MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION (MUMBAI)
REPORT ON

PPT OF DC MACHINE
SUBMITTED BY

RAKESH B. MHAISMALE
ROHAN T. SHEJUL
RAJNISH AHIRE
POOJA BHUJBAL

GUIDED BY
Prof. V. S. SOLANKE

SHREEYASH POLYTECHNIC

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGG.

AURANGABAD-431007
2021-2022
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the MICRO-PROJECT entitled “ PPT OF DC MACHINE "

submitted by RAKESH MHAISMALE Has completed the micro-project satisfactorily in the
subject of Electric motors and transformers for the academic year 2021-2022 as prescribed in
the curriculum.

Place: Aurangabad
Date:
Seat No:
Enrollment No:

Prof . V. S. Solanke Prof .S. H. Patale

(Guide) (H.O.D.)

Prof. S. D. Bhople
(Principal)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Gives us immense pleasure to present the Micro-Project named '' PPT OF DC MACHINE
" as prescribed in the curriculum. It is a matter of great pleasure to our deep sense of gratitude to
the Principal Prof. S.D.Bhople of Shreeyash Polytechnic, Aurangabad, for his inspiration. We
special thanks to Prof. V. S. SOLANKE for her encouragement.

You’re obediently

RAKESH B. MHAISMALE
 INDEX

Sr. Page
Name of the Topic
No. No.

1 Introduction 1

2 Construction of dc machine 2

3 Parts of dc machine 3,4

4 Types of dc machine 5

5 Working on dc generator 6

6 Advantages and Disadvantages of dc machine 7

7 Application of dc machine 8

8 Conclusion 9

9 Reference 10

 Introduction
  DC Machines are types of electrical machines that use dc current in the case of dc
motors and generates dc voltages in the case of dc generator.
 DC motor transforms electrical power into mechanical power and
the generator converts mechanical power into electrical.

 As in power, generation system, and industries mostly ac machines like an induction

motor, synchronous motor, and generators are employed but the use of dc machines
cannot be denied due to their constant speed providing the capability.
 The physical construction and designing of both dc motors and generators are alike to
each other. The dc generator is used in a safe environment where is no need for special
protection and circuitry for the generator.

 While the motor is employed in such an environment where it can be easily affected

by environmental conditions like moisture, and dust, so it needs a special structure that
can provide resistance to dust, fire, and some other related effects.
 As we are familiar with the common use of dc battery that used only for some limited
applications where less amount of energy is required but such applications where a
large amount of dc power is needed dc machines is the best replacement of the battery.

 Construction of DC Machine
DC generator can be used as a DC motor without any constructional changes and vice versa
is also possible. Thus, a DC generator or a DC motor can be broadly termed as a DC
machine. These basic constructional details are also valid for the construction of a DC
motor. Hence, let's call this point as construction of a DC machine instead of just
'construction of a dc generator'.

Construction of DC Machine

 Parts of dc machine
 Yoke
 Another name of a yoke is the frame. The main function of the yoke in the machine is to
offer mechanical support intended for poles and protects the entire machine from
moisture, dust, etc. The materials used in the yoke are designed with cast iron, cast steel
otherwise rolled steel.

 Pole and Pole Core

The pole of the DC machine is an electromagnet and the field winding is winding among
poles. Whenever field winding is energized then the pole gives magnetic flux. The
materials used for this are cast steel, cast iron otherwise pole core. It can be built with the
annealed steel laminations for reducing the power drop because of the eddy currents.

 Pole Shoe

Pole shoe in the DC machine is an extensive part as well as to enlarge the region of the
pole. Because of this region, flux can be spread out within the air-gap as well as extra
flux can be passed through the air space toward the armature. The materials used to build
pole shoe is cast iron otherwise cast steed, and also used annealed steel lamination to
reduce the loss of power because of eddy currents.

 Field Windings

In this, the windings are wounded in the region of the pole core & named as field coil.
Whenever current is supplied through field winding then it electromagnetics the poles
which generate the required flux. The material used for field windings is copper.

Armature winding

 Armature Core

Armature core includes a huge number of slots within its edge. The armature conductor is
located in these slots. It provides the low-reluctance path toward the flux generated with
field winding. The materials used in this core are permeability low-reluctance materials
 like iron otherwise cast. The lamination is used to decrease the loss because of the eddy
current.

 Armature Winding

The armature winding can be formed by interconnecting the armature conductor.

Whenever an armature winding is turned with the help of a prime mover then the voltage,
as well as magnetic flux, gets induced within it. This winding is allied to an exterior
circuit. The materials used for this winding are conducting materials like copper.

 Commutator

The main function of the commutator in the DC machine is to collect the current from the
armature conductor as well as supply the current to the load using brushes. And also
provides uni-directional torque for DC-motor. The commutator can be built with a huge
number of segments in the edge form of hard-drawn copper. The Segments in the
commutator are protected from the thin mica layer.

 Brushes

Brushes in the DC machine gather the current from the commutator and supply it to the
exterior load. Brushes wear with time to inspect frequently. The materials used in brushes
are graphite otherwise carbon which is in rectangular form.
  Types of DC Machines
The excitation of the DC machine is classified into two types namely separate excitation, as well
as self-excitation. In a separate excitation type of dc machine, the field coils are activated with a
separate DC source. In the self-excitation type of dc machine, the flow of current throughout the
field-winding is supplied with the machine. The principal kinds of DC machines are classified
into four types which include the following.

 Separately excited DC machine

 Shunt-wound/shunt machine.

 Series wound/series machine.

 Compound wound/compound machine.

 Separately Excited

In Separately Excited DC Machine, a separate DC source is utilized for activating the

field coils.

 Shunt Wound

In Shunt wound DC Machines, the field coils are allied in parallel through the armature.
As the shunt field gets the complete o/p voltage of a generator otherwise a motor supply
voltage, it is normally made of a huge number of twists of fine wire with a small field
current carrying.
 Series Wound

In series-wound D.C. Machines, the field coils are allied in series through the armature.
As series field winding gets the armature current, as well as the armature current is huge,
due to this the series field winding includes few twists of wire of big cross-sectional
region.

 Compound Wound

A compound machine includes both the series as well as shunt fields. The two windings
are carried out with every machine pole. The series winding of the machine includes a
few twists of a huge cross-sectional region, as well as the shunt windings, including
several fine wire twists.
  Working Principle Of A DC Generator:

According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever a conductor is placed in a

varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is moved in a magnetic field), an emf (electromotive
force) gets induced in the conductor. The magnitude of induced emf can be calculated from
the emf equation of the dc generator. If the conductor is provided with a closed path, the induced
current will circulate within the path. In a DC generator, field coils produce an electromagnetic
field and the armature conductors are rotated into the field. Thus, an electromagnetically induced
emf is generated in the armature conductors. The direction of the induced current is given
by Fleming’s right-hand rule.

Need for a Split-ring commutator:

According to Fleming’s right-hand rule, the direction of induced current changes whenever the
direction of motion of the conductor changes. Let’s consider an armature rotating clockwise and
a conductor at the left is moving upward. When the armature completes a half rotation, the
direction of motion of that particular conductor will be reversed downward. Hence, the direction
of current in every armature conductor will be alternating. If you look at the above figure, you
will know how the direction of the induced current alternates in an armature conductor. But with
a split ring commutator, connections of the armature conductors also get reversed when the
current reversal occurs. And therefore, we get unidirectional current at the terminals.
  DC Machine Advantages
The advantages of this machine include the following.

 DC machines like dc motors have various advantages like starting torque is high,
reversing, fast-starting & stopping, changeable speeds through voltage input.

 These are very easily controlled as well as cheaper when compared with AC.

 Speed control is good

 Torque is high

 Operation is Seamless

 Free from harmonics

 Installation and maintenance is easy

 DC Machine Disadvantages

 High initial cost.

 Increased operation and maintenance cost due to the presence of commutator and brush
gear.

 Cannot operate in explosive and hazard conditions due to sparking occur at brush (risk in
commutation failure)

 Speed regulation in the series motor is quite poor. With the increase in the load speed of
the machine decreases. ...

 With decrease in the speed torque of the dc series motor drops sharply.

 DC series motor should always require to be loaded before starting the motor.
  Applications of DC Machines

In the present day world, electrical energy is generated in bulk in the form of an alternating
current. Hence, the use of DC machines, i.e., DC generators and motors are very limited.

They are mainly used in supplying excitation of small and medium-range alternators.

The Industrial Applications of DC Machines are in Electrolytic Processes, Welding processes

and Variable speed motor drives.
  Conclusions

Having explored the torque-speed curve in the graph of induction motor it has been
found out that the torque-speed curve for the normal motoring region where the speed
lies between zero and just below synchronous.

If the synchronous speed increases more than the synchronous speed or become
negative the torque also becomes negative. It is moreover concerned to the slip, rather
than the speed. When the slip is positive the torque is positive and vice versa. The
torque therefore always acts so as to urge the rotor to run at zero slip, i.e. at the
synchronous speed.

If the rotor is tempted to run faster than the field it will be slowed down, whilst if it is
running below synchronous speed it will be urged to accelerate forwards. In particular,
we note that for slips greater than 1,i.e. when motor is running backward in the opposite
direction to the field the torque will remain positive so that if the rotor is unrestrained it
will first slow down and then change direction and accelerate in the direction of field
 Reference

o  Herman, Stephen. Industrial Motor Control. 6th ed. Delmar, Cengage Learning,

2010. Page 251.
o ^ Ohio Electric Motors. DC Series Motors: High Starting Torque but No Load
Operation Ill-Advised. Ohio Electric Motors, 2011. Archived October 31, 2011, at
the Wayback Machine
o ^ "Universal motor", Construction and working characteristics, Retrieved on 27
April 2015.
o ^ Laughton M.A. and Warne D.F., Editors. Electrical engineer's reference
book. 16th ed. Newnes, 2003. Page 19-4.
o ^ William H. Yeadon, Alan W. Yeadon. Handbook of small electric
motors. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001. Page 4-134.