LOGICAL FALLACY is a statement that seems

to be true until you apply the rules of logic.

Logical fallacies can often be used to
mislead people – to trick them into believing
something they otherwise wouldn't.
CATEGORIES
1. Fallacies of Relevance offer reasons to
believe a claim or conclusion that, on
examination, turn out to not in fact be
reasons to do any such thing.
A. Appeal to Force (Argumentum Ad
Baculum) is when someone in a position of
power threatens to bring down
unfortunate consequences upon anyone
who dares to disagree with a proffered
proposition. Although it is rarely developed
so explicitly, a fallacy of this type might
propose:
 I believe that Ferdinand E. Marcos was
the greatest President of the Philippines.
Therefore, Ferdinand E. Marcos was the
greatest President of the Philippines.
 If you do not agree with my political
opinions, you will receive a grade of F for
this course.
B. Personal Attack (Argumentum Ad
Hominem) are arguments toward the man
& is also called "Poisoning the Well
Attacking or praising the people who make
an argument, rather than discussing the
argument itself. This practice is fallacious
because the personal character of an
individual is logically irrelevant to the
truth or falseness of the argument itself.
The statement "2+2=4" is true regardless if
it is stated by criminals, congressmen, or
pastors.
C. Appeal to Pity (Argumentum Ad
Misericordiam) it tries to win acceptance
by pointing out the unfortunate
consequences that will otherwise fall upon
the speaker and others, for whom we
would then feel sorry.
 I am a single parent, solely responsible
for the financial support of my children.
If you give me this traffic ticket, I will lose
my license and be unable to drive to work.
If I cannot work, my children and I will
become homeless and may starve to
death.
Therefore, you should not give me this
traffic ticket.
Again, the conclusion may be false (that is,
perhaps I should be given the ticket) even
 if the premises are all true, so the
argument is fallacious.
D. Argumentum Ad Populum “appeal to
the people" is a fallacious argument which
is based on claiming a truth or affirming
something is good because the majority
thinks so.
 A lot of church leaders allow the use of
jeans in their churches therefore it is ok to
wear jeans when going to church.
E. Appeal to False Authority
(Argumentum Ad Verecundiam) the
opinion of someone famous or
accomplished in another area of expertise
is supposed to guarantee the truth of a
conclusion.
 Researcher Linus Pauling winner of two
unshared Nobel prizes, one for chemistry,
another for peace, stated his daily use of
Vitamin C delayed the onset of his cancer
by twenty years.
F. Appeal to Tradition (Argumentum Ad
Traditionem; Argumentum Ad
Antiquitatem) This line of thought asserts
that a premise must be true because
people have always believed it or done it.
 I came from a family of teachers
therefore I must pursue teaching as well.