INTRODUCTION CYCLES

There was a time were most regions were economically For some, globalization is a long term cyclical process,
self-sufficient. Locally produced foods, fuels and raw thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task
materials were generally processed for local
Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the
consumption. Trade between different regions were
idea that other global ages have appeared
quite limited
EPOCH
Today, the economies of most countries are so
interconnected that they form part of a single, Ritzer (2015) cited Therborn’s (2000) six great epochs of
interdependent global economy. globalization. These are also called “waves” and each
has its own origin
Globalization is arguably the most important factor
currently shaping the world economy. Although it is not The difference between epoch and cycles is that it does
a new phenomenon (waves of globalization can be not treat epochs as returning
traced back to the 1800s) the changes it is bringing
about now occur far more rapidly, spread more widely 1.GlobalizationofReligion
and have a much greater business, economic and social 2.Europeancolonial conquests
impact than ever before.
3.Intra-European wars
Globalization
4.Heydayof European imperialism
- IT ENCOMPASSES A MULTITUDE OF PROCESSES
THAT INVOLVES THE ECONOMY, POLITICAL 5.Post-World War IIperiod
SYSTEMS, AND CULTURE 6.Post-Cold Warperiod
- IT HAS GAINED MANY CONNOTIONS
PERTAINING TO PROGRESS, DEVELOPMENT, EVENTS
AND INTEGRATION.
Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth
- OTHERS MAY SAW GLOBALIZATION AS A
view in explaining the origin of globalization
"POSITIVE PHENOMENON"
- ON THE OTHER HAND,SOME SEE IT AS CYCLES
OCCURING THROUGH AND WITH REGRESSION,
Scholars today point to these three notable changes as
COLONIALISM AND DESTABILZATION.
the origin of globalization that we know today
Characteristics of Globalization
1.The emergence of the United States as the global
- MOBILITY power (post-World War II)
- FREETRADE
2.The emergence of multinational corporations(MNCs)
- CONNECTIVITY
- BORDERLESS WORLD 3.Thedemiseof the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold
- CULTURAL DIVERSITY War
- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Metaphors of Globalization
Origins & History of Globalization
SOLIDITY
HARDWIRED
refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the
According to Nayan Chanda, globalization was made movement of things.
possible because of our basic human need to make our
It can be:
lives better.
(1) Natural – e.g. Landforms and bodies of water
Therefore, we can trace that globalization started when
our ancestors in Africa started to walk away to find (2) Man-made. – e.g. great wall of china and nine-dash
better food, shelter, etc. line
LIQUIDITY
Refers to the increasing ease of movement of people,
things, information, and places in the contemporary
World.
Flows
Flows are the movement of people, things, places, and
information brought by the growing “porosity” of global
limitations(Ritzer, 2015)
HEAVY
It is characterized by that which is difficult to move.
Because of their heaviness, workers tended to stay put
and what they produced could be moved only with
great effort and at great expense
LIGHT
Goods and people that are easier or lighter to move
because of advances especially in technology
EIGHT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
- Having a global partnership for development.
- Improving maternal health
- Combating diseases like HIV/AIDS and malaria
- Ensuring environmental sustainability
POVERTY
A condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic
human needs including food, safe drinking water,
sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and
information.
People living in an absolute poverty makes less than
$1.25 a day.
A person is officially living in poverty if he makes less
than 100,536 pesos a year, around 275 pesos a day. In
USA 12,140 USD
- The UN reported that 836 million people still
live in extreme poverty but that is down from
1.9 billion, so there’s success or at least a lot of
progress.
- The World Bank predicted that by 2030 the
number of people living in extreme poverty
could drop to less than 400 million.
- However, climate change has to be considered
since it is a threat to these improvements in
global poverty
How does poverty relate to global economy?
The grates contribution why extreme poverty is falling,
it is because of Economic Globalization
The world’s economies have become more
interconnected and free trade has driven the growth of
many developing economies
ECONOMY
The process or system by which goods and services are
produced, sold, and bought in a country or region.
The system of production, distribution, and
consumption
GLOBAL ECONOMY
It refers to the increasing interdependence of world
economies as result of the growing scale of cross border
trade of commodities and services, flow of international
capital, and wide and rapid spread of technologies
it is a world-wide economic activity between various
countries that are considered intertwined and thus can
affect other countries negatively or positively.
TWO TYPES OF ECONOMIES (ASSOCIATED WITH
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION)
PROTECTIONISM
A policy of systematic government intervention in
foreign trade with the objective of encouraging
domestic production.
This encouragement involves giving preferential
treatment to domestic producers and discriminating
against foreign competitors.
Trade protectionism comes in forms of tariffs and
quotas
It occurred during the mercantilist era (15th to 16th
century) until the early years of Industrial Revolution
the peak of protectionism was during the Great
Depression of 1929
Countries being accused of practicing protectionism:
• Japan • China • United States of America
TRADE LIBERALIZATION
It is the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers
on the free exchange of goods between nations.
The World War II heavily LIBERALIZATION influenced
the shifting of dominant economic policy from
protectionism to trade liberalization or free trade.
Technological advances in transportation and
communication means goods and services move
around the world more easily than ever
There are several ways LIBERALIZATION the country can
make trade easier. One of them is Fair Trade
It is the concern for the social, economic, and
environmental well-being of marginalized small
producers.
FAIR TRADE
as defined the International Fair Trade Association, is
the concern for social, economic and environmental
well-being of marginalized small producers
It is concerned with:
▪ Protection of workers
▪ Establishment of more just prices
▪ Engagement in sustainable production
▪ Creation of relationships between producers and
consumers
▪ Promotion of safe working environment
WHAT IS ECONOMIC GROWTH?
an increase in the amount of goods and services
produced per head of the population over a period of
time
To be most accurate, the measurement must remove
the effects of inflation.
HOW TO MEASURE ECONOMIC GROWTH
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the best way to
measure economic growth. It takes into account the
country's entire economic output.
It includes all goods and services that businesses in the
country produce for sale. It doesn't matter whether
they are sold domestically or overseas.
COMPUTING GDP:
GDP = private consumption + gross investment +
government investment + government spending +
(exports – imports)
In our country, economic growth is projected to gain
further traction, rising from 6.7 per cent in 2017 to 6.9
per cent in 2018 and 2019.
We are considered “developing country” by the United
Nations with a low middle income.
PHILIPPINES’ IMPACT OF GLOBAL ECONOMY
After mine shutdowns in the Philippines due to
environmental concerns had driven the nickel price up
to $11,010 per ton on December 2016, the nickel price
receded to $8,928 per ton in June 2017
The price of nickel increased thereafter to $10,849 in
August 2017 amidst strong demand and uncertainty
about supply conditions in major exporters, namely the
Philippines and Indonesia
In terms of fiscal policy, the Philippines announced a
range of fiscal and pro-growth measures, including
accelerating infrastructure investment, improving
access to finance for small and medium enterprises, and
enhancing corporate tax incentives
In Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, adjustments
to energy or transportation subsidies during the year
exerted some upward pressure on overall prices.
However, the effect of these one-off factors on headline
inflation rates is expected to dissipate going forward.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, POVERTY, AND
INEQUALITY
Economic and trade globalization is the result of
companies trying to outmaneuver their competitors
Companies search for the cheapest place to make their
products, resulting in labor intensive products produced
in countries with the lowest wages and weakest
regulations
It’s a win-lose situation
Opponents of economic globalization called the
outsourcing of jobs as exploitation and oppression,
since the workers are exposed to safety hazards with no
regulations leading to mistreatment of workers.
The rich become richer and the poor become poorer.
Thus, the economic stratification between rich and poor
countries widens.
STRATIFICATION
refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of
people in a hierarchy
It is perfectly clear that some groups have greater
status, power, and wealth than other groups. These
differences are what led to social stratification
“The 1 to 2 billion poorest in the world who don’t have
food for the day suffer from the worst disease,
globalization deficiency. The way globalization is
occurring could be much better, but the worst thing is
not being part of it.”
 Hans Rosling
Multiplier effect
an increase in one economic activity can lead to an
increase in other economic activities
Economic globalization has helped millions of people
get out of extreme poverty, but the challenge of the
future is to lift up the poor while at the same time keep
the planet liveable.
MICROCREDIT
In 2006, a Bangladeshi professor named Muhammad
Yunus won the Nobel Peace Prize for implementing a
simple idea;
He gave small loans, on average around $100, to low
income people in rural areas.
People on those areas often used the money to fund
plans that could raise their income.
THEORIES OF STRATIFICATION
MODERNIZATION THEORY
This theory frames global stratification as a function of
technological and cultural differences between nations.
This theory rests on the idea that affluence could be
attained by anyone.
It pinpoints two historical events that contributed to
Western Europe: COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AND
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
• refers to the spread of goods, tech, education, and
diseases between the Americas and Europe after
Christopher Columbus’s so called discovery of the
Americas.
• It worked out well for the European countries, they
gained agricultural staples which contributed to
population growth.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• This is when new technologies, like steam power and
mechanization, allowed countries to replace human
labor with machines and increase productivity
• It was very productive that it did not just benefit
Western Countries but, it improved the standards of
living for everyone.
BUT WHY DID THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION NOT
TAKE HOLD ANYWHERE?
The theory argues that the tension between tradition • Many of these countries put social support systems in
and technological change is the biggest barrier to place to ensure that all of their citizens have access to
growth. basic necessities

WHY DID EUROPE MODERNIZE?

The Protestant Reformation primed Europe to take on

progress-oriented way of life in which financial success
was a sign of personal virtue.

WALT ROSTOW’S STAGES OF MODERNIZATION

According to Walt Rostow, modernization in the West

took place, as it always tends to, in 5 stages:

1. Traditional Stage

2. Preconditions for Take-Off Stage

3. Take-Off Stage

4. Technological Maturity Stage DEPENDENCY THEORY AND THE LATIN AMERICAN

5. High Mass Consumption Stage
TRADITIONAL
• refers to societies that are structured around small,
local communities with production being done in family
settings, most of their time is spent on laboring, which
creates strict social hierarchy
Ex. What your parents do is what your parents did, and
what you will do when you grow up too
TAKE-OFF
• People begin to use their individual talents to produce
things beyond the necessities.
• This creates new markets for trade
• Greater individualism takes hold and social status is
more closely linked with material wealth
TECHNOLOGICAL MATURITY
• Technological growth of earlier periods begins to bear
fruit in the form of population growth, reduction in
poverty levels, and more diverse job opportunities.
•Nations in these phase typically begin to push for
social change along with economic change.
EXPERIENCE
This theory was the product of the Latin American
experience.
“Dependency” is the condition in which the
development of the nation-states of the South
contributed to a decline in their independence and to
an increase in economic development of the countries
of the North (Cardoso and Felato, 1979).
This theory argues that liberal trade causes greater
impoverishment, not economic improvement, to less
developed countries.
WHY THERE ARE MANY COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD NOT
DEVELOPING?
These countries are not pursuing the right economic
policies or their governments are authoritarian and
corrupt
Dependency theory focuses on how poor countries
have been wronged by richer nations.
“In a world with finite resources, we cannot understand
why rich nations are rich without realizing that those
riches came at the expense of another country being
poor.”

HIGH MASS CONSUMPTION DEPENDENCY THEORY

• It is when a country is big enough that production The terms core nations and peripheral nations are at
becomes more about wants than needs. the heart of the dependency theory.
Core nations – more industrialized nations, received ways; Poor nations tend to have few resources to
much of the world’s wealth. export to rich countries

Semi-peripheral nations- middle income nations, closer
ties to the global economic core
Peripheral nations – less developed and receive
unequal distributions
two main sub-theories are the:
North American Neo-Marxist Approach
However, corporations can by these materials cheaply
and then process them and sell them to richer nations.
As a result, profits tend to bypass poor countries which
it leads to, unequal trade patterns.
In sum, under the dependency theory, the problem is
not that there is lack of global wealth; it is that we do
not distribute it well

According to Andre Gunder Frank (1969);

• Less developed countries would develop by following
the path taken by the developed countries.
• He rejected the idea that internal sources cause a
country’s underdevelopment, and that it is their
dependency to capitalist system that causes lack of
development
Latin American Structuralist Approach
According to Palma ;
The growth of the world economy and expansion of
world trade have coincided with rising the standards of
living worldwide, with even the poorest nations almost
tripling in the last century
With the increased trade between countries, trade
agreements such as the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) have become a major point of
debate, pitting the benefits of free trade against the
cost of jobs within a country’s borders

• The reason for Latin America’s underdevelopment
was the excessive reliance of primary commodities,
which were the object of fluctuating prices in the short
term and a downward trend in relative value in the long
haul .
• By learning economic globalization, an individual will
be able to know about the issues and debates about it.
An individual can able to think critically about solutions
to the various problems brought by globalization.

Dependency is not a general theory of

underdevelopment, but rather a methodology for the
analysis of concrete situations of dependency. -Cardoso
& Faletto, 1979

• In other terms the term dependency was used to

underscore the extent to which the economic and
whose center of gravity was located in the developed
nations.

• It also held that dependency was perpetuated by the

ensemble of ties among groups and classes both
between nations . This is the concept of linkage.

MODERN WORLD SYSTEMS

This history of colonialism inspired American sociologist

Immanuel Wallerstein the model of what he called the
capitalist world economy.

In Wallerstein’s model ,the periphery remains

economically dependent on the core in a number of

MARKET INTEGRATION
• The social institution that has one of the biggest
impacts on society is the economy.
• The economy is composed of people. It is the social
institution that organizes all productions, consumption,
and trade of goods in the society
These economic systems – and the economic
revolutions that created them – shape the way people
live their lives.
Economic systems vary from one society to another. But
in any given economy, production typically splits into
three sectors:
PRIMARY SECTOR
• extracts raw materials from natural environments.
SECONDARY SECTOR
• gains raw materials and transforms them into
manufactured goods.
TERTIARY SECTOR
• involves services rather than goods.
Thus, economic system is more complicated or at least
more sophisticated than the way things used to be for
much of human history.
WHAT IS MARKET INTEGRATION?
• The extent to which markets make goods available
and keep prices stable depends on whether markets are
integrated with each other.
• A situation in which separate markets for the same
product become one single market.
In simpler manner, it is an indicator that explains how
much different markets are related to each other.
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
World economies have been brought closer together by
globalization. The strength of a more powerful economy
brings greater effect on other countries. In the same
manner, crises on weaker economy have less effect on
other countries.
Although countries are heavily affected by the gains and
crises in the world economy, the organizations that they
consist also contribute to these events.
1. The Bretton Woods System
2. The General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade (GATT)
and The World Trade Organization (WTO)
3. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and The
World Bank
4. OECD, OPEC, and EU
5. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM
•Bretton woods system of monetary management
established the rules for commercial and financial
relations among its members.
•It was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary
order intended to govern monetary relations among
independent states.
The Bretton Woods System was established because of
the fear of recurrence of lack of cooperation among
nations, political instability, and economic turmoil.
Reduction of barriers to trade and free flow of money
among nations became the focus to restructure the
world economy and ensure global financial stability.
In general, the Bretton Woods System has five key
elements:
Is the expression of currency in terms of gold or gold
value to establish a par value.
The official monetary authority in each country (a
central bank) would have to agree to exchange its own
currency for those of other countries at the established
exchange rates, plus or minus a one percent margin.
The establishment of an overseer for these exchange
rates thus the international monetary fund was
founded.
Eliminating restrictions on the currencies of member
states in the international trade.
The US dollar became the global currency.
GATT
• This is one of the systems born out of Bretton Woods
is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
• Established in 1947, currently having 23 member
countries.
• It focused on trade goods through multinational trade
agreements conducted in many “rounds” of
negotiation.
However, it was out of the Uruguay Round (1986-1993)
that an agreement was reached to create the World
Trade Organization (WTO).
WTO
• It was established in 1995, and as of 2005, it has 152
member states. Its headquarters is located at Geneva,
Switzerland.
• It is an independent multilateral organization that
became responsible for trade in services, non-tariff-
related barriers to trade, and other broader areas of
trade liberalization.
However, there are significant criticism to WTO.
1. trade barriers created by developed countries cannot
be countered enough by them.
2. The decision-making processes were heavily
influenced by larger trading powers, in so-called Green
Room, while excluding smaller powers in meetings.
3. International Non-Government Organizations (INGOs)
are not involved, leading to the staging of regular
protests and demonstrations against the WTO.
IMF and WB
• Both the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
World Bank (WB) were founded after the World War II
mainly because of peace advocacy.
• These institutions aimed to help the economic
stability of the world.
• Both of them are basically banks, but instead of being
started by individuals like regular banks, they started by
organizations.
•They were designed to complement each other.
IMF
• Its goal was to help countries which were in trouble at
that time and who could not obtain money by any
means.
• IMF served as a lender or a last resort for countries
which needed financial assistance.
WB
• Its goals had more long-term approach which revolved
around the eradication of poverty and it funded specific
goals and it funded specific projects that helped them
reach their goals.
Unfortunately, the reputation of these institutions has
been dwindling, mainly due to practices such as lending
the corrupt governments or even dictators and
imposing ineffective austerity measures to get their
money back.
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development
•It has 35 member states as of 2016.
•This emanates from the member countries’ resources
and economic power
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
•It has 14 member countries
•This organization was formed because member
countries wanted to increase the price of oil, which in
the past had relatively low price and had failed in
keeping up with inflation
EU European Union
•It is made up with 28 member states.
•Most members in the Eurozone adopted the euro as
basic currency
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
A trade pact between the United States, Mexico, and
Canada which helps in developing and expanding world
trade by broadening international cooperation.
It aims to increase corporation for improving working
conditions in North America by reducing barriers to
trade as it expands the markets of the three countries
It lowered prices by removing tariffs, opened up new
opportunities for small and medium sized business to
establish a name for itself, quadrupled trade between
the three countries, and created five million US jobs.
Some of the negative effects, however, include
excessive pollution, loss of more than 682,000
manufacturing jobs, exploitation of workers in Mexico,
and moving Mexican farmers out of business.
HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET INTEGRATION
1. Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution
2. Capitalism and Socialism
3. The Information Revolution
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
• It was the first big economic change.
• When people learned how to domesticate plants and
animals, they realized that it was much more productive
than hunter gatherer societies
Farming helped societies build surpluses, meaning, not
everyone had to spend their time producing food. Thus,
it led to major developments.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• It was the second major economic revolution in
1800s.
• With the rise of industry came new economic tools,
factories popped up and change how work functioned
Instead of working at home, people began working as
wage laborers and then becoming more specialized in
their skills. Thus productivity went up, standards of
living rose, and people had access to wider variety of
goods due to mass production.
HOWEVER, every economic revolution comes with
economic casualties.
• The workers in factories worked in dangerous
conditions for low wages.
• More productivity came greater wealth, but also
greater economic inequality.
• Because of it, in the late 19th century, labor unions
began to form that sought to improve wages and
working conditions.
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
• Ours is the time of the information revolution.
• Computers and other technologies are beginning to
replace many jobs because of automation or
outsourcing jobs offshore.
• Development of technologies in the second half of
20th century.
• Technologies has reduced the use of human labor and
shifted from a manufacturing-based economy to one
that is based on service work and the production of
ideas rather than goods.
CAPITALISM and SOCIALISM
There were two competing economic models that
sprung around the time of Industrial Revolution, as
economic capital became more and more important to
the production of goods – the capitalism and socialism.
CAPITALISM
• A system in which all natural resources and means of
production are privately owned.
• It emphasizes profit maximization and competition as
the main drivers of efficiency
• The idea that if one leaves a capitalist economy alone,
consumers will regulate things themselves by selecting
goods and services that provide the best value. This is
what Adam Smith called as the “invisible hands”.
• In practice, an economy does not work well if it is left
completely on autopilot. It would lead to market failure
such as monopoly.
• Market failures are the reasons most countries are
not purely capitalist societies.
SOCIALISM
• Government plays an even larger role in socialism.
• The means of production are under collective
ownership – property is owned by the government and
allocated to all citizens, not only those with the money
to afford it.
To Karl Marx, socialism is a stepping stone to
communism
MULTINATIONAL CORPORTATIONS
• The increase in international trade has both created
and been supported by international regulatory groups,
like WTO, and transnational trade agreements, like
NAFTA.

• The international trade agreements often benefit

private industries the most.

• Companies can produce their goods and services

across many different countries.

• It is also referred as Global corporations

• It is a company that operates in its home country, as

well as in other countries around the world.

• It maintains a central office located in one country, State

which coordinates the management of all other offices
such as administrative branches or factories. • It a political unit that has authority over its own
affairs. In other words, its borders are recognized by
CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTINATIONAL other countries.
CORPORATIONS
• It views as the institution that created warfare and
• Very high assets and turnover sets economic policies for a country.
• Network branches  State may refer to the Philippine government, the
• Control Philippine Territory, and its internal and external
sovereignty.
• Continued growth
Treaty of Westphalia of 1648
• Sophisticated technology
established the notion of the nation-state and the idea
• Right skills of sovereignty
• Forceful marketing and advertising •With globalization, some scholars suggest a decrease
in the power of the state and that other “actors” are
• Good quality of products
actually becoming powerful.
REASONS FOR BEING A MULTINATIONAL
Is the idea of the nation-state outdated in the
CORPORATIONS
contemporary world? If so, what is it we need to think
• Access to lower production costs about as “replacements”?

• Proximity to target international markets NATION AND STATE

• Avoidance of tariffs • The state is a distinctive political community with its

own set of rules and practices and that is more or less
separate from other communities.

It has four elements:

 People  Territory  Government  Sovereignty

PERMANENT POPULATION

- A group of people who live in a place

It is strengthen by territory
TERRITORY He saw greater demands being placed on the state
because of four major sources of collective insecurity:
• An area of land and body of water that belongs to or is
controlled by a government Terrorism

It is effectively controlled by the government Economic Globalization

GOVERNMENT Threats to National Identity

The government regulates relations among its own Spread of Global Disease
people and with other states.
Further, the state does not only respond to these
It is formally constituted with sovereignty threats, but may also exaggerate or create dangers,
thereby making its citizens more insecure.
SOVEREIGNTY
Global processes of various kinds are not as powerful as
a country’s independent authority and the right to
many believe.
govern itself.
“To see globalization as a threat to, a constraint on, the
nation-state; it can also be an opportunity for the
Nation nation-state”

refers to people rather than any kind of formal INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL
territorial boundaries or institutions. RELATIONS

• It is a collective identity grounded on a notion of •Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: the UN and
shared history and culture. NATO

•Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

• Nation may refer to our shared collective notion of •Global Economic Associations: the WTO and NAFTA
democracy, our history, and our collective identity.
UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO)
• In other words, state is a political concept, while a
• It was coined by former US President Franklin D.
nation is a cultural aspect. •States, through its
Roosevelt in 1942.
formalized institutions, more ore less reflect nations.
• Founded on October 24, 1945 with 50 representatives
nation-state
• As of 2011, there are 193 members
It is a territory bounded sovereign institution that
governs individuals sharing a collective history, identity, • Its headquarters is located in New York City, New
and culture. York, USA

• Its current Secretary-general is Antonio Guterres

THE RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AMID GLOBALIZATION CENTRAL MISSION:

Variety of Arguments are made including that Nation- “Maintain international peace and security.”
Sates continue to be the Major Players on the Global
•According to the UN (2011),
Stage.
Peace and security are maintained “by working to
“Retain at least some power in the pace of
prevent conflict; helping parties in conflict make peace;
globalization” (Gilpin, 2001)
peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow
Beland (2008) argued that “the role of the state is peace to hold and flourish.”
enduring - and even increasing in advanced industrial
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
societies.”
 It is the gathering of all of the representatives of UN.
 It is held in a auditorium where speeches are given.
 They provide form for member states to express their
views and reach consensus.  Representatives from
different member states can vote on issues.
GENERAL FUNCTIONS:
Military Issues
Economic Issues
Human Protection
Environmental Issues
OTHER PROGRAMS OF UN
UNICEF
 United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund
 Its primary goal is to help children around the world
where they collect funds to distribute emergency relief
from famine, poverty and diseases.
 They operate semi-independently and rely on
fundraising
The Sustainable Development Goals
 It covers a range of concerns for the improvement of
all aspects of life.
 It is the UN’s post-2015 has an agenda that
showcases the vision of the organization when it comes
to broader issues such as climate change, disaster risk
reduction and gender equality
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
 It addresses environmental issues such as pollution
and hazardous waste.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
 It took efforts that mitigate climate change like
assessment of climate science, facilitation of climate
agreements, and giving assistance to countries to
reduce emissions.
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
 It is located in Netherlands
 This is where countries can settle disputes in a court
of law and where war criminals and rulers who have
done terrible things to people can be put to trial for
their crimes.
 Variety of international courts and tribunals created
by UN such as International Criminal Court (ICC) and
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS
- There are variety of UN-Sponsored human
rights treaties and agreements have been done
for human protection.
- Other mechanisms include:
-  OHCHR – Office of the UN High Commissioner
for Human Rights
-  UNDG-HRM – UN Development Group’s
Human Rights Mainstreaming Mechanism
-  The Special Advisers on the Preventions of
Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect.
- There are also a legal instruments that help the
organization like the International Bill of Human
Rights which consist of three legal documents:
1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2. The International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights
3. The International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights.
- UN created the Security Council – a group of
countries decides what to do when two or more
countries are waging war or are on the verge of
fighting
- There are 15 countries who are members of the
UN Security Council
Permanent members or the BIG FIVE
USA BRITAIN RUSSIA CHINA FRANCE
Other 10 additional countries for two-year
terms, as of 2019
Ivory Coast
Equatorial guinea
Kuwait
Peru
Poland
Dominican republic
Germany
Belgium
Indonesia
South Africa
The UN is being criticized as being weak and is
unable to stop wars.
This gave rise to the institution that plays a big
role in foreign affairs – NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO is a defensive treaty or military alliance
between the US, Canada and 25 European
countries.
• Founded on April 4, 1949 in Washington, D.C.,
USA
• Its headquarters is located at Brussels,
Belgium.
• The current SecretaryGeneral is Jen
Stoltenberg
This treaty and international organization is based on
the idea of collective security.
The main purpose of this formal alliance was to defend
each other from the possibility of communist Soviet
Union taking control of their Nation.
The countries in this organization basically agreed to
combine their militaries and announce to the world that
if a country messes with one of its members, the other
countries will come to their defense.
NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
•These are organizations that are not tied to any
country which allows them to operate freely
throughout the world.
•They provide emergency relief such as food, water,
and medical supplies for those homes have been
destroyed by disaster or war.
• NGOs are neutral during wars.
Examples of NGOs are:
Red Cross is an organization that help those who are
wounded during wars.
Doctors without Borders provides free emergency
healthcare in disaster areas.
Oxfam fights famine and diseases
Amnesty international speaks out human rights and
political prisoners
Save the Children Fund helps kids gets health care and
education
• Globalization – increase or decline in the degree of
globalism.
• Globalism – refers to the network of connections that
transcends distances of different countries in the world.
In other words, the links among countries and people
are better associated with globalism while the speed in
which they become linked with one another is
globalization.
• We can also differentiate globalism and globalization
in terms of its “thickness”. Globalism is thin, as it
becomes thicker, globalization happens.
This means that being able to connect countries in the
world through a more dynamic and faster way is
globalization
INFORMATIONALISM
•This technological paradigm, associated with
computer, science and modern telecommunication,
that replaces industrialism is called informationalism.
• It is defined as the exchange of information and
knowledge that become the central in the
contemporary world.
• The growth of information as the binding force among
people, things, and places around the globe
•This is due to the 3 of the most cutting-edge aspects of
the social world in general and globalization in
particular, technology, media and internet.
•This is due to the 3 of the most cutting-edge aspects of
the social world in general and globalization in
particular, technology, media and internet
MEDIA
• McLuhan and Flore (2006) argued that the New Media
Age, the importance lies in the medium, the way in
which the message is transmitted, not necessarily in the
content presented through the medium
• Guy De Bord (1994), French Social theorist, emphasize
in his media spectacle the sophistication and ubiquity of
spectacular visual in televisions
INTERNET
• Online social networking, spam, and computer
viruses, it is the internet that binds them all.
• The internet is a work of the contemporary world
according to Ritzer (2015).

• Internet has prompted a flat world basis, anyone can

be included in it, at least theoretically

While globalization allowed the expansion of

information, access to modern technologies is not a
universal matter that is available to every person
around the world.

•Technologies are limited by certain barriers. These

barriers include lack of electricity, illiteracy, weak
financial systems and government regulations