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HEAT IX -PHYSICS

HEAT
The energy that is being transferred between two bodies as a result of temperature difference
is called heat. Heat is defined as long as the energy transfer is taking place. Heat in a body or heat contained
by the body is meaningless. Once it is transferred from one body to another body, the internal energy of the
receiving body increases.
A hot body has more internal energy than an identical cold body. When a hot body is kept in contact
with a cold body, heat energy flows from hot body to cold body. The cold body warms up and the hot body
cools down i.e., the internal energy of the cold body increases and the internal energy of hot body decreases.
Heat is a form of energy which causes the sensation of hotness/Coldness.

Measurement of Heat
The branch of science that deals with the measurement of heat is Calorimetry. Units used to measure
heat are as follows:
1) C.G.S unit: erg
2) Calorie : 1 calorie is defined as the amount of heat required for raising the temperature of 1g of water
through 1 degree Celsius from 14.5oC to 15.5oC.
3) S.I. unit: joule (J)

The units calorie and joule are related as: 1 cal = 4.186 J (or nearly 4.2 J)
1 J = 0.24 cal
1 J = 107 erg

Temperature
Temperature is a quantity which tells the thermal state of a body (i.e., the degree of hotness or
coldness of the body). It determines the direction of flow of heat when two bodies are placed in contact.
Heat always flow from a body at higher temperature to the body at lower temperature.
At molecular level, when temperature increases (means body is gaining heat), we say kinetic energy of
molecule increases, thus internal energy of that body increases.
Ice point: The temperature at which pure water and ice are in equilibrium in a mixture at 1 atmospheric
pressure, represented by 0°C (32°F)
Steam point: The temperature at which water vapor condenses at a pressure of one atmosphere, represented
by 100°C (212°F)

Measurement of Temperature
The branch of science that deals with measurement of temperature is known as Thermometry.

The S.I. unit of temperature is kelvin (K). The other most common unit of temperature is degree Celsius
(oC). The relation between Kelvin and degree Celsius is:

T(K) = 273 + t(oC) (T is the temperature in Kelvin for t temperature in degree Celsius)
1
A degree on Celsius is th part of the interval between the ice point and the steam point.
100
1
A degree on Fahrenheit scale is th part of the interval between the ice point and the steam point.
180
9
1 centigrade degree = Fahrenheit degree
5
The relation between Fahrenheit scale and Celsius scale is
C F  32

5 9
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 HEAT IX -PHYSICS

Kelvin scale is known as absolute scale. The zero of the absolute scale is the temperature at which
the molecular motion ceases and the average kinetic energy of molecules becomes zero. Therefore this scale
has no negative temperature.
Absolute zero is the lowest attainable temperature. No temperature can be less than this temperature.
It’s value is 0K (-273.15oC). The zero of absolute scale is not the ice point.

Difference between Heat and Temperature

Heat
1 Heat is a form of energy due to motion
of molecules in a substance.
2 The S.I. unit of heat is joule (J)
3 Heat is measured by using the principle
of Calorimetry.
4 Two bodies having the same internal
energy may differ in their temperature.
5 When two bodies are placed in contact,
the heat gained by one body is equal to
the heat lost by another body.
Temperature
Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness
of a body. It determines the flow of heat.
The S.I. unit of temperature is kelvin (K)
Temperature is measured by a thermometer.
Two bodies at same temperature may differ in the
quantities of heat energy they can transfer.
When two bodies at different temperatures are
placed in contact, the resultant temperature is
always lying between their initial temperatures.

Thermometry
Thermometry is the branch of science which deals with measurement of temperature. The instrument
used for measuring the temperature is called a thermometer.
The choice of thermometer depends on
(a) The range of temperature to be measured,
(b) The accuracy required, and
(c) The physical conditions of the substance of which temperature is to be measured.

The construction of a liquid thermometer involves the following three considerations:

(i) Choice of thermometric liquid,
(ii) Calibration of thermometer, and
(iii) Increase of sensitivity of thermometer.

The thermometric substance is chosen in such a way that the variation in its thermal property is large
and uniform in the required range of temperature.

Types of thermometer:
(a) Mercury thermometer
(b) Alcohol thermometer

Thermal Expansion of Solids: Effect of Heat on Solids

When temperature of a body increases, atoms of that body start vibratory motion with greater speed.
Due to which average distance between atoms increases. Overall size of substance increases. The expansion
of a substance on heating is called the thermal expansion of substance.
A mercury thermometer utilizes thermal expansion (The phenomenon that most substances increase in
volume as their temperature increases.)

Linear Expansion : When temperature of a rod increases, length of rod also increases. The increase in
length is called the linear expansion. On heating a rod, the increase in length of a rod is

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 HEAT IX -PHYSICS

(i) Directly proportional to its original length,

(ii) Directly proportional to the increase in its temperature,
(iii) Depends on the material of the rod.

However, the increase in length of rod does not depend on whether the rod is solid or hollow.
Let length of a rod is L0 at 0oC. On heating through toC, let the length of rod becomes Lt.
According to the first two observations, the increase in length (Lt – L0) is
proportional to L0 and t. Thus we can write
(Lt – L0)  L0 t
or (Lt – L0) =  L0t
Here  is the constant of proportionality and is called the coefficient of
linear expansion, its value is different for different materials. It is the
characteristic of the material. The length of rod at t oC is
Lt = L0 (1 +  t)
And coefficient of linear expansion is
Lt  L0
 =
L0  t
Increasein length
i.e.,  =
Originallength× risein temperature
The unit of coefficient of linear expansion is per degree unit of temperature or oC-1 or K-1.

Superficial Expansion (Areal expansion)

When temperature of a plate increases, area of plate also increases. The increase in area is called the
superficial expansion of plate. On heating a plate, the increase in area of a plate is

(i) Directly proportional to its original area,

(ii) Directly proportional to the increase in its temperature,
(iii) Depends on the material of the plate.

When a plate of area A0 at 0oC is heated to toC, its area becomes At. The increase in area (At-A0) is
found to be proportional to the original area A0 and the rise in temperature toC.
i.e., At  A0  A0 t
or At  A0   A0 t
A  A0
or  t
A0 t
Where, the constant of proportionality  is called the coefficient of superficial expansion.
Thus, coefficient of superficial expansion
Increasein area

Original area×risein temperature
The unit of coefficient of superficial expansion is per degree unit of temperature i.e.,
per oC (or oC-1) or K-1.

Volume Expansion (Cubical expansion)

When temperature of a solid of volume V0 increases, volume of solid also increases. The increase in
volume is called the volume expansion. On heating a solid, the increase in volume of a solid is
(i) Directly proportional to its original volume,
(ii) Directly proportional to the increase in its temperature,
(iii) Depends on the material of the solid.
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 HEAT IX -PHYSICS

When a solid of volume V0 at 0oC is heated to toC, its volume becomes Vt. The increase in volume
(Vt – V0) is found to be proportional to the original volume V0 and the rise in temperature toC. i.e.,
Vt – V0  V0t
V V
or Vt – V0 =  V0t or  t 0
V0t
Where the constant of proportionality  is called the coefficient of cubical expansion
Increasein volume

Original volume × risein temperature
The unit of  is also per oC(or oC-1 ) or K-1.

Relation between Three Coefficients of Expansion

 
 :  :   1 : 2 : 3 i.e.  

2 3
Example: Two square holes are made in a metallic sheet as shown
below. On an increase in temperature what happens to the size
of each square and the distance BC between them?
Sol. When temperature of a substance increases the distance
between atoms of that substance also increases. Therefore,
sides of the square will increase as well as distance between
BC will increase.
Apparent Expansion of Liquid
A liquid is always contained in a vessel and when it is heated, the vessel also expands along with the
liquid. Due to expansion of vessel, the observed expansion of liquid is somewhat less than its actual
expansion. Therefore, we have to consider the apparent and real expansions in liquids.
Real expansion of liquid = Apparent expansion of liquid + Volume expansion of the container.

Anomalous Expansion of Water

The anomalous expansion of water is an abnormal property of water whereby it expands instead of
contracting when the temperature goes from 4oC to 0oC, and it becomes less dense.

Though ice is supposed to expand when it is converted into water, the gradual formation of hydrogen
bonds causes it to contract, i.e. the contraction caused due to the formation of hydrogen bonds is greater
than the actual expansion of ice.
If we take a cube of ice at -5°C and heat it, it expands till ice starts melting. During melting its
temperature remains 0°C but its volume decreases. If heat is continuously supplied to water at 0°C, it further
contracts up to 4°C and then it starts expanding. Thus water has its minimum volume and maximum density
at 4°C.
The anomalous expansion of water helps preserve aquatic life during very cold weather. When
temperature falls, the top layer of water in a pond contracts, becomes denser and sinks to the bottom. A
circulation is thus set up until the entire water in the pond reaches its maximum density at 4°C. If the
temperature falls further, the top layer expands and remains on the top till it freezes. Thus even though the
upper layer are frozen the water near the bottom is at 4°C and the fishes etc. can survive in it easily.

Thermal Equilibrium
Heat flows from a body at a higher temperature to a body at lower temperature till their temperatures
become equal. Two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium, if they are at the same temperature.

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 HEAT IX -PHYSICS

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY:

Amount of heat (Q) absorbed or given out by a body depends upon the following factors:
(a) Mass of the body (m).
(b) The rise or fall in temperature of the body (  T)
(c) The nature of the material which the body is made of
Now we can say that: ∝ ∆
or, = ∆ (1)
Where s is a constant which explain heat absorption in terms of nature of material. It is a physical
quantity which is known as specific heat or specific heat capacity.
From (1), s= ∆

Thus specific heat capacity of a material is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature
of unit mass of the material by 10C. Specific heat depends upon the material; it is independent of the mass of
the material.
Units of Specific Heat Capacity
C.G.S S.I.
Calorie cal erg erg Joule J
= = =
gram*degree Celsius g ℃ gram*degree Celsius g ℃ Kilogram ∗ Kelvin kg. K

Specific heat of water is 1 cal/gm/0C. This means that to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water
through 10C, the heat required is 1 cal.

Specific heat of ice is 0.5 cal/gm/0C. This means that to increase the temperature of 1 gm of ice
through 10C, the heat required is 0.5 cal.

Among all the solid and liquid substance water has maximum capacity to store heat for a given rise
of temperature. This is because water has maximum specific heat capacity. Similarly among all substance
Lead experiences maximum rise of temperature for a given amount of heat as its specific heat capacity is
least.

Thermal Capacity(C): Thermal capacity of a body is the quantity of heat absorbed to raise its temperature
through 10C.
Q  T
Q  C T (Q = heat absorbed, T = rise in temperature
Heat absorbed by a body = ms  T
By definition, raise in temperature is 10C
Heat absorbed by the body = ms (1) = ms
Thermal capacity C = ms
Thermal capacity of depends upon the mass of the body and the kind of material it is made of.

Units of Thermal Capacity

C.G.S S.I.
Calorie cal erg erg Joule J
= = =
degree Celcius ℃ degree Celcius ℃ Kelvin K

Water Equivalent (W): When same quantity of heat is supplied to a body and to water such that rise in
temperatures is 10C to each, then the mass of water is said to be water equivalent of the body.
By definition, Heat absorbed by the body = Heat absorbed by water

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 HEAT IX -PHYSICS

mbody  sbody  10C = W  swater  10C

As swater is 1 cal/g0C
W= mbody  sbody

Types of Changes of State and the Temperatures at Which They Occur

Matter can exists in three states- solid, liquid and gases. One state can be converted into another. During
the state change temperature of matter remains constant. Let us study the change of one state to another and
the temperature at which they occur.
 Melting and Melting Point
The conversion of a solid to liquid form is melting. The temperature at which a substance which is
being heated begins to melt under normal atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
 Freezing and Freezing Point
The conversion of liquid to solid form is freezing. The temperature at which a liquid rejecting heat
begins to solidify under normal atmospheric conditions is called its freezing point.
 Vaporization and Boiling Point
The conversion of a liquid to vapour is called vaporization. The temperature at which a liquid
receiving heat begins to vaporize under normal atmospheric condition is called its boiling point.
 Condensation and Condensation Point
The conversion of a vapour to liquid is called condensation. The temperature at which a gas rejecting
heat begins to liquify under normal atmospheric conditions is called as condensation point.
 Sublimation and Sublimation Point
The conversion of a solid into vapour is called sublimation. The temperature at which a solid
vaporize under normal atmospheric conditions is called its sublimation point.
 Deposition and deposition point
The conversion of a vapour directly to solid is called deposition. The temperature at which a gas
solidifies under normal atmospheric conditions is called its deposition point. For example, in sub-
freezing air, water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid.

Evaporation v/s Vaporization

Both evaporation and vaporization involve a change of state from liquid to vapour, but both
processes differ from each other in many ways. Following is the difference between them:

Evaporation
1 It takes place at all temperatures.
2 It is a slow process.
3 Rate of evaporation depends upon the
surface of the liquid, wind speed,
humidity and temperature of the
surrounding.
4 It only occurs at the surface of the
liquid
5 Evaporation is an endothermic
process. This means temperature of
the liquid decreases due to
evaporation.
Vaporization
It takes place only at some fixed
temperatures under the standard
conditions.
It is a fast process.
It does not depend upon any of these
factors.
It occurs over the entire mass of the
liquid.
It is isothermal process. Temperature of
the liquid remains constant.

Thus, a liquid absorbs heat during evaporation. This heat is provided either by the liquid or by the
surroundings. As the evaporating liquid absorbs heat from the liquid, the liquid itself cools down.

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Latent Heat (L)

Whenever matter changes from one state to another state, heat is either absorbed or released by the
substance. It was experimentally found that the quantity of heat (Q) absorbed or released is directly
proportional to the mass of the substance (m) which changes its state.
∝
=
Latent heat of a substance is the quantity of heat required to change the state of a unit mass of a
substance without any change in temperature.
Units of Latent Heat
C.G.S S.I.
Calorie cal erg erg Joule J
= = =
gram g gram g Kilogram Kg

In general, a substance can have two types of phase change

(i)Solid to liquid & (ii) Liquid to gas

For these types of phase change, we define two types of latent heats which are mentioned below in the table:

Latent heat of fusion(LF) Latent heat of vaporization(LV)

1 Def: the quantity of heat consumed by a unitDef. the quantity of heat absorbed by a unit
mass of a substance during its change of mass of a substance during its state change
state from solid to liquid at melting point from liquid to vapour at boiling point without
without change in temperature. change in temperature.
2 Latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/gm. It
Latent heat of vaporization of water is 540
means 1 gram of ice at 00C absorbed 80 cal cal/gm. It means 1 gram of water at 1000C
of heat to convert into1 gm of water. required 540 cal of heat to convert into1 gm of
vapour
3 During the reverse process, means at the During the reverse process, means at the time of
time of freezing 1 gm of water releases the condensation 1 gm of vapour releases the same
same amount of energy (80 cal) to convert amount of energy (540 cal) to convert into 1 gm
into 1 gm of ice at 00C. of water at 1000C.

Journey from ice at 00C to steam at 1000C

Q= mLF Q= ms T Q= mLV
Ice at 0oC Water at 0oC Water at 100oC Steam at 100oC

Suppose mass of ice is m gram. During state

change from ice to water at 00C, ice absorbed heat (Q) =
mLF. After that temperature of water increases and water
consumes heat (Q) = ms  T (where  T=1000C). Now
water at 1000C converts into steam at 1000C and absorbed
heat (Q) = mLV.

CALORIMETRY
Heat is a physical quantity, hence we can measure it. The science of measurement of heat is Calorimetry.

Calorimeter: The instrument which is used for measurement of heat is called a calorimeter. It is usually a
cylindrical vessel made of copper with a stirrer. Copper is used as it is a good conductor.

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The Principle of Calorimetry

When two bodies with different temperature are put in contact with each other, heat transfers
between them. Heat flows from body which has higher temperature to other body which is at lower
temperature. Temperature of the body which is absorbing heat increases, whereas temperature of body
which is losing heat is decreases. This process continues until final temperature of both body become equal
or we say both body reaches to thermal equilibrium condition.
During the attainment of thermal equilibrium, the heat which is lost by the hot body is equal to heat
gained by the cold body.
Considering the law of conservation on energy, we can say that
Heat lost by hot body = Heat gained by cold body.
The above said principle is the principle of Calorimetry.
The principle of Calorimetry is used to calculate following things:
(i) Equilibrium temperatures when hot and cold bodies are brought into contact with one another
(ii) The latent heat of a body
(iii) The specific heat of a body
Consider a hot substance P of mass m1, specific heat capacity s1 at temperature 1 0C, mixed with a
cold mixed with a cold substance Q of mass m2, specific heat capacity s2 at a temperature  2 0C , such that
they attain a constant equilibrium temperature  .
Heat lost by hot substance: ( − )
Heat gained by colder substance: ( − )
According to principle of Calorimetry:
Heat lost by hot substance = Heat gained by colder substance
( − )= ( − )

Illustration: A solid of mass 25g (Sp. Heat capacity 0.8 J/goC) and at 120oC is placed in 100 g of water at
20oC. Calculate final temperature of mixture.
Solution:
Change in
Substance Mass S.H.C. Initial Temp.
Temperature
Hot solid 25g 0.8 Jg-1oC-1 120oC o
 F = (120 C – x)
Cold water 100g 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 20oC o
 R = (x – 20 C)
Heat given out by solid = mc  F = 25  0.8  (120 – x) = 2400 – 20 x
Heat absorbed by cold water = mc = 100  4.2  (x – 20) = 420 x – 8400
Heat given out by solid = Heat absorbed by water
2400 – 20 x = 420 x – 8400
440 x = 10800
x = 24.54oC.
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
Mechanical equivalent of heat states that a given amount of work(W) would generate the same amount of
heat(H) provided the work done is totally converted to heat energy.
W=JH
The ratio J of mechanical work to the heat produced is 4.186 J/cal.
Heat Transfer
Heat is energy ‘in transit’ which flows due to temperature difference from a body at higher temperature to a
body at lower temperature. This transfer of heat from one body to another body can take place by three
different routes:
(i) Conduction (ii) Convection (iii) Radiation
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SOLVED EXAMPLES

1. When a thermometer is taken from the melting ice to a warm liquid, the mercury level rises to four-
fifth of the distance between the lower and the upper fixed points. Find the temperature of the liquid
(i) in oC, and (ii) in K.
Ans. On Celsius scale, the interval between the lower and the upper fixed points = 100oC
4
 th of the interval between the fixed points
5
4 o
  100 = 80 C
5
Hence temperature of warm liquid = 80oC
On Kelvin scale, T = 273 + t = 273 + 80 = 353 K

2. The increase in length of a given rod for 1o C rise in temperature is K units. For the same rod, the
increase in length for 1o F rise in temperature is___________.
Ans. We know that,
1o C  9 / 5 o F
For 1o C rise of temperature, the length increases by K.
i.e. for 9/5 o F rise of temperature, the length increases by K.
o 1o F  K 5
for 1 F rise of temperature, the length increases by  K
9 / 5o F 9

3. A block of wood is floating on water at 0oC, with a certain volume V above water level. The
temperature of water is slowly raised from 0oC. How will the volume V change with the rise of
temperature?
Ans. Density of Water will increase till 4oC & then decrease on further rise in temp.
So, Relative density of wood with respect to water will decrease till 4oC, so it will float with more of
its volume above the water surface.
So, V will increase till 4oC and then decrease.

4. What is the maximum amount of ice that can be melted by 1 kg of steam at 1000C?
Ans. 1 kg of steam at 1000C can lose heat to cooler ice at 00C in two phases.

Phase - I
During condensation of steam of
1000C to water at 1000 C. Heat
released during this change of
state
 mL  10 3  540  4.2  2268 kJ
Phase – II
During lowering to temperature of resulting
water from 1000C to 00C till thermal equilibrium
is reached with ice. Thermal equilibrium will
reach at 00C. Heat released by water during the
decreasing of temperature from 1000C to 00C
Q  ms t  10 3  4.2  100  420KJ
(s =specific heat of water = 4200J/kg/K)

The total heat released during the transition of 1 kg of steam to 1kg of water at 00C
 Qtotal  mL  ms t = 2268 × 10 + 420 × 10 = 2688 × 10 J
We know 80 cal. of heat can melt 1 gm of ice  80  4.2J of heat can melt 1 gm of ice
2688 103
 2688  10 3 J of heat can melt = 8000 gm
80  4.2
 The amount of ice that can be melted with 1 kg of steam = 8 kg

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5. Find the amount of heat required to convert 10 gm of ice at -500 C to steam. Specific heat of ice is
0.5cal/gm/0C.
Ans. The following are the steps during the transition from ice at -500 to steam at 1000C

Phase Type of change Heat required

AB Change of Temperature from – QAB  mice Sice t AB
500C of ice to 00C of ice  10  .5  50 cal
= 250cal
0
BC Change of State from ice of at 0 C QBC  mice Lice
to Water at 00C 10  80 cal
= 800 cal
CD Change of Temperature of water QCD  mwater S water tCD
from 00C to 1000C  10 1100 cal
 1000 cal
0
DE Change of State of water at 100 C QDE  m.Lwater
to steam 10  540 cal
 5400 cal

The total amount of heat required for the transition of ice at – 500 C of steam at 1000C
= Q AB  QBC  QCD  QDE
=250+800+1000+5400=7450 cal

The graphical representation of the transition is as shown

6. In the graph shown, find the ratio of its specific heat and latent heat of fusion.

T in oC

500 C

A B
200 Q

0 30 40
Heat absorbed

Ans. AB corresponds to the phase of change of state occurring at temperature of 2000C.

Point ‘A’ corresponds to the Melting Point (2000C). AB is the heat supplied for the change of state

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 AB  mL  30 Units …(1)
BC corresponds to the rise in temperature from 200 C to 5000C.
0

Point C’ corresponds to the boiling point (5000C)

BQ is the heat supplied for the rise in temperature
 BQ  ms  t  10 units
 ms (500-200)=10 units …(2)
 2   ms  500  200   10  s  300  1  s  1
1 mL 30 L 3 L 900

7. 40 g of hot water is poured in 100 g of cold water, when temperature of cold water rises by 10oC. If
the temperature of hot water is 60oC, calculate the initial temperature of cold water.
Ans.
Change in
Substance Mass S.H.C. Initial Temp.
Temperature
Hot water 40g 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 60oC  F = (60 – x)
o
Cold water 100g 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 ?  R = 10 C

Heat given out by hot water =mc  F =40  4.2  (60–x)

Heat absorbed by cold water = mc  R =100  4.2  10
 Heat given out by hot water= Heat absorbed by cold water.
40  4.2  (60 – x) = 100  4.2  10
2400 – 40 x = 1000
40 x = 2400 – 1000
1400
x= = 35oC
40
Thus, temperature of mixture = 35oC
Initial temperature of cold water= (35 - 10) = 25oC.

8. Calculate the amount of ice, which is sufficient to cool 150 g of water, contained in a vessel of mass
50 g (S.H.C. 0.4 Jg-1oC-1) at 30oC, such that the final temperature of mixture is 5oC.
[Specific latent heat of ice is 336 Jg-1]
Ans.
Substance Mass S.H.C./S.L.H. Initial Temp. Final Temp.= 5oC
o
Ice ?(x) 336 Jg-1 0oC  R = (5 – 0) = 5 C
Water 150g 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 30oC o
 F = (30–5)= 25 C
Vessel 50g 0.4 Jg-1oC-1 30oC

Heat gained by ice to form water at 0oC = mLice = x  336

Heat gained by water formed form ice = mc  R =x  4.2  5=21x
 Total heat gained = 336 x + 21 x = 357 x
Heat lost by water at 30oC = mc  F =150  4.2  25=15750J
Heat lost by vessel at 30oC = mc  F =50  0.4  25=500J
Total heat lost = (15750 + 500) = 16250 J
Heat gained = Heat lost
357 x = 16250
16250
 x (Mass of ice) = = 45.5 g
357

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 HEAT IX -PHYSICS

9. 500 g of molten lead at its m.p. is just kept in molten state by a heater of 25 w. If the heater is
switched off the temperature of lead starts falling after 7 min. Calculate the sp. Latent heat of fusion
of lead.
Ans. Time for which temp. does not fall = Time in which lead changes its state from liquid to solid.
Heat given out by lead at its m.p. = mL = 500 g  L
J
Also, heat given out by lead = P  t = 25  7  60 s = 10500 J
s
 500 g  L = 10500 J
10500
 L = = 21 Jg-1.
500

10. A metal ball of mass 400 g and at 600 oC is placed on the block of ice, when 428 g of ice melts. If
the sp. heat capacity of metal ball is 0.6 Jg-1oC-1. Calculate sp. Latent heat of ice.
Ans.
Substance Mass S.H.C./S.L.H. Initial Temp. Final Temp.= 0oC
o
Ice 428g ? (L) 0oC  R = 0 C
o
Metal ball 400g 0.6 Jg-1oC-1 600oC   F =(600–0)= 600 C

Heat gained by ice to melt = mLice = 428 g  L

Heat lost by metal ball = mc  F = 400  0.6  600 = 144000 J
Heat gained= Heat lost
428 g  L = 144000 J
144000 -1
L= Jg = 336.4 Jg-1.
428

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 HEAT IX -PHYSICS

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Across
5. A tool used to measure temperature. (11)
6. Force that generates heat when two objects are rubbing. (8)
7. A material that doesn’t conduct heat well. (9)
12. Flow of heat between two objects that are touching (10)
13. Temperature is a measure of the average _____ of the particles in a
material. (7, 6)
14. Heat transfer across empty space. (9)

Down
1. How well a material conducts heat. (7, 12)
2. What electromagnetic rays that transfer heat are called. (8)
3. Temperature is usually measured in degrees _______. (7)
4. The amount of heat energy a material required to change the
temperature of a material (4, 8)
8. A measure of how hot or cold something is. (11)
9. Flow of heat in liquids and gases. (10)
10. The unit that heat is measured in. (5)
11. A material that does conduct heat well.(9)

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 HEAT IX -PHYSICS

EXERCISE - 1

LEVEL- 1
1. M g of ice at 0oC is to be converted to water at 0oC. If L is the latent heat of fusion of ice, the
quantity of heat required for the above operation would be
M L
(a) ML cal (b) (c) cal (d) none of these
L M
2. 100 g of ice at – 15oC was heated. The rise in temperature of ice was plotted against the heat given to
ice. Which of the following graphs correctly depicts this behaviour?

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
3. Relative humidity is the percentage of the
(a) Absolute humidity value to the amount of humidity actually present
(b) Increase of humidity / absolute humidity
(c) Amount of humidity actually present to the absolute humidity
(d) None of these
4. A 10 kg storage battery has an average specific heat of 0.2 kcal/kgoC. When fully charged, the
energy content of the battery is 1 kcal. If the entire energy were used to raise the temperature, then
the temperature would increase by
(a) 0.2oC (b) 0.5oC (c) 200oC (d) 20oC

5. A manufacturer marks the thermometer wrongly. At 0oC it reads – 5oC, at 100oC it reads 90oC. Then
the reading at 50oC will be
(a) 40oC (b) 45oC (c) 42.5oC (d) nothing can be said
6. Two thermometers, one Celsius and the other Fahrenheit are put in a hot bath. The reading on the
Fahrenheit thermometer is just three times the reading on the Celsius thermometer. The temperature
of the bath is
80
(a) 70oC (b) 80oC (c) 100oC (d)   oC
 3 
7. You feel more hot, if you are subjected to an increase of
(a) 1o C (b) 1 K (c) 2o F (d) 2K
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 HEAT IX -PHYSICS

8. If a bimetallic strip made of iron and copper is heated, then it will (Given  (copper)>  (iron))
(a) Not bend
(b) Bend with copper strip on the convex side
(c) Bend with iron strip on the convex side
(d) Get twisted

9. If a graph is plotted taking the temperature in Fahrenheit along the Y-axis, and the corresponding
temperature in Celsius along the X-axis, then the graph will be a straight line,
(a) Having a positive intercept on the Y-axis
(b) Having a positive intercept on the X-axis
(c) Passing through the origin
(d) Having negative intercepts on the X and Y axes

10. A block of wood is floating on water at 0oC, with a certain volume V above water level. The
temperature of water is slowly raised from 0oC. How will the volume V change with the rise of
temperature?
(a) V will be unchanged
(b) V will decrease from 0oC
(c) V will decrease till 4oC and then increase
(d) V will increase till 4oC and then decrease

LEVEL- 2

1. A thermometer has wrong calibrations. It reads melting point of ice as -100C and reads 600C at a
temperature of 500C. Temperature of boiling point noted by this thermometer will be
(a) 1200C (b) 1100C (c) 900C (d) 1300C

2. A bimetallic strip is formed using two identical strips of copper and brass. On heating, temperature
of strip rises by ΔT and strip bends to form an arc of radius of curvature R. Then R is
(a) proportional to ΔT (b) inversely proportional to ΔT
(c) proportional to ǀ αbrass – αcopper ǀ (d) can’t say

3. 100 gm of ice at 00C is mixed with 10gm of steam at 1000C. Final mixture contains
(a) only water at 00C (b) only ice at 00C
(c) 90gm of water and 20gm of ice at 0 C (d) 90gm of ice and 20gm of water at 00C
0

4. 2kg of ice at -200C is mixed with 5kg of water at 200C. Final mass of water in the mixture will be
(a) 7 kg (b) 6 kg (c) 4 kg (d) 2 kg

5. Two spheres of same material with ratio of diameters 1:2 have their thermal capacities in the ratio
of
(a) 1:2 (b) 1:1 (c) 1:8 (d) 1:4

EXERCISE – 2

1. You are required to make a water bath of 50 kg at 45oC, by mixing hot water at 90oC, with cold
water at 20oC. Calculate the amount of hot water required.

2. Burner supplies heat energy at a rate of 20 J s-1. Find the specific heat capacity of a solid of mass 25
gm, if its temperature rises by 80oC in one minute.

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 HEAT IX -PHYSICS

3. A solid of mass 150 gm and at 200oC is placed in 0.4 kg of water at 20oC till a constant temperature
is attained. If the specific heat capacity of solid is 0.5 J g-1 K-1, find the resulting temperature of
mixture.

4. A solid of mass 0.15 kg and at 100oC is placed in 0.25 kg of water, contained in copper calorimeter
of mass 0.12 kg, at 10oC. If the final temperature of mixture is 20oC, calculate specific heat capacity
of solid. (Take specific heat capacity of copper = 0.39 J g-1 K-1)

5. A copper vessel contains 200 gm of water at 24oC when 112 gm of water at 42oC is added; the
resultant temperature of water is 30oC. Calculate thermal capacity of calorimeter.

6. 45 gm of water at 50oC in a beaker is cooled when 50 gm of copper at 18oC is added to it. The
contents are stirred till a final constant temperature is reached. Calculate this final temperature.
(Take specific heat capacity of copper = 0.39 J g-1 K-1 and that of water = 4.2 J g-1 K-1).

7. The melting point of naphthalene, a crystalline solid, is 80oC and the room temperature is 30oC.
Liquid naphthalene at 100oC is cooled down to room temperature. Draw a temperature-time graph to
represent this cooling.

8. 40 gm of ice at –10oC is heated by heater of power 250 W, such that water formed from it, attains the
temperature of boiling point. For how long the heater is switched on? (Specific heat capacity of ice =
2 J g-1oC-1, latent heat of ice = 340 J g-1)

9. A burner supplies heat energy at a rate of 434J s-1 for 60 seconds when 40 gm of ice at 0oC form
water at 75oC. Calculate latent heat of ice.

10. A vessel of mass 80 gm (specific heat capacity = 0.8 J g-1oC-1) contains 250 gm of water at 35oC.
Calculate the amount of ice at 0oC, which must be added to it, so that final temperature is 5oC.
(Latent heat of ice = 340 J g-1).

11. 10 gm of ice at 0oC is added to water at 80oC, such that the temperature of mixture is 0oC. Calculate
the mass of water. Take latent heat of fusion of ice as 336 J g-1.
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1oC-1)

12. A metal ball of mass 0.5 kg and at 900oC is placed on a block of ice, till it attains the temperature of
ice. If specific heat capacity of metal ball is 850J kg-1 K-1, calculate the amount of ice which melts.
(Take specific latent heat of ice = 34  104 J kg-1)

13. A metal ball of 0.20 kg and at 200oC, when placed on an ice block melts 100 gm of ice, when its
temperature stops falling. If specific latent heat of ice is 340 Jg-1. Calculate specific heat capacity of
metal ball.

14. A burner supplies heat energy, at the rate of 800 Js-1. Find the time in which 50 gm of ice at – 20oC
will change to steam 140oC. (Specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 340 J g-1, specific latent heat of
vaporization of water is 2270 J g-1, specific heat capacity of ice & steam is 2 J g-1 K-1, Specific heat
capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1oC-1)

15. Calculate the mass of steam which should be passed through 1 kg of water at 0oC, contained in a
vessel of mass 1000 gm (Specific heat capacity = 0.15 cal g-1oC-1) such that final temperature is
20oC. Take specific latent heat of steam 540 cal g-1 and sp. heat capacity of water = 1 cal g-1oC-1.

16. An electric kettle raises the temperature of certain mass of water from 0oC to 100oC in 2.1 min. It
takes 11.2 minutes to boil off water. Calculate specific latent heat of vaporization.

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