CHAPTER 3

Specific Issues in STS

Prepared by: GEN ED 008 INSTRUCTORS
 LESSON 2
The Nano World and
Robotics
Topic Learning Objectives
1. Discuss the major impacts (both potential and
realized} of nanotechnology on society
2. Critique the issue on its costs and benefits
to society
 01
The Nano World
 Nanoscience and
nanotechnology are the
study and application of
extremely small things
and can be used across
all the other science
fields, such as chemistry,
biology, physics,
materials science, and
engineering.
 Nanoscience and nanotechnology involve the ability to see and to
control individual atoms and molecules. Everything on Earth is made
up of atoms—the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the buildings and
houses we live in, and our own bodies.
THE NANOSCALE
Nanomanufacturing is both the production of nanoscaled materials, which can be
powders or fluids, and the manufacturing of parts "bottom up" from nanoscaled
materials or "top down" in smallest steps for high precision, used in several
technologies such as laser ablation, etching and others. Nanomanufacturing differs
from molecular manufacturing, which is the manufacture of complex, nanoscale
structures by means of nonbiological mechanosynthesis (and subsequent
assembly)
BOTTOM UP AND TOP DOWN FABRICATION

There are two basic approaches to

nanomanufacturing: top-down or bottom-up. Top-down
fabrication starts with a block of original
material and systematically carves it away, down to
the final nanoscale product. With the bottom-up
approach, products are created by building them up
from atomic- and molecular-scale components, which
provides engineers with more building options.
According to NNI, advanced processes that enable bottom-up
nanomanufacturing include:

❑ Chemical vapor deposition – chemicals are combined to react

and produce very pure, high-performance films
❑ Molecular beam epitaxy – a method of depositing single
crystals, especially useful in semiconductor manufacturing
❑ Atomic layer epitaxy – a process for depositing one-atom-
thick layers on a surface
❑ “Dip pen” lithography – dips the tip of an atomic force
microscope into a chemical fluid, which then “writes” on a
substrate surface
❑ Nanoimprint lithography – creates nanoscale features by
stamping or printing them onto a surface
❑ Roll-to-roll processing – produces nanoscale devices on a
roll of ultrathin plastic or metal in high volumes
❑ Self-assembly – a process by which individual chemical or
biological molecular structures group themselves together
naturally to form an ordered structure, without outside
direction
DISTINCT FEATURES OF NANOSCALE
The main parameters of interest with respect to
nanoparticle safety are: Physical properties

❑ Size, shape, specific surface area, aspect ratio

❑ Agglomeration/aggregation state
❑ Size distribution
❑ Surface morphology/topography
❑ Structure, including crystallinity and defect
structure
❑ Solubility
DISTINCT FEATURES OF NANOSCALE
Chemical properties

❑ Structural formula/molecular structure

❑ Composition of nanomaterial (including degree of
purity, known impurities or additives)
❑ Phase identity
❑ Surface chemistry (composition, charge, tension,
reactive sites, physical structure,
photocatalytic properties, zeta potential)
❑ Hydrophilicity/lipophilicity
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
❑ US National Nanotechnology Initiative- the best
known and most-funded program in the National
Nanotechnology Initiative of the United States.
❑ European Commission
❑ Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute, under
the National Institute for Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology, AIST)
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
❑ Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology
Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
❑ India (Nanotechnology Research and Education and
Foundation)
❑ China (National Center for Nanoscience and
Technology)
❑ Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology
Initiative)
GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES
❑ Australia (Australian Office of Nanotechnology)
❑ Canada (National Institute for Nanotechnology of
NINT)
❑ South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology
Initiative)
❑ Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center for
NANOTEC)
❑ Malaysia (National Malaysia Nanotechnology
Initiative)
Benefits and Concerns of Using Nanotechnology
Example of Areas affected by Possible Benefits Concerns
Nanotechnology
ENVIRONMENT o Improved detection and removal o High reactivity and toxicity
of contaminants o Pervasive distribution in the
o Development of benign industrial environment
processes and materials o No nano-specific EPA regulation
HEALTH o Improved medicine o Ability to cross cell membrane and
translocate in the body
o No FDA approval needed for cosmetics or
needed supplements
ECONOMY o Better products o Redistribution of wealth
o New Jobs o Potential cost of cleanups and
healthcare
o Accessibility to all income levels
 02
ROBOTICS
 Word robot was
coined by a Czech
novelist Karel Capek
in a 1920 play titled
Rassum’s Universal
Robots (RUR). Robot
in Czech is a word for
worker or servant
ROLES PLAYED BY ROBOTS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

❑ Computer Assisted Manufacturing

❑ Military
❑ Medical
❑ Space Exploration
❑ Personal
❑ Car Industry
❑ General Packaging
❑ Mail Processing
ROLES PLAYED BY ROBOTS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

❑ Computer GPS guided bombs “smart bombs”.

❑ Movement of troops, weapons, etc.
❑ Advancements in war weapons, aircraft, artillery,
naval ships, etc.
❑ Prosthetic limbs
❑ Pacemakers
❑ Dialysis Machines
❑ Heart rate monitors
❑ Blood Pressure Machines
ROLES PLAYED BY ROBOTS IN EVERYDAY LIFE
ROLES PLAYED BY ROBOTS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

❑ Fax Machines
❑ Computers
❑ Refrigerators
❑ Blenders
❑ Watches
❑ GPS Receivers
 CHAPTER 3
Specific Issues in STS
Prepared by: GEN ED 008 INSTRUCTORS
 LESSON 1
The Information Age
Topic Learning Objectives
1. Link learned concepts to the development of
the information age and its impact on society;
2. Illustrate how the social media and the
information age have impacted our lives.
 01 02 03
History of Information Computers Websites/Internet
Age

04 05 06
Television and Ethical Dilemmas Summary
Cellphone
 01
History of Information age
Highly modernized,
automated, data driven
and technologically
advanced- these best
describe our society
nowadays, as evidenced
by how information
could be transferred or
shared quickly.
The Information Age is defined as a “period starting in the last
quarter of the 20th century when information become effortlessly
accessible through publications and through the management of
information by computers and computer networks”
(Vocabulary.com, n.d.).
TIMELINE OF THE INFORMATION AGE
 EVOLUTION OF MAN AND
INFORMATION

As men evolved, information and its dissemination has also received in

many ways. Eventually, we no longer kept them to ourselves; instead, we
share them and manage them in different means.
 It is likened
to an all you
can eat data
buffet.

Photo by Vidal Balielo Jr. from Pexels

Truths of Information Age
❑ Information must compete.
There is a need for
information to stand out
and be recognized in the
increasing clutter

❑ Selection is a viewpoint.
Choose multiple sources for
your information if you
want to receive a more
Photo by Harsch Shivam from Pexels
balanced view of reality.
Truths of Information Age

❑ The media sells what the

culture buys. In other
words, information is driven
by cultural priorities.

❑ You are what you eat and so

is your brain. Do not draw
conclusions unless all ideas
and information are Photo by Anthony Shkraba from Pexels

presented to you.
Truths of Information Age

❑ Ideas are regarded

as controversial.
It is nearly
impossible to make
a statement without
attracting both
supporters and
Photo by alleksana from Pexels
critics.
Truths of Information Age

❑ The story is created by

the media's presence. When
the media is around,
especially film news or
television news, people
act very differently than
they would if they were
being observed. Photo by Stanley Ng from Pexels
Truths of Information Age

❑ The information we receive

is frequently verbally
loaded, filtered, biased,
and perhaps falsified.What
is neglected is often even
more important than what
is included.
Photo by Markus Winkler from Pexels
 02
Computers
 Computers are
associated with
numerous terms and
descriptions. Most
people suggest the
dimensions, intended
use or the computer’s
power.
Types of Computer

❑ Personal Computer - it is
a single user-instrument.
PCs were first known as
microcomputers since they
were a complete systems
operated by most
businesses.
Photo by Pixabay from Pexels
Types of Computer

❑ Desktop Computer - it
is described for
portability. The
assumption with a
desktop is that it
will be set up in a
permanent spot.
Photo by Serpstat from Pexels
Types of Computer

❑ Laptops- these are

portable computers that
integrate the
essentials of a desktop
computer in a battery-
powered package.
Photo by Daria Shevtsova from Pexels
Types of Computer

❑ Personal Digital Assistance

(PDAs)- these are tightly
integrated computers that
usually have no keyboards
but rely on a touch screen
for user input.
Photo by Anastasia Zhenina from Pexels
Types of Computer

❑ Server- it refers to a
computer that has been
improved to provide
network service to other
computers.
Types of Computer

❑ Mainframes- these are huge

computer systems that can
fill an entire room. They
are used especially by
large firms to describe
the large, expensive
machines that process
millions of transactions
every day. Photo by Sergei Starostin from Pexels
Types of Computer

❑ Wearable Computers- they

involve materials that
are usually integrated
into cellphones, watches
and other small objects
or places.
Photo by Pixabay from Pexels
 03
The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an
information system where documents and other web resources are
identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such as
https://example.com/), which may be interlinked by hypertext,
and are accessible over the Internet.The resources of the Web
are transferred via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), may
be accessed by users by a software application called a web
browser, and are published by a software application called a
web server. The World Wide Web is not synonymous with the
Internet, which pre-dated the Web in some form by over two
decades and upon which technologies the Web is built.
English scientist Sir Timothy Berners-Lee invented
the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web
browser in 1990 while employed at CERN near
Geneva, Switzerland.
HOW TO CHECK THE RELIABILITY
OF WEB SOURCES
Step 1
WHO IS THE AUTHOR
OF THE ARTICLE/SITE?

Step 2
WHO PUBLISHED THE
SITE?

Step 3
WHAT IS THE MAIN
PURPOSE OF THE SITE?
Step 4
WHY DID THE AUTHOR
WRITE IT?

Step 5
WHO IS THE
INTENDED AUDIENCE?

Step 6
WHAT IS THE QUALITY
OF INFORMATION?
 04
Television and Cellphones
 The concept of television was the
work of many individuals in the late
19th and early 20th centuries, with
its roots initially starting from
back even in the 18th century. The
first practical transmissions of
moving images over a radio system
used mechanical rotating perforated
disks to scan a scene into a time-
varying signal that could be
reconstructed at a receiver back into
an approximation of the original
image.
A mobile phone, cellular phone, cell
phone, cellphone, handphone, or hand
phone, sometimes shortened to simply
mobile, cell or just phone, is a
portable telephone that can make and
receive calls over a radio frequency
link while the user is moving within
a telephone service area. The radio
frequency link establishes a
connection to the switching systems
of a mobile phone operator, which
provides access to the public
switched telephone network (PSTN).
Technology As
A Way Of
Revealing
Lesson 2
 Lesson Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to :

• explain the concept of human condition before science

technology;
• identify the change that happened in human condition

after science and technology; and

• name ways on how technology aided in revealing the
truth about the human being.
 "generation gap"
● changes brought about by technology
● challenge for people in the field of science and technology to make
these technological advancements more accessible and less
confusing for people who are not as young anymore.
● also a challenge for the younger generation to take the older
generation to an exciting journey in science and technology
Despite the reality of the digital
divide, the generation gap in
modern work life can be bridged
by addressing the source of the
problem: technology. Smart
businesses may use technology
as a facilitator rather than a
divider if it is chosen and
implemented correctly.
Photo by Anna Shvets from Pexels
 The Human Condition Before
Common Era

• Homo erectus have been

using fire to cook, through
chipping one flint over the
other to produce a spark

• Tools from stone and flints

marked the era of the
Stone Age
 • There is little to no written
accounts except for several
cave drawings and unearthed
artifacts from various parts of
the world that narrate how
their culture came to be

Prisma/Universal Images Group/Getty Images

• People discovered minerals
and began forging metalwork
Before humanity,
lightning strikes were the
primary source of
ignition. The presence of
charcoal in the fossil
record is our main source
of evidence for fire.
 The Human Condition Before
Common Era

Fur clothing and animal skin

are primarily used for
comfort against harsh winds;
they begin to cover
themselves up out of
necessity
 The Human Condition Before
Common Era
• Several ceremonial figurines have
been discovered during the latter
half of the Stone Age, suggesting
that people of the time
painstakingly crafted and remained
loyal to the said figures in worship
of some deity.

• The initial roster of primitive gods

includes objects they encounter
through their day-to-day lives
 The Human Condition
in the Common Era
● Earliest case of man-made
extinction occurred over 12,000
years ago, possibly brought upon
by hunting and territorial
disputes.

● The Holocene extinction, also

called the sixth extinction or more
aptly Anthropocene extinction,
occurred from as early as
between 100,000 to 200,000 years
up to the present.
Sumatran Rhino
Indian Cheetah
The Human Condition
in the Common Era

Driven by their primal need to

survive and gaining the upper
hand in terms of development
and adaptability, humans were
quick to find ways to drive off
other megafaunas threatening
a prospective hunting spot
and eventually, settling
grounds.
 The Human Condition
in the Common Era
● Formation of communities
caused humans to expand more
in territory and more people to
feed; communities hailing from
the same ancestors and residing
in the same large community
paved way for civilizations.

Photo by Roger Sekoua from Pexels ● They were in constant need of

resources
 The Human Condition
in the Common Era
● They realized that they could get hold of
things not present in their towns by
offering something of same value present
in theirs.

● When they could not sell products, they

used their skills and got compensated for
it-bringing forth a specialized group of
artisans.

● Humanity became more complex. The

primary goal was not merely to survive,
but to live the good life.
Position-wise, the humans of today are much better off compared to humans
several centuries ago. Advancements in medicine, technology. health, and
education ushered in humanity's best yet, and show no sign of stopping.

01 Mortality Rate
lesser women and children die during birth, assuring robust
population and strong workforce
02 Average Lifespan
science is able to prolong lives by enhancing living status and
discovering different remedies to most diseases.
03 Literacy Rate
Access to education provided to more individuals generally creates a
more informed public that could determine a more just society.
04 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Higher country income is brought upon by high productivity, often an
indicator of presence of technology.
The Essence of Technology

• Modern humans are reliant on technology in their

search for the good life.
• Martin Heidegger argued that its essence, or purpose,
and being are different from each other.
• technology can either be perceived as first, a means to
achieve man's end and second, that which constitutes
human activity.
• The second perspective paints technology in such a
way that each period reveals a particular character
regarding man's being.
The Essence of Technology
• We view the world as a field of resources, vent on
attributing monetary value on seemingly priceless
entities.
• Since humans appear not to really know what they are
seeking for, the search continues.
• Humans lose track of things that matter, reducing
their surroundings to their economic value.
• It will be absurd to venture the dark and the unknown,
but it should be done in order for us to retrace our
steps to be able to achieve the Good.
 Backtracking the Human
Condition
• All in all the human condition improved, only if by improving we
measure the level of comfort, various scientific breakthroughs, and
improved lifestyles of those who had the luxury to afford to do so.
• As to the Initial aims, it appears that things really did not much
differ.
• A lot of people still subscribe to religion in explaining things that
they do not know.
• we might begin with considering other concepts, which
corresponds to the Good
• Technological advancements are seemingly occurring in a rapid
pace that our morality cannot quite keep up
Summary
Science and technology has been part of human activity since the beginning of
our species. It has aided us in survival and helped us outsmart our adversaries,
provided us comfortable living, allowed us to explore the world, and assisted us in
discovering more about ourselves and the truth. However, it also leads us to a
paradox in which we are only able to see the world in the lenses of technological
innovations. In our pursuit of growth, we had conveniently forgotten that
technology only presents one approach in viewing the world. This forgetfulness
leads us to evaluate objects as consumable or not-transcending to other human
beings, determining their capacity to be productive. Our valuation of things
became one-dimensional, geared toward production of goods for more
consumption, which we believe would lead us to the good life. This is only one
conception of technology, as Heidegger also proposed that technology is what
humans do. Advancements in the field expose us to previously unknown
predicaments, effectively helping us to reveal our own natures and enforcing one
perspective in finding the truth. Now that it is acknowledged, we can try and
divert our search to other approaches.
References
Blitz, M. (2014).“Understanding Heidegger on Technology, "The New Arlantis, Number 41, Winter, pp. 63-80.
De Vries, M.J. (2005). Teaching About Technology : An Iniroduction to the Philosophy of Technology for Non-
Philosophers. Switzerland : Springer.
Derrida, J. (1989). of Spirit : Heidegger and the Question. Trans. Geoffrey Bennington and Rachel Bowlby. Chicago
/ London : Chicago UP.
Grayson, D.K. and D.J. Meltzer. (2012)."Clovis Hunting and Large Mammal Extinction : A Critical Review of the
Evidence. "Journal of World Prehistory. 16 (4) : 313-359.
Grayson, D.K. Human Population Growth and Extinction. (n.d.). Center for Biologieal Diversiry. Accessed August
I, 2016. http : // www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/population-and- sustainability / extinction /
index.html.
Heidegger, M. (1977). The Question Concerning Technology, and Orher Essays. New York : Harper & Row.
Holloway, A. (2014)."The Venus Figurines of the European Paleolithic Era. "Accessed February 10, 2017. http : //
www. ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-europe/venus-figurines- european-paleolithic-era-001548?
nopaging = 1. Kolbert, E. (2014). The Sixth Exrinction : An Unnatural History. London : Bloomsbury
Publishing.
Rudgley, R. (2000). The Lost Civilizarions of the Stone Age. New York : Simon and Schuster. 74 Science,
Technology, and Society
Thanks! Have a great day!
 Science,
Technology,
and Society
and the Human
Condition
 HUMAN
FLOURISHING
 Lesson Objectives

❑ Identify different conception of human flourishing;

❑ Determine the development of the scientific method and
validity of science; and
❑ Critic human flourishing vis-a-vis progress of science and
technology to be able to define for themselves the meaning of
a good life.
 EUDAIMONIA
● Coined by Aristotle (385-323 BC)
● “good spirited”/”human flourishing”
● pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans
● “human flourishing” in literature – likening humans to
flowers achieving their full bloom
Nichomachean
Ethics

PHRONESIS WEALTH

FRIENDSHIP POWER
 As time changes… elements that
comprise human flourishing changed

• People found means to live more comfortably,

• explore more places,
• develop more products and
• make more money
• concept of human flourishing -> “man of the world” (working side by
side among institutions and the gov.)
• Competition as a means of survival has become passe; coordination is
the new trend.
 Concept on Human
Flourishing
WESTERN
⮚ individual
⮚ as an end
⮚ if eudaimonia is achieved, a
person would want to serve
the community but brought
upon by values and not by
belief that the state of
greater than him.
EASTERN
⮚ more community-centric
⮚ individual should sacrifice himself for
the sake of the society
⮚ Chinese Confucian system; Japanese
Bushido
⮚ studies of literature, sciences and art
not for oneself but in service for
greater cause.
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND HUMAN
FLOURISHING
Every discovery, innovation, and success
contribute to our pool of human knowledge.
(e.g. researches adding contribution to the
body of knowledge)
human's perpetual needs to locate himself in the
world by finding proofs to trace evolution.
technology is a human activity that we excel in
as a result of achieving science.
Suffice to say that the end goals of both science
and technology and human flourishing are
related, in that the good is inherently related
to the truth.
 Science as Method and Results
1. Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences unfolding.

2. Determine the problem and identify factors involved.

3. Through past knowledge or similar instance, formulate hypothesis that could
explain the said phenomenon. Ideally, the goal is to reject the null hypothesis
and accept the alternative hypothesis for the study "to count as significant"
4. Conduct experiment by setting up dependent and independent
variables, and trying to see how independent ones affect dependent ones.

5. Gather and analyze results throughout and upon culmination of the

experiment. Examine if the data gathered are significant enough to
conclude results.
6. Formulate conclusion and provide recommendation in case others
would want to broaden the study.
 VERIFICATION THEORY
❖ The idea proposes that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed or interpreted in
the event of an alternative hypothesis being accepted.
❖ gives premium to empiricism and only takes into account those results which are
measurable and experiments which are repeatable.
❖ Disadvantages: shut down prematurely, causing slower innovation and punishing
ingenuity of newer, novel thoughts. this theory completely fails to weed out bogus
arguments that explain things coincidentally
The idea is that since one already has some sort of expectations on what to find, they
will interpret events in line with said expectations. American philosopher Thomas
Kuhn warned us against bridging the gap between evidence and theory by attempting
to interpret the former according to our own biases, that is, whether or not we
subscribe to the theory.
Suppose, for instance, this girl, Lea has a (not-so- scientific) theory that her
classmate Ian likes her. Good, she thought, / like him too. But how do I know that
he likes me? She began by observing him and his interactions with her. Several
gestures she noted include his always exchanging pleasantries with her
whenever they bump into each other, his big smile when he sees her, and him
going out of his way to greet her even when riding a jeepney. Through these
observations, she was then able to conclude that Ian does like her because, she
thought, why would anyone do something like that for a person he does not like?
As it turns out, however, Ian is just generally happy to meet people he knew. He
had known Lea since they were in first year and regards her as a generally okay
person. It is no surprise then that upon learning that Ian basically does
this to everyone, Lea was crushed. She vowed to herself that she
would never assume again.
 FALSIFICATION THEORY
- Karl Popper
- [asserts that as long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can best explain a
phenomenon over alternative theories, we should accept the said ideology.
- encourages research in order to determine which among the theories can stand the
test of falsification.
- falsification method is prone to the same generalizations committed by the
verification method.
- scientists are still not convinced that it should be regarded as what makes a
discipline scientific.
- Ian is generally everybody's friend. He likes to be around people and
generally aspires to become everybody's friend. However, there is this one
girl, Lea, who seemed to not like him when he is around. Every time he
waves at her, she turms away, and when they are in the same room, she
avoids his glances. Through this, he concluded that Lea does not like him
and does his best to show her that he is not a threat. He began greeting
her whenever they pass by each other at the corridor, even going so far as
calling her attention when he was in the jeepney and saw her walking
past. When they are able to talk to each other, he found out that Lea is
just really shy and is not accustomed to people greeting her. He then
was able to conclude that his initial impression of her not liking him
(as a person) is wrong and thus said proposition is rejected
 Science as a Social
Endeavor
❑ Sciences cease to belong solely to gown- wearing,
bespectacled scientists at laboratories. The new view
perpetuates a dimension which generally benefits the society.
❑ it presents an alternative notion that goes beyond the boundaries
of cold, hard facts of science and instead projects it 1n a different
light, such as a manifestation of shared experience forging
solidarity over communities.
 Science and Results
❑ people who do not understand science are won over when the
discipline is able to produce results
❑ people are sold over the capacity of science to do stuff they cannot
fully comprehend.
❑ however, science is not the only discipline which is able to produce
results-religion, luck, and human randomness are some of its
contemporaries in the field.
❑ Science is not entirely foolproof, such that it is correct 100 % of the
time.
❑ science does not monopolize the claim for definite results
Science as Education
❑ our preference of science-inclined students over those
which are less adept.
❑ Among all the clusters being offered, STEM trumps the
remaining clusters in terms of popularity and distribution,
with Accounting and Business coming in as a close second.
❑ there are more demand in this field as students are
preconditioned that the field would latter land them high-
paying jobs and a lucrative career after graduation.
Science as Education
❑ If one is really in pursuit of human flourishing, they should
pursue it holistically.
❑ Simply mastering science and technology inadequate if we are to,
say, socialize with people or ruminate on our inner self. Aristotle’s
eudemonic person is required to be knowledgeable about science, among other
things of equal importance. They are supposed to possess intellectual virtues that will
enable them to determine truth from falsehood or good reasoning from poor
reasoning. A true eudaimonic recognizes that flourishing requires one to excel in
various dimensions, such as linguistic, kinetic, artistic, and socio-civic. Thus, he
understands that he should not focus on one aspect alone.
 Millennium
Development Goals
(MDG)
Technology has been a primary instrument in enabling them to
pursue said goal, utilizing resources, machineries, and labor.
 Missing:
Sustainability
The rapid pace technological growth allows no room for nature to
recuperate, resulting exploitation and irreversible damages to nature.

If this continues in its currently

alarming rate, we might bring about
our own extinction.
 Summary
Human flourishing is defined as being "good spirited in the classical
Aristotelian notion. Humans generally have a notion on what it means to
flourish; albeit in the advent of science and technology, they chose to hinge
their ends alongside the latter's results. While it is true that science equips its
knowers some details about the world, its main claim to objectivity and
systematic methodology is at the very least flawed. However, that does not
stop institutions to favor those who excel in said discipline. Finally, the
economic perception of enrichment, otherwise known as growth, is heavily
fueled by technology and should be impeded. We have to rethink of our
perception of a good life apart from one presented in this regard.
 References
Bloor, D. (1981). "The Strengths of the Strong Programme."Philosophy of the Social Sciences, I1 (2) : 199.
Dayrit, F.M. (2011). "Sustainable Development : An Evolving Paradigm for the 21st Century."Stellar
Origins Human Ways. Ed. Ma. Assunta C. Cuyegkeng. 231-57.
Ferngren, G. (Ed.). (2000). Encyclopedia of the History of Seience and Religion in the Western Tradition.
New York : Garland.
Feyerabend, P. (1975). "How to Defend Society Against Science."Radical Philosoply 11 (1) : 3-9.
Hempel, C.G. (1966). Philosoplhy of Naural Science. Englewood Clills, N.J .: Prentice Hall.
Hickel, J. (201S), "Forget 'Developing'Rich Countries, It's Time to 'De-Develop'Rich Countries."Accessed
February 10, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals -network /
2015 / sep / 23 / developing-poor-countries-de-develop- rich-countries-sdgs.
Kuhn, T. (1996). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd Ed. Chicago : The University of Chicago
Press.
Popper, K.R. (1989). Conjectures and Refutations : The Growth of Scienific Knowledge. Oxford :
Routledge.
Thagard, P. (1978). "Why Astrology is a Pseudoscience. Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the
Philosophy of Science Association 1978 : 223-234. PSA :
Thomson, J.A. (2003). The Nicomachean Ethics. London : Penguin.
Wilson, E.O. (2005). The Future of Life. New York : Alfred A. Knopf.
Indigenous Science
&Technology in the
Philippines
GEN ED 008
Indigenous
Knowledge System

Indigenous science is part of the

indigenous knowledge system
practiced by different groups of
people and early civilizations
 Indigenous Knowledge System

Indigenous science knowledge

has developed diverse
structures and contents
through the interplay between
the society and the
environment.
- Pawilen (2005)

Photo by Dazzle Jam from Pexels

What is IKS about?

According to Kuhn (1962),

developmental stages of most
sciences are characterized by
continual competition
between a number of distinct
views of nature, each partially
derived from, and all roughly
compatible with the dictates of
scientific observation and
method.
Indigenous science uses science
process skills such as observing,
comparing, classifying, measuring,
problem solving, inferring,
communicating, and predicting.

Photo by Alex Azabache from Pexels

Indigenous science
is guided by culture
and community
values such as the
following:

The land is a
source of life. It is
a precious gift
from the creator.
Dr. Gearheard and other members of Sikulirijiit, Clyde River
Nunavut sea ice experts working group edit maps for a
publication. Photo courtesy: Shari Gearheard
The Earth is revered as
“Mother Earth”. It is the
origin of their identity as
people.

All living and nonliving

things are interconnected
and interdependent with Photo from © rweisswald / Shutterstock

each other.
 Human beings are stewards
or trustee of the land and
other natural resources.
They have a responsibility
to preserve it.
Photo by @thiszun from Pexels
 Nature is a friend to human
beings -- it needs respect and
proper care.
Photo by Francesco Ungaro from Pexels
Indigenous science is composed
of traditional knowledge
practiced and valued by people
and communities such as ethno-
biology, ethno-medicine,
indigenous farming methods, and
folk astronomy.
There are
many ways
to help.
~END~
Do you have any questions?
caroline.amante@evsu.edu.ph

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Please keep this slide for attribution

 The Development of
Science and Technology
SLIDESMANIA.COM

Presented by: Ms. Caroline A. Amante, LPT

 I seem to have been only like a boy
playing on the seashore and diverting
myself in now and then finding a
smoother pebble or a prettier shell than
ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth
lay all undiscovered before me. - Isaac
Newton.
SLIDESMANIA.COM
 Why is there a need
to ask questions
about the things
around us?
SLIDESMANIA.COM

Photo by Olya Kobruseva from Pexels

 01
DEFINITION AND SCOPE
OF STS
SLIDESMANIA.COM
 Science, Technology, and Society (STS) is an interdisciplinary field of
study that seeks to explore and understand the many ways that
modern science and technology shape modern culture, values, and
institutions, on one hand, and how modern values shape science and
technology, on the other.
SLIDESMANIA.COM
 What is STS??
“STS as a kind of curriculum approach designed to make traditional concepts and
processes found in typical science and social studies programs more appropriate and
relevant to the lives of students”.-Ziman (1980)

“STS may be defined as an integrated approach to science teaching” -Yager (1990)

“STS as a topical curriculum that addresses a broad range of environmental,

industrial, technological, social, and political problems”. -Wraga and Hlebowitsh
(1991)

“STS can be referred to as an instructional approach that incorporates appropriate

STS knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values”. -Heath (1992)
SLIDESMANIA.COM
 Seeks to
improve SCIENCE Informs

Demands more Demands more

TECHNOLOGY
SOCIETY

Makes life easier

SLIDESMANIA.COM

Benefits from
Photo by Ola Dapo from Pexels
 INDIGENOUS SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Photo by Katerina Holmes from Pexels
SLIDESMANIA.COM
 According to Kuhn (1962), developmental stages
of most sciences are characterized by continual
competition between several distinct views of
nature, each partially derived from, and all
roughly compatible with the dictates of
scientific observation and method.
SLIDESMANIA.COM
 EXAMPLES OF INDIGENOUS
KNOWLEDGE
SLIDESMANIA.COM
 PREDICTION OF WEATHER
SLIDESMANIA.COM

Photo by Kunal Baroth from Pexels Photo by Piccinng from Pexels Photo by Kendall Hoopes from Pexels
 THE USE OF
HERBAL
MEDICINES
SLIDESMANIA.COM

Photo by Pixabay from Pexels

 PRESERVING OF FOODS

Photo from CNBC Photo from Rappler

SLIDESMANIA.COM
 OTHERS
CLASSIFYING PLANTS AND ANIMALS INTO FAMILIES

SELECTING GOOD SEEDS FOR PLANTING

USING INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY

BUILDING LOCAL IRRIGATION

CLASSIFYING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOIL IN PLANTING

SLIDESMANIA.COM

PRODUCING WINE FROM TROPICAL FRUITS

 Indigenous science is composed of
traditional knowledge practiced and valued
by people and communities such as ethno-
biology, ethno-medicine, indigenous
farming methods, and folk astronomy.
SLIDESMANIA.COM
 INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
SLIDESMANIA.COM
 How can Science be defined?

Science as an idea

Science as an intellectual activity

Science as a body of knowledge

Science as a personal and social activity

SLIDESMANIA.COM
 Scientific Revolution

Photo by Chokniti Khongchum from Pexels

SLIDESMANIA.COM
 To be Continued. . .
SLIDESMANIA.COM
INDUSTRIAL
GEN ED 008// CAROLINE A.
AMANTE, LPT

REVOLUTION
Prelude: The Population Explosion

•
•
•
•

•
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution

changed human life
drastically. More was created
in the last 250+ years than in
the previous 2500+ years of
known human history.
WHAT WAS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

The Industrial Revolution

refers to the greatly
increased output of
machine made goods
that began in England in
the 1700s.
 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

➢Machines were invented which

replaced human labor
➢New energy sources were developed
to power the new machinery – water,
steam, electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)
➢Increased use of metals and
minerals
➢Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc.
Britain Takes the Lead
Great Britain’s advantages:
Plentiful iron and coal
A navigable river system
Colonies that supplied raw materials
and bought finished goods
A government that encouraged
improvements in transportation and
used its navy to protect British trade
 DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOMESTIC SYSTEM
OF PRODUCTION

 Domestic system developed in

England

 Late 1600s-late 1800s

 Labelled as the “putting-out

system”
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

 Transportation improved
 Ships
○ Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
○ Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered
boilers
 Trains
 Automobiles
 Communication improved
 Telegraph
 Telephone
 Radio
WHY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
STARTED IN ENGLAND

Capital for Colonies and

investing in the Markets for Raw materials
means of manufactured for production
production goods

Workers Merchant marine Geography

THE BIRTH AND GROWTH OF THE TEXTILE
INDUSTRY
John Kay (English)

Flying shuttle, 1733 Hand-operated machine which increased the speed of weaving

James Hargreaves (English)

Spinning jenny, Home-based machine that spun thread 8 times faster than when spun by
1765 hand

Richard Arkwright (English)

Water-powered spinning machine that was too large for use in a home
Water frame, 1769
– led to the creation of factories
 Samuel Crompton (English)
Combined the spinning jenny and the water frame into a single device, increasing
Spinning mule, 1779
the production of fine thread

Edward Cartwright (English)

Power loom, 1785 Water-powered device that automatically and quickly wove thread into cloth

Eli Whitney (American)

Device separated raw cotton from cotton seeds, increasing the cotton supply
Cotton gin, 1793
while lowering the cost of raw cotton

Elias Howe (American)

Sewing machine, 1846 Speed of sewing greatly increased

These machines were so large. They were placed in

large buildings called factories
 DEVELOPMENT OF STEAM ENGINES

Steam power became the primary

source of energy for a vast number
of equipment and vehicles, making
it more affordable and convenient to
manufacture goods in big quantities.
This increased demand for raw
resources needed to construct
additional machines capable of
producing additional goods.
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
Thomas Telford and
Robert Fulton George Stephenson
John McAdam
(American) (English)
(British)
• Steamboat (1807) • Macadamized • Locomotive (1825)
• Sped water roads (1810-1830) • Fast land transport
transportation • Improved roads of people and
goods

Gottlieb Daimler Rudolf Diesel Orville and Wilbur

(German) (German) Wright (American)
• Gasoline engine • Diesel engine • Airplane (1903)
(1885) (1892) • Air transport
• Led to the • Cheaper fuel
invention of the
automobile
 STEAMBOATS

The steam engine addressed the

challenge of moving upstream
during the Industrial Revolution.
Robert Fulton constructed the first
commercial steamboat in 1807. It
traveled upstream using steam
power. Steamboats were quickly
employed to move people and
commodities along the country's
waterways. Steamboats by William M. Donaldson
 MACADAMIZED ROADS

Throughout the Industrial

Revolution, the government got
increasingly involved in the
construction and maintenance of
decent roadways. To construct
smooth gravel roads, a new
method called "macadam" was
utilized.
RAILROADS

The railroad was invented in

the United Kingdom. George
Stephenson employed steam
technology effectively to
develop the world's first
successful locomotive.
COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION
Samuel F.B. Morse Alexander Graham Cyrus W. Field
(American) Bell (American) (American)
• Telegraph (1844) • Telephone (1876) • Atlantic cable
• Rapid • Human speech (1866)
communication heard across • United States
across continents and Europe
continents connected by
cable
Guglielmo Lee de Forest Vladimir Zworykin
Marconi (Italian) (American) (American)
• Wireless • Radio tube • Television (1925)
telegraph, an (1907) • Simultaneous
early form of the • Radio audio and visual
radio (1895) broadcasts could broadcast
• No wires needed be sent around
for sending the world
messages
 INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ITS AFTERMATH

 Rapid urbanization

 Terrible living conditions

 Diseases was widespread

 Average worker spent 14hours, 6days

 Dangerous industry-coal mines

THANKS!
Do you have any questions?

caroline.amante@evsu.edu.ph

CREDITS: This presentation template was

created by Slidesgo, including icons by
Flaticon and infographics & images by
Freepik.