DC MOTOR

Dimas Anton Asfani ST. MT. Ph.D

References

1. Theraja, B. L., Electrical Technology, S. Chand & Company Ltd., 1978. 2. Schmidt-Walter, H., Kories, R., Electrical Engineering: A Pocket Reference, Artech House Inc., 2007.

DC Motors Outlines
10: .Dc motor: ..dc motor parts & works ..back emf ..motor equivalent circuit ..characteristics of dc motor: Ta~Ia and n~E/ .Dc shunt motor: ..characteristics of dc shunt motor ..speed control of dc shunt motor: n ~ (V IaRa)/ .Dc series & compound motor .speed control of dc series motor .Braking & starting of dc motor .Dc motor power stages
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dc motor parts

How dc motor works

motor equivalent circuit Ra Rf Vf If Ff E Ia V

V E = IaRa

dc motor parts

How dc motor works

motor equivalent circuit Ra Rf Vf If Ff E Ia V

V E = IaRa

Review: dc shunt motor

Ff

Ta/Ia characteristic

Ia/n characteristic

Ta/n characteristic

Ta

Ia

Ta

Nominal point

No-load operation

Ia

DC Series Motor
Fs V

.field winding is connected in series to the armature winding. .this causes the magnetic flux to be proportional to the armature current -> ~ Ia which leads to a very high torque for high load currents.

Characteristics of DC Series Motor (1)

*While discussing motor characteristics, these should be kept in mind*:

Ta~Ia and n~E/

Ta/Ia characteristic Ta

.As field windings also carry the armature current, ~Ia up to the point of saturation. .Hence, before saturation:

Ta~Ia -> Ta~Ia2

Ia .After saturation, is almost independent of Ia -> Ta~Ia

Characteristics of DC Series Motor (2)

Ia n/Ia characteristic
Starting point

n/Ta characteristic Ta

In

Nominal point

nn

n
.Its starting torque is very high. .For no-load operation the series motor reached very high speeds.

n~E/
.Ia , . Hence, n (speed varies inversely as Ia) (change of E for various load current is small and may be neglected.)

. the motor will be severely damaged due to centrifugal force. . some type of protection: A centrifugal switch can be connected to the motor to de-energize the motor starter coil if the rpm exceeds the set amount. Other sensors can be used to de-energize the 9 circuit if the motor's current drops while full voltage is applied to the motor.

DC Series Motor Speed Control (1): Flux Control Method

E n~ F
a. Field Divertors b. Armature Divertors c. Tapped Field Control

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DC Series Motor Speed Control (2): Variable Resistance in Series with Motor
n~ E F

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Comparison of Shunt & Series Motors (1)

Shunt .speed of motor is sufficiently constant. .for the same input current, its starting torque is not as high as that of a series motor. Hence its used: .when the speed has to be maintained constant from noload to full-load, i.e. for driving a line of shafting. Ta/n characteristic

Ta

Nominal point

No-load operation

.when its required to drive the load at adjustable speeds

.Lathes, centrifugal pumps, blowers & fans,

Battery fan

Battery blower

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Comparison of Shunt & Series Motors (2)

Series .high starting torque .low speed at high loads & dangerously high speed at low loads.

Ta

Hence its used:

.when a large starting torque is required i.e. for driving hoists, cranes, trams, starter motor.

hoist

cranes

Dinamo starter / Motorcycle starter motor

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**DC Compound Motor (1)

Fs .Shunt motor can provide smooth operation at full speed, but it cannot start with a large load attached.

Ff

V
.Series motor can start with a heavy load, but its speed cannot be easily controlled. .The cumulative compound motor takes the best characteristics of both the series motor and shunt motor, which makes it acceptable for most applications.

Such machines are also used: where series characteristics are required and where, in addition, the load is likely to be removed totally. Due to shunt windings, speed wont become excessively high. But due to series windings, it will be able to take heavy loads.

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**DC Compound Motor (2)

Fs

Ff

.The machine has two field windings: One connected in series; the other in parallel. .Due to shunt windings, speed wont become excessively high. .But due to series windings, it will be able to take heavy loads. .The characteristics lie between those of shunt and series motor.

.cumulative compound: series excitation helps shunt excitation. .differential compound: series excitation opposes shunt excitation.
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http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/ph/p/id/39

Comparison of DC Motors
Cumulative Compound Used when: .series characteristic is needed & the load is likely to be removed totally, such as: in some types of coal cutting machines.

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Battery drill

Battery screwdriver
**For instance, an electric screwdriver has a very large gear reduction because it needs lots of torque to turn screws, but the motor only produces a small amount of torque at a high speed. With a gear reduction, the output speed can be reduced while the torque is increased.

Battery toothbrush

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-Ende24-12 24-23 25-16

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-Ende-

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**DC Series Motor Speed Control (2): Variable Resistance in Series with Motor
n~ E F

.By increasing the resistance in series with the armature, the voltage applied across the armature terminals can be decreased. .With reduced voltage across the armature, the speed is reduced. .However, it will be noted that since full motor current passes through this resistance, there is a loss in it.

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 A lathe (pronounced IPA: /le/) is a machine tool which spins a block of material to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation. Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, and glassworking. Lathes can be used to shape pottery, the best-known design being the potter's wheel. Most suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce threedimensional solids of incredible complexity. The material is held in place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can be moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths. Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include candlestick holders, cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats, crankshafts and camshafts.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathes

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