Lesson 2

Data Collection,
Determination of Sample
Size, Basic Concepts in
Sampling Design
Learning Outcomes:
❖Determine the
appropriate sample size
❖Differentiative various
sampling techniques
❖Know the sources of
errors in sampling
 Sample Size
Determination
 SAMPLE SIZE
-is typically denoted by n and it is always a
positive integer
How many should be chosen
for a study?
 Non-Statistical Considerations

It may include availability of resources, manpower, budget,

ethics and sampling frame
 Statistical Considerations

It will include the desired precision of the estimate

 Criteria need to be specified to
Determine the appropriate Sample Size

❖Level of Precision

❖Confidence Level

❖Degree of Variability
 Criteria need to be specified to
Determine the appropriate Sample Size

LEVEL OF PRECISION
- is the range in which the true value of the population is
estimated to be
true.
-also called sampling error.
𝜎
Sampling Error = Z ×
𝑛
 Criteria need to be specified to
Determine the appropriate Sample Size

CONFIDENCE LEVEL
- it is statistical measure of the number of times out of 100 that results can
be expected to be within a specified range.
 Z- Table
1-(a/2) where a is a level or
significance

Level of Significance or Alpha

level = 1-confidence level

1-0.9=0.10
1-(0.10/2)=0.95

1-0.99=0.01

1-(0.01/2)=0.995
 Criteria need to be specified to
Determine the appropriate Sample Size

DEGREE OF VARIABILITY
- Depending upon the target population and attributes under consideration,
the degree of variability varies considerably. The more heterogeneous a population
is the larger the sample size is required to get an optimum level of precision.
 Methods in Determining the Sample
Size

• Estimating the Mean or Average

• Estimating Proportion (Infinite Population)
• Slovin Formula
• Infinite Population Correction
 Methods in Determining the Sample
Size
Estimating the Mean or Average
The sample size required to estimate the population mean μ to with
a level of confidence with specified margin of error e, given by

𝑧𝜎 2
𝑛≥
ⅇ

Where:
Z is the z-score corresponding to level of confidence
e is the level of precision.
 Methods in Determining the Sample
Size
Estimating the Mean or Average
Take Note:
If When σ is unknown, it is common practice to conduct a preliminary survey to determine s
and use it as an estimate of σ or use results from previous studies to obtain an estimate of
σ. When using this approach, the size of the sample should be at least 30. The formula for
the sample standard deviation s is

𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑠=
𝑛−1
 Methods in Determining the Sample
Size
Example:
A soft drink machine is regulated so that the amount of drink
dispensed is approximately normally distributed with a standard
deviation equal to 0.5 ounce. Determine the sample size needed if
we wish to be 95% confident that our sample mean will be within
+.03 ounce from the true mean.
𝑧𝜎 2 1.96(0.5 2 0.98 2
Z=1.96 n= n= n=
ⅇ 0.03 0.03 n= 32.67 2

n= 1067
 Methods in Determining the Sample
Size
Estimating Proportion (infinite Population)
The sample size required to obtain a confidence interval for p with
specified margin of error e is given by

𝑧 2
𝑛≥ 𝑃 1−𝑃
ⅇ
Where:
Z is the z-score corresponding to level of confidence
e is the level of precision.
P is population proportion
 Methods in Determining the Sample
Size
Example
Suppose we are doing a study on the inhabitants of a large town, and want to find out
how many households serve breakfast in the mornings. We don’t have much information
on the subject to begin with, so we’re going to assume that half of the families serve
breakfast: this gives us maximum variability. So p = 0.5. We want 99% confidence and at
least 1% precision.
𝑧 2 2
Z= 2.58 2.58
𝑛≥
ⅇ
𝑃 1−𝑃 𝑛≥ 0.25 𝑛 ≥ 258 2 0.25
0.01

𝑛 ≥ (66564)0.25 𝐧 = 𝟏𝟔, 𝟔𝟒𝟏

 Methods in Determining the Sample
Size
Slovin Formula (Simplified Form of Proportions for Finite Population

-is used to calculate the sample size n given the population size and
error. It is computed as

𝑁
𝑛≥
1 + 𝑁ⅇ2
Where:
N is the total population
e is the level of precision.
 Methods in Determining the Sample
Size
Example:

A researcher plans to conduct a survey about food preference of BS Stat students. If

the population of students is 1000, find the sample size if the error is 5%.

𝑁 1000 1000
𝑛≥ 𝑛≥ 𝑛≥
1 + 𝑁ⅇ2 1 + 1000(0.05)2 1 + 1000(0.05)2

1000
𝑛≥ 𝑛 ≥ 286
1 + 2.5
 Methods in Determining the Sample
Size
Infinite Population Correction
The conservative formula using the strong law of large number.

1 𝑧 2
𝑛= ≈ 385
4 ⅇ

2 1
Where: 1 1.96 2
𝑛= 𝑛 = 39.2
Confidence level is 95% 4 0.05 4
1
The level of precision is 0.05 𝑛 = 1536.64 𝑛 = 384.16
4
 Methods in Determining the Sample
Size
Finite Population Correction
If the population is small then the sample size can be reduced slightly.

𝑛0
𝑛= 385
𝑛 −1 𝑛= 𝑛 = 278
1+ 0 385 − 1
𝑁 1+
1000

Where:
𝑛0 is Cochran’s sample size recommendation
N is the population size
Sampling Design
 Two Types of Samples

❖ Probability Samples
❖ Non-probability Samples
 Probability Samples
• Samples are obtained using some objective chance mechanism, thus
involving randomization.
• They require the use of a complete listing of the elements of the
universe called the sampling frame.
• The probabilities of selection are known.
• They are generally referred to as random samples.
• They allow drawing of valid generalizations about the
universe/population.
 Basic Sampling Techniques of
Probability Samples

➢Simple Random Sampling

➢ Systematic Random Sampling
➢ Stratified Random Sampling
➢ Cluster Sampling
➢ Multi-stage Sampling
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples

Simple Random Sampling

• Most basic method of drawing a
probability sample
• Assigns equal probabilities of
selection to each possible
sample
• Results to a simple random
sample
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples
Obtaining a Simple Random Sample
1. Assign a number to each item in the lot.
2. Consult the table of random numbers.
3. Preplan how to select a sequence of digits from the table so that no
bias enters into the selection process.
4. Select a random number in the preplanned pattern.
5. Arrange the random numbers consecutively in numerical order.
6. Select as samples those items in the lot corresponding to the random
numbers.
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples
Example of Random Numbers
10097 85017 84532 13618 23517 86952 02438 76520
37542 16719 82789 69041 05545 44109 05403 64894
08422 65842 27672 82186 14871 22115 86529 19645
99019 76875 20684 39187 38976 94324 43204 09376
12807 93640 39160 41453 97312 41548 93137 80517
66065 99478 70086 71265 11742 18226 29004 34072
31060 65119 26486 47353 43361 99436 42753 45571
85269 70322 21592 48233 93806 32584 21828 02051
63573 51833 41278 11697 49540 61777 67954 05325
73796 44655 81255 31133 36768 60452 74294 87517
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples

Systematic Random Sampling

• It is obtained by selecting every kth
individual from the population.

• The first individual selected

corresponds to a random number
between 1 to k.
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples
Obtaining a Systematic Random Sample
1. Decide on a method of assigning a unique serial number, from 1 to N, to
each one of the elements in the population.
𝑁 150
2. Compute for the sampling interval 𝑘= 𝑘=
50
=3
𝑛
3. Select a number, from 1 to k, using a randomization mechanism. The
element in the population assigned to this number is the first element of the
sample. The other elements of the sample are those assigned to the
numbers and so on until you get a sample of size.
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples

Stratified Random Sampling

• is obtained by separating the population
into non-overlapping groups called strata
and then obtaining a simple random
sample from each stratum.

• The individuals within each stratum should

be homogeneous (or similar) in some way.
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples
Example:
A sample of 50 students is to be drawn from a population consisting of 500 students
belonging to two institutions A and B. The number of students in the institution A is 200
and the institution B is 300. How will you draw the sample using proportional allocation?

A = (50/500) * 200 = 20

B = (50/500) * 300 = 30
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples
Cluster Sampling
• It is a way to randomly select
participants from a list that is too
large for simple random sampling.
• The clusters are constructed such
that the sampling units are
heterogeneous within the cluster
and homogeneous among the
clusters.
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples
Obtaining a Cluster Sampling
1. Divide the population into non-overlapping clusters.
2. Number the clusters in the population from 1 to N.
3. Select n distinct numbers from 1 to N using a randomization mechanism.
The selected clusters are the clusters associated with the selected
numbers.
4. The sample will consist of all the elements in the selected clusters.
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples

Multi-Stage Sampling
Selection of the sample is done in two
or more steps or stages, with
sampling units varying in each stage.
 Basic Sampling Techniques of Probability
Samples

Obtaining a Multi-Stage Sampling

1. Organize the sampling process into stages where the unit of analysis is
systematically grouped.
2. Select a sampling technique for each stage.
3. Systematically apply the sampling technique to each stage until the unit
of analysis has been selected
 Non-Probability Sample

• They should not be used for statistical inference.

• The result from the use of judgment sampling, accidental sampling,
purposively sampling, and the like.
• Samples are obtained haphazardly, selected purposively or are taken as
volunteers.
• The probabilities of selection are unknown.
 Basic Sampling Technique of Non-
Probability Sample
• Accidental Sampling
• Quota Sampling
• Convenience Sampling
• Purposive Sampling
• Judgement Sampling
 Sources of Error in Sampling

1. Non-sampling Error-are errors that result from the survey

process (human errors)
2. Sampling Error- is the error that results from using sampling
to estimate information regarding a population.
 Sources of Non-Sampling Error

1. Non-responses
2. Interviewer Error
3. Misrepresented Answers
4. Data entry errors
5. Questionnaire Design
6. Wording of Questions
7. Selection Bias