GLOBALIZATION
CHAPTER 1
“It is the intensification of worldwide
social relations which link distant
localities in such a way that local
happenings are shaped by events
occurring many miles away and vice-
Discuss the periodization of globalization
versa" (Giddens)
as a process during these periods:
GLOBALIZATION
 the process by which businesses or
other organizations develop
international influence or start
operating on an international scale
fears about the increasing
globalization of the world economy"
 describe the growing interdependence
of the world's economies, cultures,
and populations, brought about by
cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of
investment, people, and information.
 The interconnectedness of human
beings, technology. seems to be the
common understanding of
globalization. ⁃ Globalization refers
to both the compression of the world
and the intensification of
consciousness of the world as a
whole (Robertson, 1992:8)
 Harvey (1989) introduced
globalization as the compression of
time and space and the annihilation of
distance.
 It is a process of interaction and
integration among the people,
companies, and governments of
different nations. a process driven by
international trade and investment
and aided information technology.
(Sunny Levin Institute)
1. 1970 formation of global value
chains and accelerated
communication.
2. 1980-2000 neoliberal globalization
- the point of interest is
modernity.
If globalization is viewed as a process,
which denotes happening over a stretch
of time, we can trace its beginning?
WHEN DID GLOBALIZATION
START?
 Many scholars say it started with
Columbus's voyage to the New
World in 1492.
 People traveled to the nearby and
faraway places before Columbus's
voyage, however exchanging their
ideas, products, and customs along
the way.
 "First globalization" is a phrase
used by economists to describe the
world's first major period of
globalization of trade and finance
which took place between 1870 and
1914.
 The "second globalization" began
in 1944 and ended in 1971This led
to the third era of globalization,
which began in 1989 and continues
today

WHEN DID GLOBALIZATION
BEGIN IN THE PHILIPPINES?
• By 1610, a hybrid system of early
modern power had unified hundreds of
these villages into a blended network of
colonial authority.
This transformative process marked both
the beginnings of the modern Philippine
nation and also the completion of the
birth of globalization
DIFFERENT QUALITIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. GLOBALIZATION IS NOT A NEW
WESTERN CONCEPT
When ancient Indian scriptures
mentioned" Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam",
they had already viewed the world as a
small global village of linked families
When our grandmother started
her stories with "saat samundar paar", she
also meant that we are not alone in this
Universe, and the world is cohabited by
others too at far off places.
2. IT IS BASICALLY A "MINDSET"
Usually, Globalization is seen as
another economic theory to enhance
business and trade.
It must be understood that
Globalization is basically a mindset that
is ready to encapsulate the whole universe
into its scheme of things; a mindset that is
broader & open to receive all ideas; that
takes the whole globe as an area of
operation
3. AN OPPORTUNITY
It is often feared that the
implementation of Globalization will
open up our domestic economy for
foreign competition, thereby endangering
economic progress and survival of local
firms.
While it does open our markets for
entry of multinationals, it also opens all
other markets in the whole world for our
products and services too
4. IT MEANS "INTERDEPENDENCE"
We have all grown reading history
wherein either a country is independent or
a slave of another country.
With the advent of Globalization, it
has been understood that no country can
be said to be totally independent, not
needing anything from any other country.
Hence, a culture of interdependence
has been established between nations
5. "CARING AND SHARING"
The world today is more united and
concerned about common problems being
faced by the people-be it global warming,
terrorism, or malnutrition etc. natural
disasters faced or atrocities encountered
at any part of the world attract immediate
attention all over.
6. IT PUTS TECHNOLOGY IN
SERVICE OF MANKIND
The world today is more united and
concerned about common problems being
faced by the people-be it global warming,
terrorism, or malnutrition etc. natural
disasters faced or atrocities encountered
at any part of the world attract immediate
attention all over.
7. INEVITABLE & IRREVERSIBLE
 There have been attempts by
fundamental forces all over the world to
oppose and stop the process of
Globalization over past quarter century.
Despite differences in political
ideologies, the ruling parties have gone
ahead with implementation of
Globalization policies.
It is rightly said, " You cannot stop
the advent of an idea whose time has
come". Globalization is one such idea.
With global level opportunities
available to all the countries, the field is
wide open for the excellent companies,
products and people from any remote part
of the world to showcase their excellence
and win over markets and contracts.
There is pressure on everyone to
continuously improve to meet the raised
bar of expectations.

8. HAS LINKED POLITICS WITH

ECONOMICS
Political ideologies and relations
between nations have determined the fate
of the people over centuries; with
economics being subservient to politics.
However, in the new era, it is the
CONCLUSIONS
economics, employment generation and
public welfare that undermine the need  It is amply clear that, if taken in the
and strength of relations between nations. right spirit the concept and practices
of Globalization will help us in
9. IT RAISED STANDARDS OF
improving our lives and productivity
LIVING
 We can still keep our nation back by
With consumers having more choice harping upon the outdated ideologies
to pick quality items at right price, and that have become obsolete even in the
with no boundary restrictions on flow of regions where invented
goods and services, the markets have  Or we can equip ourselves to take
turned from 'Sellers Market' to 'Buyers maximum advantage of opportunities
Market. thrown open by Globalization and
help our country realize its true
This has helped in raising the
potential. The choice is ours.
standard of living for vast populations
across the world.
It has also raised aspirations among
billions of people to upgrade their
lifestyles.
10. IT DEMANDS AND RESPECT
EXCELLENCE
 THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
CHAPTER 2
Trade is the oldest and most important
economic nexus among nations. Indeed,
trade along with war has been central to
the evolution of international relations. -
Robert Gilpin
GLOBAL ECONOMY
Refers to the interconnected
worldwide economic activities that take
place between multiple countries. These
economic activities can have either a
positive or negative impact on the
countries involved.
WHY GLOBAL ECONOMY IS
IMPORTANT?
The global economy is innately
tied to trade; It allows countries around
the world to obtain any resource they may
want, whether or not it is produced on the
home front. This availability of resources
is facilitated through trade.
PURPOSE OF ECONOMY IN
GLOBALIZATION
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
Is the outcome of the
development of the world economy, and
economic globalization accelerates
economic development, expands the
market horizon and increases
productivity.
Can be understood as a process of
absorbing national economies into an
interlinked and interdependent global
market economy.
 The Bretton Woods institutions
created by the victors of the World
Bank and the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade. This institutions
were created to aid the recovery of
war-torn countries and to foster
economic cooperation among states.
 The international economic system
has been anchored in the neoliberal
paradigm since the 1980s.
 It involves reducing the government
regulation in order to extend the role
of the private sector in the market and
the society.
 Global justice movement have sought
to expose the inadequacies of the
system in addressing the needs of the
 developing world and its frailties and
vulnerability to financial crisis.
3 KEY DIMENSIONS OF
NEOLIBERAL ECONOMIC
DIMENSION
1. PRIVATIZATION
-
The transfer of business, industry,
or service from public to private
ownership and control.
2. LIBERALIZATION
3. DEREGULATION
Example of Economic Globalization The
focus is on the integration of international
financial markets and the coordination of
financial exchange.
Free Trade agreements, such the North-
American Free Trade Agreement and the
Trans-Pacific Partnership are examples of
economic globalization.
GLOBALIZATION INVOLVES:
 The broadening and deepening of
interdependence among people and
states.
 It leads to an extension of
geographic linkages, encompassing
societies and states and deepens
interaction among them such as that
policies and events of one states also
affect distant ones.
Process making the world economy an
"organic system" - by extending
transnational economic processes and
economic interdependence among them.
(Benczer, 2014)
Non-state actors plays an important
role in the international economic
processes such as:
 International organization
 Non-government organization
 Multi-national or transnational
corporations
The actors that facilitate economic
globalization and the modern global
economic system it has built today.
THE POST-WORLD WAR II
ECONOMIC SYSTEM
Bretton Woods Conference July
1944 United States National monetary
and Financial Conference marked the
birth of new international economic
framework.
44 delegates from other countries
convened in the creation of 2
international economic organization.
1. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
2. World Bank
- for reconstruction and development
In 1947, Albeit created third
entity, the General Agreement on Tariff
and Trade (GATT).
The post war institutional
framework was created to address the
problems that occurred during the
interwar period, trade protectionism and
exchange controls, which led to the
Great Depression and the world War 11
(Cohn, 2011) The Bretton Woods
institutions were known as the keystone
international economic organizations
(KIEOs)
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
FUND (IMF) PURPOSE
 To promote global monetary
cooperation and international
financial stability.
 Created in 1945 and was
designed to monitor the system of
pegged or fixed exchange rates
 The official exchange rate of
currencies were related to gold
and US dollar.
  It was designed to prevent the
trade wars that occurred during
the interwar period to competitive
devaluations of states of their
currencies (Cohn, 2011).
higher quality products, increased
competition, economies of scale,
increased capital flows, increased
labor mobility and improved
international relations.

SUMMARY
 In general globalization decreases the
cost of manufacturing. This means
that companies can offer goods at a
lower price to consumers. The
average cost of goods is a key aspect
that contributes to increases in the
standard of living. Consumers also
have access to a wider variety of
good.

 Benefits of globalization for the

economy includes: increased choice,

THE GLOBAL
INTERSTATE AND
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
CHAPTER 3
"No nation can make itself. secure by
seeking supremacy over all others. We
shall share responsibility for each other's
security, and only by working to make
each other secure can we hope to achieve
lasting security for ourselves". -Kofi
Annan
The global system is anarchic,
and this necessitates global governance to
maintain international peace and security.
ANARCHY
- is a state of disorder due to absence
or non recognition of authority.
- the absence of government and
absolute freedom of the individual,
regarded as a political ideal.
- a society without a government.
HOW DO WE GOVERN IN THE
ABSENCE OF COSMOPOLITAN
STATE?
Global governance is defined as
the formal and informal arrangements a
degree of order and collective action
above the state in the absence of a global
government that involve coordination
among state and non-state actors (Young
1999)
 Governance in an anarchic setting
has been challenge by the self-interest of
major states and has exposed the
limitations.
UNITED NATIONS
 The primary organization for
international cooperation, peace,
and security.
 It is the only international
organization that can authorize the
use of force against an aggressor.
 Its primary concern is collective
military security (UN Charter
through the facilitation of peaceful
settlement of disputes among
member-states or by (commanding
allegiance of the entire UN
membership; sanctions)
 Primary objective is to ensure
peace and order The UN as an
organization can be a conflict actor
in itself or an instrument for action
driven by the interest of particular
states.
"UN is a membership-direct
organization and the members are
states"
SIX (6) UNITED NATIONS
CHARTER ESTABLISHED IN
1945.
1. Economic and Social Councils
ECOSOC
2. Trusteeship Council
3. International Court of Justice
4. General Assembly
5. Security Council
6. Secretariat (Article VII Chapter
II)
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
CONCERNS (ECOSOC)
 Primary objective is to advance the
economic social and environmental
dimensions of sustainable
development
 It serves as a gateway of the UN's
partnership with the rest of the
world for the coordination policy
review dialogue, recommendations,
and the implementation of
international development goals
 This organ is composed of 54
elected members by the General
Assembly for overlapping three-
years terms (Chapter X).
(IMF/WTO are affiliated with the
UN)
TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
 was established as a main organ of
the UN to provide international
supervision of Trust Territories that
are under the administration of
seven member-states, to ensure that
adequate steps are being made to
prepare the peoples of Trust
Territories for self- governance
 All Trust Territories achieve
independence in 1994.
 The council's operation was
suspended and will meet whenever
necessitates it
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF
JUSTICE
 The United Nation's principal
judicial organ.
 It's role is to settle legal disputes
between states (contentious
cases)and to provide advisory
opinions on legal questions referred
by the UN organs and specialized
 agencies, in accordance to
international law (advisory
proceedings) (International Court
of Justice 2018).
SECURITY COUNCIL
 The most potent organ with the
power to make legally binding
resolutions.
 It is comprised of the strongest
military states and is a concrete
manifestation of the reality of
power dynamics
 The council is composed of 15
members, among them would be
the five (5) states which are granted
permanent seats by the UN Charter
(Chapter V).
1.
PERMANENT FIVE (P-5)
The most potent organ with the power to
make legally binding resolutions.
1. China
2. France
3. Great Britain
4. Russia
5. United States
2. The United Nations Charter is
 All are allies in the Second World
War and are nuclear states.
NON-PERMANENT MEMBERS
- elected by the General Assembly
GA) for overlapping two-year term.
The ten non-permanent seats are
3. The Security Council is the most
divided among regions:
five states from African and Asian
states and fast two from Western
European and other States (UNGA
Resolution 1991 (XVIII) of 17
December 1963)
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
 is the only organ with universal
representation, with all 193
member states represented in the
body.
 decides on essential questions with
a simple majority, while concerns
related to peace and security,
budgetary matters, and new
membership admissions require a
two-third majority.
SUMMARY
The United Nations (UN) was
created in 1945 by the Allied Powers,
the victors of the Second. World War.
The mandate of the organization is to
maintain international peace and
security and to foster international
cooperation in addressing
humanitarian, social, economic, and
cultural issues.
composed of six (6) principal organ.
These are the Economic and Social
Council, Trusteeship Council and the
international Court of Justice,
General Assembly, Security Council,
and the Secretariat.
potent organ with the power to make
legally binding resolutions. However,
it becomes. easily incapacitated
whenever security interests involving
the permanent members are at stake.
4. Reforms have long been raised to
change the structure of the Security
Council to distribute the
concentration of power and to foster
inclusive decision making for
marginalized and excluded member-1
states.

WORLD OF REGIONS
CHAPTER 4
GLOBAL DIVIDES CLASSIFYING COUNTRIES
The concept of gap between In 1980s, the Brandt Line was
the global north and global south is developed as a way of showing how the
terms of development and wealth. world was geographically split into
relatively richer and poorer.
GLOBAL NORTH AND GLOBAL
SOUTH
The concept of Global North and
Global South for North-South divide in a
global context to describe a grouping of
countries along the lines of socio-
economic classifications.
This can be related to an
economic division between richer and
poorer countries.
GLOBAL NORTH
The Global North is generally viewed
to be affluent and economically stable
countries and generally includes United
States of America, Canada, the member
nations of the G8 (group of the permanent
members of the UN security council. G8
countries composed of:
1. Canada
2. France
3. Germany
4. Italy
5. Japan
6. Russia
7. UK
8. USA
The Global North consists of 64 countries
which have a High Human Index (HDI)
(most of which are located north of the
30th northern parallel), while the
remaining 133 countries remaining to the
Global South.
GLOBAL SOUTH
Global South is a term generally
used to identify countries located in
Africa, Latin America, and the
developing parts of Asia with the
exception of Japan.
Most, though not all of the
countries in the Global South are
characterized by low-income, dense
population, poor infrastructure, often
political or cultural marginalization and
are on one side of the divide.
In effect, Rigg (2007) makes it clear that
this is not geographical categorization of
the world but one based on economic
inequalities which happen to have some
cartographic coherence.
Why are the countries in the North
considered MEDC?
- Because of the stability that their
economy has and the change that is
happening within.
- Countries that are considered
MEDC generally have a better
standard of living and quality of
life.
Example: Canada has free universal
healthcare and free education, which
leads to a better quality of life for
Canadians.
Where in many parts of Africa- a
continent filled with LEDC has little
education and hardly no health care.
Why are countries in the South
considered LEDCS? (Low Human
Development Index)
- It is due to a number of reasons,
among them including an unstable
government and a poor standard of
living and quality of life.
- Some characteristics of countries in
the region may include Low Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) and Low
Human Development Index (HDI).
- Some LEDCs have skewed HDIS
due to relatively high GDP and an
exceptionally low standard of living
Example: countries in Indonesia