ELECTRIC TRACTION

& UTILIZATION

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

P.S.G.V.P. MANDALS D.N.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SHAHADA
PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL
ELECTRIC TRACTION SYSTEM

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

UNIT-III TRACTION MOTORS:
Introduction to DC Motor:
There are two types of DC motors based on the construction such as
self-excited, and separately excited. Similarly, self-excited motors
classified into three types namely DC series motor, DC shunt motor,
and DC compound motor. This article discusses an overview of the
series motor, and the main function of this motor is to convert
electrical energy to mechanical energy. The working principle of
this motor mainly depends on electromagnetic law, which states that
whenever a magnetic field is formed in the region of current
carrying conductor & cooperates with an outside field, then the
rotating motion can be generated. Once the series motor is started,
then it will give utmost speed as well as torque slowly with high
speed.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

What is DC Series Motor?

The DC Series Motor is similar to any other motor because the main
function of this motor is to convert electrical energy to mechanical
energy. The operation of this motor mainly depends on the
electromagnetic principle. Whenever the magnetic field is formed
approximately, a current carrying conductor cooperates with an
exterior magnetic field, and then a rotating motion can be generated.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Characteristics of dc series motor:
Torque vs. armature current (Ta-Ia)-
This characteristic is also known as electrical characteristic. We
know that torque is directly proportional to the product of armature
current and field flux, Ta ∝ ɸ.Ia. In DC series motors, field winding
is connected in series with the armature, i.e. Ia = If. Therefore, before
magnetic saturation of the field, flux ɸ is directly proportional to Ia.
Hence, before magnetic saturation Ta α Ia2. Therefore, the Ta-Ia
curve is parabola for smaller values of Ia.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Speed vs. armature current (N-Ia)-

We know the relation, N ∝ Eb/ɸ

For small load current (and hence for small armature current)
change in back emf Eb is small and it may be neglected. Hence, for
small currents speed is inversely proportional to ɸ. As we know,
flux is directly proportional to Ia, speed is inversely proportional to
Ia. Therefore, when armature current is very small the speed
becomes dangerously high. That is why a series motor should
never be started without some mechanical load.
But, at heavy loads, armature current Ia is large. And hence, speed
is low which results in decreased back emf Eb. Due to decreased
Eb, more armature current is allowed.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Speed vs. torque (N-Ta)-
This characteristic is also called as mechanical characteristic.
From the above two characteristics of DC series motor, it can be
found that when speed is high, torque is low and vice versa.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Suitability of series motor for traction duty-
Due To Following Reasons DC Series Motor Is Used For
Traction Purpose:-
1. DC Series motor robust in construction and capable to withstand
against continuous vibration.
2. DC series motor weight is 1.5 times less than 1-Ph AC series
motor for same H.P.
3. DC Series motor has high starting torque.
4. DC Series motor has high rate of acceleration and retardation.
5. DC Series motor is variable speed motor. Due to these
characteristics motor is protected against overload.
6. DC Series motor speed-torque characteristics are such that as
torque increases speed decreases.
7. DC series motor has develops high torque at low speeds, low
torque at high speed, this is the basic requirement of traction
unit.
PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL
8. Commutating property of series motor is good so we get
sparkles commutation.
9. Torque is unaffected by variation in supply voltage.
10. DC Series motor maintenance cost is less.
11. When DC series motor are running in parallel the all motors
share almost equal load.
12. Torque obtained by DC series motor is smooth and uniform,
so it improves riding quality

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

DC Machine: Construction and their Applications:
The DC machine can be classified into two types namely DC
motors as well as DC generators. Most of the DC machines are
equivalent to AC machines because they include AC currents as well
as AC voltages in them. The output of the DC machine is DC output
because they convert AC voltage to DC voltage. The conversion of
this mechanism is known as the commutator, thus these machines are
also named as commutating machines. DC machine is most
frequently used for a motor. The main benefits of this machine
include torque regulation as well as easy speed. The applications of
the DC machine is limited to trains, mills, and mines. As examples,
underground subway cars, as well as trolleys, may utilize DC
motors. In the past, automobiles were designed with DC dynamos
for charging their batteries

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

What is a DC Machine?
A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device.
The working principle of a DC machine is when electric current
flows through a coil within a magnetic field, and then the magnetic
force generates a torque which rotates the dc motor. The DC
machines are classified into two types such as DC generator as well
as DC motor. The main function of the DC generator is to convert
mechanical power to DC electrical power, whereas a DC motor
converts DC power to mechanical power. The AC motor is
frequently used in the industrial applications for altering electrical
energy to mechanical energy. However, a DC motor is applicable
where the good speed regulation & ample range of speeds are
necessary like in electric-transaction systems.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL
Construction of DC Machine
The construction of DC machine can be done using some of the
essential parts like Yoke, Pole core & pole shoes, Pole coil & field
coil, Armature core, Armature winding otherwise conductor,
commutator, brushes & bearings. Some of the parts of the DC
machine is discussed below.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Yoke
Another name of a yoke is the frame. The main function of the yoke
in the machine is to offer mechanical support intended for poles and
protects the entire machine from the moisture, dust, etc. The
materials used in the yoke are designed with cast iron, cast steel
otherwise rolled steel.

Pole and Pole Core

The pole of the DC machine is an electromagnet and the field
winding is winding among pole. Whenever field winding is
energized then the pole gives magnetic flux. The materials used for
this are cast steel, cast iron otherwise pole core. It can be built with
the annealed steel laminations for reducing the power drop because
of the eddy currents.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Pole Shoe
Pole shoe in DC machine is an extensive part as well as enlarge the
region of the pole. Because of this region, flux can be spread out
within the air-gap as well as extra flux can be passed through the air
space toward armature. The materials used to build pole shoe is cast
iron otherwise cast steed, and also used annealed steel lamination to
reduce the loss of power because of eddy currents.

Field Windings
In this, the windings are wounded in the region of pole core & named
as field coil. Whenever current is supplied through field winding then
it electromagnetics the poles which generate required flux. The
material used for field windings is copper.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Armature Core
Armature core includes the huge number of slots within its edge.
Armature conductor is located in these slots. It provides the low-
reluctance path toward the flux generated with field winding. The
materials used in this core are permeability low-reluctance materials
like iron otherwise cast. The lamination is used to decrease the loss
because of the eddy current.

Armature Winding
The armature winding can be formed by interconnecting the armature
conductor. Whenever an armature winding is turned with the help of
prime mover then the voltage, as well as magnetic flux, gets induced
within it. This winding is allied to an exterior circuit. The materials
used for this winding are conducting material like copper.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Commutator
The main function of the commutator in the DC machine is to
collect the current from the armature conductor as well as supplies
the current to the load using brushes. And also provides uni-
directional torque for DC-motor. The commutator can be built with
a huge number of segments in the edge form of hard drawn copper.
The Segments in the commutator are protected from thin mica
layer.

Brushes
Brushes in the DC machine gather the current from commutator
and supplies it to exterior load. Brushes wear with time to inspect
frequently. The materials used in brushes are graphite otherwise
carbon which is in rectangular form.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Single Phase Series Motor: Operation, Applications, Phasor Diagram:

The single-phase series motor is a commutator-type motor. If the

polarity of the line terminals of a dc series motor is reversed, the
motor will continue to run in the same direction. Thus, it might be
expected that a dc series motor would operate on alternating current
also. The direction of current through the armature[ T∝ϕla].
direction of the torque developed in a dc series motor is determined
by both filed polarity.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Operation

Let a dc series motor be connected across a single-phase ac supply.

Since the same current flows through the field winding and the
armature, it follows that ac reversals from positive to negative, or
from negative to positive, will simultaneously affect both the field
flux polarity and the current direction through the armature. This
means that the direction of the developed torque will remain
positive, and rotation will continue in the same direction. Thus, a
series motor can run both on dc and ac.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL
Repulsion motor:
Definition: A repulsion motor is a single-phase electric motor that
operates by providing input AC (alternating current). The main
application of repulsion motor is electric trains. It starts as a
repulsion motor and runs as an induction motor, where the starting
torque should be high for repulsion motor and very good running
characteristics for induction motor.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Construction of Repulsion Motor:
The main components of repulsion motor are stator, rotor and
commutator brush assembly. The stator carries a single phase
exciting winding similar to the main winding of single phase
induction motor. The rotor has distributed DC winding connected to
the commutator at one end just like in DC motor. The carbon
brushes are short circuited on themselves.
In the above figure, the stator
winding have single phase AC
winding which produces the
working mmf in the air gap. The
brushes on rotor are shown to be
shorted. As the rotor circuit is
shorted, the rotor receives power
from stator by transformer action.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Working principle of Repulsion Motor:
The basic principle behind the working of repulsion motor is that
“similar poles repel each other.” This means two North poles will
repel each other. Similarly, two South poles will repel each other.
When the stator winding of repulsion motor is supplied with single
phase AC, it produces a magnetic flux along the direct axis as
shown in figure above by arrow mark. This magnetic flux when link
with the rotor winding, creates an emf. Due to this emf, a rotor
current is produced. This rotor current in turn produces a magnetic
flux which is directed along the brush axis due to commutator
assembly. Due to the interaction of stator and rotor produced fluxes,
an electromagnetic torque is produced. Let us discuss this aspect in
detail.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Compensated repulsion motor:

It is a modified form of the straight repulsion motor discussed

above. It has an additional stator winding, called compensating
winding whose purpose is (i) to improve power-factor and (ii) to
pro- vide better speed regulation. This winding is much smaller
than the stator winding and is usually wound in the inner slots of
each main pole and is connected in series with the armature (Fig.
36.40) through an additional set of brushes placed mid-way
between the usual short-circuited brushes.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Variable Voltage and Variable Frequency Control:

If only frequency is changed and stator voltage is kept constant, the

stator flux will not be at its rated value. The operation with flux
below or above the rated value is not desirable. For constant flux
operation, it is necessary that the induced emf increases or decreases
linearly with applied frequency. At higher voltages and at high
frequency operation stator drops are very small and thus constant
flux operation is obtained by keeping V/f ratio constant.
The variable stator voltage and frequency can be obtained from the
systems illustrated in Fig. 3.38 or in Fig. 3.41, known as square-
wave inverter and pulse width modulated (PWM) inverter
respectively.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

A square-wave inverter power circuit is illustrated in Fig. 3.38.
The three-phase ac supply is converted into dc by a controlled
rectifier. The output of the rectifier is supplied to the filter circuit
to remove the harmonics. The dc output from filter is fed to a
controlled inverter which provides variable voltage variable
frequency output. This supply is fed to the stator of the 3-phase
induction motor whose speed is to be controlled.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Linear Induction Motor: Working Principle, Applications and Design:

What is Linear Induction Motor

A Linear Induction Motor (or LIM) is a special type of induction

motor used to achieve rectilinear motion rather than rotational motion
as in the case of conventional motors. Linear induction motors are
quite an engineering marvel, to convert a general motor for a special
purpose with more or less similar working principle, thus enhancing
its versatility of operation. Let us first look into the construction of a
linear induction motor.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL
Linear Induction Motor Design

The basic design and construction of a linear induction motor is

similar to a three phase induction motor, although it does not look
like a conventional induction motor. If we cut the stator of a
polyphase induction motor and lay on a flat surface, it forms the
primary of the linear induction motor system. Similarly, after
cutting the rotor of the induction motor and making it flat, we get
the secondary of the system.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL

Working Principle of Linear Induction Motor

When the primary of a LIM gets excited by a balanced three-phase

power supply, a flux starts traveling along the entire length of the
primary. This linearly traveling magnetic field is equivalent to the
rotating magnetic field in the stator of a three phase induction
motor or a synchronous motor. Electric current gets induced in the
conductors of the secondary due to the relative motion between the
traveling flux and the conductors. Then the induced current
interacts with the traveling flux wave to produce linear force or
thrust.

PROF. PRASHANT R. PATIL