. 7. Measured load versus strain values of a pair of exposed legs
between concrete blocks for CR3101 specimens: (a) CR3101/30;
dance with the B-type mode, exhibited relative bend-strengths of
(b) CR3101/45
0.41 and 0.54 to the corresponding tensile strength, respectively.

© ASCE 04013022-6 J. Compos. Constr.

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 The CR3101/30A, CR3101/30B, and CR3101/45B specimens
failed in accordance with the L-type mode but exhibited relatively
high bend strengths of 0.92, 0.91, and 0.99, respectively, which
were close to their corresponding tensile strength. These specimens
had large bend ratios of transformed individual sections of rbi ¼
17.7 for CR3101/30 and rbi ¼ 26.6 for CR3101/45 (Table 2),
which are obtained in a subsequent section. However, the bend
strengths of the remaining rectangular stirrups with rb ¼ 1.5 and
a B-type failure or those with rb ¼ 3.0 or 4.5 and either B-type
or F-type failures had a relatively lower tensile strength than
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the corresponding stirrups (Table 2). Because the specimens

CR3101/30A, CR3101/30B, and CR3101/45A had relatively large
bend ratios of transformed individual sections (rbi ¼ 17.7 or 26.6)
and their bend strengths were close to their corresponding tensile
strengths, their measured maximum stresses at failure were consid-
ered to be the lower boundary of bend strengths for these specimens
in the subsequent analysis even though they failed in accordance
with the L-type mode.

Test Results: Effect of r b

Fig. 8(a) shows the effect of rb on the relative bend strength of the
CFRPRS. In general, the relative strength of the CFRPRS increased
as rb increased. At rb ¼ 1.5, the average relative bend strength was
0.48 for the CR1804 specimen. At rb ¼ 4.5, this value increased to
0.57. A similar trend was also observed for the CR2403 specimens.
On average, for these specimens, ffb =f fu ¼ 0.66 and 0.76 at rb ¼
3.0 and 4.5, respectively. For the CR3101 specimen, the increase in
the average relative bend strength was 0.92 for both rb ¼ 3.0 and
4.5. It seemed that the F-type premature failure for CR3101/45B
resulted in a relatively inferior bend-strength compared to that of
the CR3101/45A specimen, which failed in accordance with the
L-type mode. If the test results of CR3101/45B are excluded from
the set of four test results for the CR3101 specimens, the tendency
of the relative bend strength to increase with respect to the bend
ratio is also observed for the CR3101 specimens, i.e., 0.92 on aver-
age at rb ¼ 3.0 and 0.99 at rb ¼ 4.5.

Test Results: Effect of Width-to-Thickness Ratio of

CFRPRS
Fig. 8(b) shows the effects of the width-to-thickness ratio on the
relative bend strength of the CFRPRS. The ratios of the average
relative bend strengths of the CR2403 specimen to those of the
CR1804 specimen were 1.06 with rb ¼ 3.0 and 1.33 with Fig. 8. Effect of different parameters on the relative bend strength of
rb ¼ 4.5, respectively. As these CFRPRSs have the same sectional CFRPRS: (a) effect of rb in CFRPRS; (b) effect of the ratio of width to
area of 72 mm2 , a more pronounced increase in the relative strength thickness in CFRPRS; (c) effect of sectional shape
was observed with the CFRPRS that had a larger width and smaller
thickness.

Test Results: Effect of Sectional Shape, Circular
versus Rectangular
Fig. 8(c) compares the relative bend strengths of the CFRP stirrups
with the same bend ratio of rb ¼ 3.0 or 4.5 but with different
sectional shapes, i.e., both circular and rectangular. The relative
strengths of the CC9/45A and CC9/45B specimens were 0.41 and
0.54, respectively, with an average of 0.48. Their average value was
less than 0.53, which was obtained from Eq. (4) using a safety fac-
tor of Fs ¼ 1.0 that was provided from the literature for predicting
the relative bend strength of FRP stirrups. The factor Fs is given
different values, such as Fs ¼ 1.3 in JSCE (1997) and 1.5 in
ACI440.1R-06 (ACI 2006), CAN/CSA S6-06 (CSA 2006), and
ISIS-M03-07 (ISIS Canada 2007)
f fb
¼ ð0.05rb þ 0.3Þ=Fs ð4Þ
f fu
The average relative bend strengths, observed for the CFRPRSs
with the same sectional area of 72 mm2 , were 0.57 for the CR1804/
45 specimens and 0.76 for the CR2403/45 specimens. These rel-
ative strengths were 1.19× and 1.58×, respectively, those with the
experimentally observed average value of 0.48 from the CC9/45
specimens. The relative strengths were 1.08× and 1.43×, respec-
tively, the predicted strength of 0.53 using Eq. (4) with rb ¼ 4.5
and Fs ¼ 1.0. This illustrates that for the same sectional area,
the CFRP stirrups with a rectangular section more effectively resist
tensile stress than stirrups with a circular section.

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 Similar observations were also made for the stirrups with a
sectional area of 27.9 mm2 . The experimentally observed average
relative strengths were 0.92 for both the CR3101/30 and
CR3101/45 specimens. The corresponding relative strengths pre-
dicted in accordance with Eq. (4) were 0.45 and 0.53 for rb ¼
3.0 and 4.5, respectively. The relative strengths of the CFRPRS
were 2.04× and 1.74× those of the circular section for rb ¼ 3.0
and 4.5, respectively.
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underestimates those of the developed CFRPRSs when rb in
Eq. (4) is estimated from the area-equivalent diameter [Eq. (3)],
rb ¼ R=dfe . Fig. 9(b) shows that the measured bend strengths rel-
ative to the tensile strength of the CFRPRS were mostly in the
range of 1.20–2.03× those predicted by Eq. (4) for rb between 1.5
and 4.5. This implies that rectangular stirrups are more effective in
resisting stresses at the bend.
Using the area-equivalent diameter dfe [Eq. (3)], the linear re-
gression of 14 data values for the CFRPRS tested in the research
reported in this paper resulted in the best-fit line

Prediction of Bend Strength of CFRPRS ffb R

¼ 0.07 þ 0.45 ≤ 1.0 ð5Þ
ffu dfe
Comparison with Existing Predictive Equations
To investigate the validity of the existing equations for predicting Fig. 9(c) presents the comparisons made between the mea-
the bend strength of both the conventional circular CFRP stirrups sured and predicted bend strengths in accordance with Eq. (5).
and CFRPRSs tested in the research reported in this paper, the pre- The average and standard deviation between the measured and pre-
dictions of the relative bend strength in accordance with Eq. (4) dicted bend strengths were 1.02 and 0.21, respectively. Although
with the value of Fs ¼ 1.0 were compared with a total of 29 test Eq. (5) gave an overall increasing trend for the relative bend
data values, as follows: (1) 16 data values from experiments in the strength of the CFRPRS with an increase in rb ¼ R=dfe , a rela-
research reported in this paper, and (2) 13 additional data values tively large scatter was observed between the predictions and test
from the literature (Table 3). The 13 additional data values were results. Accordingly, a new equation is suggested to predict the
selected from the literature within the scope of (1) CFRP stirrups bend strength of the developed CFRPRS in the research reported
with a circular section, (2) a bend radius greater than or equal to 3× in this paper.
the bar diameter (rb ≥ 3.0) to ensure a minimum ratio of rb for the
FRP bent bars and stirrups as recommended by ACI 440.5-08 (ACI Predictive Equation of Bend Strength for CFRPRS
2008b) and ACI 440.6M-08 (ACI 2008a), (3) a tail length greater
than or equal to 6× the bar diameter to prevent the initiation of To improve the accuracy of the bend-strength prediction of the
premature failure at a stress level lower than the bend capacity CFRPRS, a new concept was introduced. This concept converts a
of the stirrups by a possible slip at the bend (El-Sayed et al. rectangular section to a transformed section composed of a col-
2007), (4) an embedment length less than or equal to 5× the lection of individual circular sections in parallel [Fig. 2(c)]. Each
bar diameter to ensure that all the applied force is transferred di- transformed individual circular section is assumed to have the
rectly to the bent portions (El-Sayed et al. 2007), (5) test results same amount of nonkinked straight fibers contained in an area
from the B.5 test method only because evaluating the bend capacity of t2f in the bend of the CFRPRS. From this assumption,
of FRP stirrups with the B.12 method underestimates the bend the diameter of each individual circular section (dfi ) can be
strength (Ahmed et al. 2010), and (6) a stirrup that failed at the obtained
bent portion. sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
  ffi
For CFRPRSs, the relative bend strength was first estimated 2 · tf 1 − vrk R þ 0.5tf
dfi ¼ pffiffiffi · ð6Þ
using the area-equivalent diameter (dfe ) of the rectangular sec- π 1 − vck R þ 0.5dfi
tion in Eq. (4). The comparisons made in Fig. 9(a) show
that although Eq. (4) predicts the bend strengths of the existing Although the value of the square root of the product of
CFRP stirrups with a circular section relatively well, it significantly ð1 − vrk Þ=ð1 − vck Þ and ðR þ 0.5tf Þ=ðR þ 0.5df;i Þ in Eq. (6) varies
from 0.85–1.0 for the CFRPRSs as the bend ratio of R=tf in-
creases from 1.0 to infinity, its value remains between 0.98
and 1.0 for the individual circular sections transformed on the
Table 3. Reported B.5 Test Results from Other Literature on the Bend
basis of unit-squared section with t2f . This results from the sim-
Strength of CFRP Stirrups with Circular Section
ilarity of the spatial distribution of the kinked fibers in an indi-
Diameter vidual transformed circular section and in a squared section t2f .
Number References Material type (mm) rb lt =df ld =df An approximate expression for dfi given in Eq. (7) can therefore
1 Ahmed et al. CFRP 9.5 4.0 6.0 5.0 be used
(2010)
2
2 El-Sayed et al. CFRP 9.5 4.0 6.0 5.0 dfi ≈ pffiffiffi · tf ð7Þ
3 (2007) CFRP 9.5 4.0 9.0 5.0 π
4 CFRP 9.5 4.0 12.0 5.0
5 CFRP 9.5 4.0 15.0 5.0 Using dfi in Eq. (7), the ratio of the bend radius to the diameter
6 CFRP 9.5 4.0 20.0 5.0 of the transformed individual circular section (rbi ) can be deter-
7 CFRP 12.7 4.0 6.0 5.0 mined for the rectangular section
8 CFRP 12.7 4.0 9.0 5.0 pffiffiffi
9 CFRP 12.7 4.0 20.0 5.0 π
10 Shehata et al. CFCC u-shape 5.0 3.4 9.0 4.0 rbi ¼ · rt ð8Þ
2
11 (2000) CFCC u-shape 5.0 3.4 20.0 4.0
12 Shehata et al. CFCC s-wire 5.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 Eq. (8) illustrates that if a larger rt (or equivalently, a smaller
13 (1998) CFCC s-wire 5.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 thickness or larger width) is used for the given sectional area,
Note: CFCC = carbon-fiber composite cables by Tokyo Ropes; lt = tail the rectangular stirrup will have a larger ratio of the bend radius
length; and ld = embedded length. to the diameter of the individual circular section and hence its

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J. Compos. Constr., 2014, 18(1): 04013022

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Fig. 9. Comparisons between measured and predicted bend strengths: (a) predictions on bend strength of CFRP stirrups in accordance with Eq. (4),
with rb ¼ R=dfe and Fs ¼ 1.0; (b) ratio of the measured relative bend strengths of CFRPRS to the predictions in accordance with Eq. (4), with
rb ¼ R=dfe and Fs ¼ 1.0; (c) best-fit line in accordance with linear regression, with rb ¼ R=dfe ; (d) predictions on bend strength of CFRPRS in
accordance with Eq. (4), with rb ¼ rbi ð¼ R=dfi Þ; (e) predictions on bend strength of CFRPRS in accordance with Eq. (9)

bend strength becomes larger in accordance with existing theory
[Eq. (4)].
To evaluate the adequacy of the concept for the transformation
of a rectangular section, the same 14 test data values obtained for
the CFRPRS in the research reported in this paper were compared
in Fig. 9(d) with the existing predictive equation [Eq. (4)], in which
rb is replaced with rbi from Eq. (8). The bend ratios of the tested
CFRPRSs originally in the range of 1.5–4.5 increased to the range
of 3.2–26.6 when the transformed rbi values were used (Table 2).
A comparison of Fig. 9(c) with Fig. 9(d) illustrates that Eq. (4),
which was developed for the FRP stirrups with a circular section,
better predicts the trend of the bend strength of CFRPRSs when rbi
on the basis of the transformed concept is used in accordance
with Eq. (4). In this case, the average and standard deviation are
0.91 and 0.12, respectively.
A more refined equation predicting the bend strength of
CFRPRSs is shown in Eq. (9) based on the linear regression analy-
sis performed on the 14 CFRPRS test data values
ffb R
¼ 0.02 þ 0.47 ≤ 1.0 ð9Þ
ffu dfi
Fig. 9(e) shows that Eq. (9) suitably represents the proportion-
ally increasing bend strength of the CFRPRSs with the increase
in the bend ratio for the transformed individual circular section
rbi . The average and standard deviation between the predictions
by Eq. (9) and the 14 test data values were 0.99 and 0.11, re-
spectively. This demonstrates that Eq. (9), which is developed
based on the transformed individual circular section, is superior
to Eqs. (4) and (5) for predicting the relative bend strength of
CFRPRSs.

© ASCE 04013022-9 J. Compos. Constr.

J. Compos. Constr., 2014, 18(1): 04013022

 Summary and Conclusions
For the purpose of reducing the adverse effects of stress concen-
trations and kinked fibers on the bend strength of CFRP stirrups,
CFRPRSs were developed in the research reported in this paper.
The bend strengths of the developed CFRPRSs were experi-
mentally investigated, compared with those of the existing CFRP
stirrups with circular sections, and theoretically predicted. The
following conclusions were drawn from the research reported in
this paper:
• The developed CFRPRSs showed similar tensile properties to
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commercially available circular CFRP bars (DWCR). The
average tensile strengths of T3101 with a sectional area of
27.9 mm2 , and T1804 and T2403 with a sectional area of
72 mm2 , were 1,880, 1,850, and 1,740 MPa, respectively.
The average tensile strengths of their counterparts were
2,190 MPa for DWCR6 with 28.3 mm2 and 1,880 MPa for
DWCR9 with 71.3 mm2 .
• The results of the B.5 test showed three different failure
modes of tensile rupture of the CFRP stirrups, as follows:
at the (1) bent portion (B-type), (2) exposed leg between
the concrete blocks (L-type), and (3) face of the concrete
block (F-type). The discrepancy in the measured strain values
of the two exposed legs between the concrete blocks from the
specimen CR3101/45B with F-type failure indicated that a
smaller relative bend strength could have resulted from the
stress concentration due to an undesirable eccentricity during
the loading process.
• In general, the bend strength of the CFRPRS tended to increase
as rb increased. At rb ¼ 1.5, the average relative bend strength
of the CFRPRS was 0.48 for the CR1804 specimens. At
rb ¼ 4.5, this increased to 0.57. When the test result of
CR3101/45B was excluded from the set of four test results
of the CR3101 specimens, the tendency of the relative strength
to increase in accordance with the bend ratio was also observed
for the CR3101 specimens, i.e., 0.92 on average at rb ¼ 3.0 and
0.99 at rb ¼ 4.5.
• A more pronounced increase in the relative bend strength was
observed for a CFRPRS with a larger width and smaller thick-
ness. The ratios of the average relative strengths for the CR2403
specimens as compared to those of the CR1804 specimens were
1.06 with rb ¼ 3.0 and 1.33 with rb ¼ 4.5.
• For the sectional area of 72 mm2 , the CR1804/45 and CR2403/
45 specimens were experimentally shown to exhibit relative
bend strengths 1.19× and 1.58×, respectively, those with
CC9/45 stirrups with a circular section of 71.3 mm2 .
• Comparisons were made between the test results from the re-
search reported in this paper, the literature, and the predictions
made in accordance with Eq. (5) developed for the bend strength
of CFRP stirrups. Although Eq. (5) reasonably predicted the
bend strength of CFRP stirrups with a circular section, it signif-
icantly underestimated the bend strength of the developed
CFRPRSs.
• To improve the accuracy of Eq. (5) for predicting the bend
strength of the CFRPRS, a new concept was introduced. It trans-
forms the rectangular section to a section composed of a collec-
tion of individual circular sections in parallel.
• The predictions of the bend strength of the CFRPRS were sig-
nificantly improved when the bend ratio in Eq. (5) was replaced
with the bend ratio of the transformed individual circular sec-
tions. The average and standard deviation for the ratio of the
predicted values to the experimentally observed values for
the 14 tested data values of the CFRPRSs were 0.91 and
0.12, respectively.
© ASCE 04013022-10
J. Compos. Constr., 2014, 18(1): 04013022
• Using the revised bend ratio based on the individual circular
sections, a more refined predictive formula [Eq. (9)] was sug-
gested for the CFRPRS. The average and standard deviation for
the ratio of predicted values to the experimentally observed va-
lues for the 14 tested data values of the CFRPRSs were 0.99 and
0.11, respectively.
Acknowledgments
The research reported in this paper was supported by the Chung-
Ang University Excellent Student Scholarship and Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research Foundation of
Korea (NRF), itself funded by the Ministry of Education, Science,
and Technology (2010-0011490).
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