29/09/2021

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical Engineering Department

INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS

CHE2111: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering

September 29, 2021 Inductors and Capacitors 1

ELECTRICAL
ELEMENTS

PASSIVE ACTIVE
ELEMENTS ELEMENTS

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
RESISTOR INDUCTOR CAPACITOR
SOURCES SOURCES

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CAPACITORS
A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field.
(Electro static energy)
It consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (dielectric).

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐶 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜀 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝑚
𝐴 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑚
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑚

September 29, 2021 Inductors and Capacitors 3

CAPACITORS

+ +

𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝑪𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔

- Conductive plates are commonly made
with Aluminum or Tantalum
- Polarized, uses an electrolyte in the
dielectric to achieve a large
capacitance.
- Used in DC only
- Uneven ‘legs’
- 0.1 μF up to 0.666 F
- Most commonly used type of capacitor
- Dielectric medium is a ceramic
- Lightweight and inexpensive
- 1 pF up to 100 μF
- Used for power factor correction in
commercial and industrial consumers
(not for residential use)
- Used as series or shunt compensators
in transmission lines (Power Systems)
- Capacity is usually in terms of KVAR
rating (Type of AC Power, Ckts 2),
instead of Farads.
- Special type of electrolytic capacitor
- Has a very large capacitance
- Can perform as a battery for it has a
lower internal resistance, but, it has a
lower specific energy (Watt-hr/kg),
meaning, heavier than a battery for the
same capacity
- 1 F up to a few Kilo Farads

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CAPACITORS
𝐶𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟

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CAPACITORS
𝐶𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟

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CAPACITORS
𝐶𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟

September 29, 2021 Inductors and Capacitors 7

CAPACITORS
𝐶𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟

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CAPACITORS
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖 − 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟

September 29, 2021 Inductors and Capacitors 9

CAPACITORS
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖 − 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟

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CAPACITORS
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖 − 𝐿𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟

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CAPACITORS
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
Note:
To see more on the inside of a capacitor, click on the hyperlink below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=57L4g7Oo7is&t=139s

𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑇𝑎𝑏 (𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)

𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝐹𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒)

𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝐹𝑜𝑖𝑙 (𝑐𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒)

𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟/𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

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CAPACITORS
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟
Note:
Electrolytic Capacitor supplied with reverse voltage

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CAPACITORS
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟

Note:
Aside from being a rolled foil, power capacitors are
drenched in oil, further increasing the insulation
between plates.
To see more on the inside, click on the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMdSLazflJY&t=60s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QbPMG9K1-E

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Note:
CAPACITORS Let us observe how capacitors work.
If we connect a DC supply across a
capacitor, the two plates will be
energized.

+
V
–

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Note:
CAPACITORS Let us observe how capacitors work.
If we connect a DC supply across a
capacitor, the two plates will be
energized.
However, the dielectric/insulation

+ ++ ++ +
between plates will prevent current
from flowing.
So instead, the plates will accumulate
+ charges and an electric field will be
formed in the dielectric
V
–
– – – ––
–

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Note:
CAPACITORS Even if we remove the supply from the
capacitor, the charge stored in the
capacitor will remain at the same
voltage level with the supply.

+ ++ ++ +
+
V V
–
– – – ––
–

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Note:
CAPACITORS Even if we remove the supply from the
capacitor, the charge stored in the
capacitor will remain at the same
voltage level with the supply.
Connecting a resistor across will cause

+ ++ ++ +
the capacitor to discharge its stored
energy. Making the capacitor act as a
battery.
The stored energy on the capacitor will
eventually be depleted.

V
–
– – ––
–

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Note:
CAPACITORS Even if we remove the supply from the
capacitor, the charge stored in the
capacitor will remain at the same
voltage level with the supply.
Connecting a resistor across will cause

+
the capacitor to discharge its stored

+ + +
energy. Making the capacitor act as a
battery.
The stored energy on the capacitor will
eventually be depleted.
V

– – ––

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Note:
CAPACITORS Even if we remove the supply from the
capacitor, the charge stored in the
capacitor will remain at the same
voltage level with the supply.
Connecting a resistor across will cause
the capacitor to discharge its stored
𝐼
+ + energy. Making the capacitor act as a
battery.
The stored energy on the capacitor will
eventually be depleted.
V

– –

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Note:
CAPACITORS Even if we remove the supply from the
capacitor, the charge stored in the
capacitor will remain at the same
voltage level with the supply.
Connecting a resistor across will cause
the capacitor to discharge its stored
energy. Making the capacitor act as a
battery.
The stored energy on the capacitor will
eventually be depleted.
The capacitor cannot charge and
discharge instantly.
The speed of charging and discharging
will be discussed later.
Now, what happens if we connect a
higher voltage?

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Note:
CAPACITORS Even if we remove the supply from the
capacitor, the charge stored in the
capacitor will remain at the same
voltage level with the supply.
Connecting a resistor across will cause

+ ++ ++ +
the capacitor to discharge its stored
energy. Making the capacitor act as a
battery.

+ The stored energy on the capacitor will

eventually be depleted.

V The speed of charging and discharging

– will be discussed in the next lecture

– – ––
(Transients)

– – Now, what happens if we connect a

higher voltage?

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Note:
CAPACITORS Even if we remove the supply from the
capacitor, the charge stored in the
capacitor will remain at the same
voltage level with the supply.
Connecting a resistor across will cause

+ +++++++ +
the capacitor to discharge its stored
energy. Making the capacitor act as a

+ + battery.

+ The stored energy on the capacitor will

eventually be depleted.

V –
–– –
– –
The speed of charging and discharging
will be discussed in the next lecture
(Transients)

– – – –– – – Now, what happens if we connect a

higher voltage?
We can store more charges by
applying a higher voltage.

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Note:
CAPACITORS From what we have discussed, let us
determine the relationship between
current and voltage across a
𝑄∝𝑉 capacitor.
𝑄=𝐶 𝑉 First, the amount of charge a capacitor
can hold will depend upon the applied
voltage
Next, converting the proportionality sign
and affixing a constant we get…
Where:
Q = Amount of Charge (Coulomb)
V = Voltage (Volts)
C = Capacitance (Farads)

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Note:
CAPACITORS Taking the derivative of the equation
with respect to time we get…
𝑄∝𝑉 Now, let us assume that we have a
fixed capacitance, therefore…
𝑄=𝐶 𝑉
We can replace dQ/dt with current
𝑑𝑄 𝑑 𝐶 𝑉 since Coulomb per second is Ampere.
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Finally, cross multiplying then applying
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐶 integration…
=𝐶 +𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑉
=𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝑽𝑪
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪
𝒅𝒕
𝟏
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽|𝒕𝟎
𝑪
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Note:
CAPACITORS After obtaining the current and
voltage, let us determine the energy
𝒅𝑽𝑪 stored in a capacitor.
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 For simplicity purposes, let us assume
𝒅𝒕 that there is no initial voltage across the
𝟏 capacitor.
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 )
𝑪
𝑃 =𝐼 𝑉
𝑑𝑉
𝑃 =𝐶 𝑉
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑉
=𝐶 𝑉
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐
𝟐

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Note:

CAPACITORS
Next, let us determine the equivalent capacitance if we
connect capacitors in series and in parallel.
For simplicity purposes, let us assume that the
𝒅𝑽𝑪 capacitors have no initial charge. 𝑽 𝒕𝟎 = 𝑽 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 +𝑉 − +𝑉 − +𝑉 −
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 )
𝑪 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝟏 +
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑉
𝟐 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
−
𝐼 =𝐼 =𝐼 =⋯=𝐼
𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉 + ⋯+ 𝑉
1 1 1 1
𝐼 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝐼 𝑑𝑡
𝐶 𝐶 𝐶 𝐶
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + ⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵

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Note:

CAPACITORS
Next, let us determine the equivalent capacitance if we
connect capacitors in series and in parallel.
For simplicity purposes, let us assume that the
𝒅𝑽𝑪 capacitors have no initial charge. 𝑽 𝒕𝟎 = 𝑽 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪
𝒅𝒕
𝟏
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 )
𝑪
𝟏 + + 𝐼 + 𝐼 + 𝐼
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑉 𝑉 𝐶 𝑉 𝐶 𝑉 𝐶
𝟐 𝐼
− − − −

𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉 =⋯=𝑉
𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 + ⋯+ 𝐼
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝐶 =𝐶 +𝐶 + ⋯+ 𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵

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Note:
CAPACITORS Let us recall the equations for voltage
and current in a capacitor.
𝒅𝑽𝑪 What happens when a DC supply is
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 connected across the capacitor?
𝒅𝒕
Again, for simplicity purposes, let us
𝟏 assume that the capacitor has no initial
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) charge. 𝑽 𝒕𝟎 = 𝑽 𝟎 = 𝟎
𝑪

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INDUCTORS
An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic
field. (Electro Magnetic energy)
Note:
It consists of coil that is wound in a core. The length, 𝑙, is the actual length of wire
coiled/attached to the core

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐿 = 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦
𝜇 = 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝑚
𝐴 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑚
𝑙 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑚
𝑁 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 (𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠)

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INDUCTORS
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠

Note:
These wires are used for the coil of an
inductor.
They are normally made with aluminum
and copper with a very thin layer of
insulation.

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INDUCTORS Note:
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 Inductor cores are made with high
permeability materials (e.g. silicon steel,
iron powder, ferrite materials, etc.)
This means that the core of an inductor
is a conductor of magnetic lines (flux).
To give you an idea, in electric circuits,
A good conductor should have a low
resistance.
Similarly, in magnetic circuits, a good
core should also have a low
“resistance” (correct term is
reluctance)

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INDUCTORS Note:
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 So, in comparison:

Electric Circuits Magnetic Circuits

Current (A) Flux (Maxwells)
EMF (V) MMF(Amp-Turns)
Resistance (Ω) Reluctance (H-1)
𝜌𝑙 𝑙
𝑅= 𝑅=
𝐴 𝜇𝐴

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Note:
INDUCTORS Before we discuss how inductors work,
let us check first the principle behind it.
Consider a wire that has a current
flowing.
Recalling Ampere’s Law from your
electromagnetics, we can use our right
hand to determine the direction of the
magnetic field.

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Note:
INDUCTORS Based on the direction of current,
arranging the wire in a single coil, the
magnetic field goes upward inside the
coil and then downward outside the
coil.

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Note:
INDUCTORS Then, connecting multiple coils in series
would look like this.
Based from the direction of current,
regardless of the number of turns, the
magnetic lines (flux) goes upward
inside the coil and downward outside.

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Note:
INDUCTORS Then, connecting multiple coils in series
would look like this.
Based from the direction of current,
regardless of the number of turns, the
magnetic lines (flux) goes upward
inside the coil and downward outside.

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Note:
INDUCTORS This is figure is actually on the cover of
your book in electromagnetics by Hayt.

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Note:
INDUCTORS Let us observe how inductors work.
If we connect a DC supply across a
inductor, the coils will be energized.

+
V
–

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Note:
INDUCTORS Let us observe how inductors work.
If we connect a DC supply across an
inductor, the coils will be energized.
The current flowing through the coil will
produce a magnetic field.
The flux (Φ) produced will remain even
if the supply is removed.

+
V
–

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Note:
INDUCTORS Let us observe how inductors work.
If we connect a DC supply across an
inductor, the coils will be energized.
The current flowing through the coil will
produce a magnetic field.
The flux (Φ) produced will remain even
if the supply is removed.
Connecting a resistor across will cause
the inductor to discharge its stored
energy. Making the inductor act as a
current source.
The stored energy on the inductor will
eventually be depleted.

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Note:
INDUCTORS Let us observe how inductors work.
If we connect a DC supply across an
inductor, the coils will be energized.
The current flowing through the coil will
produce a magnetic field.
𝐼 The flux (Φ) produced will remain even
if the supply is removed.
Connecting a resistor across will cause
the inductor to discharge its stored
energy. Making the inductor act as a
Φ current source.
The stored energy on the inductor will
eventually be depleted.

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Note:
INDUCTORS Let us observe how inductors work.
If we connect a DC supply across an
inductor, the coils will be energized.
The current flowing through the coil will
produce a magnetic field.
The flux (Φ) produced will remain even
if the supply is removed.
Connecting a resistor across will cause
the inductor to discharge its stored
energy. Making the inductor act as a
current source.
The stored energy on the inductor will
eventually be depleted.
Now, what happens if we injected a
higher current?

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43

Note:
INDUCTORS Let us observe how inductors work.
If we connect a DC supply across an
inductor, the coils will be energized.
The current flowing through the coil will
produce a magnetic field.
The flux (Φ) produced will remain even
if the supply is removed.

+ Connecting a resistor across will cause

the inductor to discharge its stored
energy. Making the inductor act as a
V current source.
The stored energy on the inductor will
– eventually be depleted.
Now, what happens if we injected a
higher current?

September 29, 2021 Inductors and Capacitors 44

44

22
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Note:
INDUCTORS Let us observe how inductors work.
If we connect a DC supply across an
inductor, the coils will be energized.
The current flowing through the coil will
produce a magnetic field.
The flux (Φ) produced will remain even
if the supply is removed.

+ Connecting a resistor across will cause

the inductor to discharge its stored

V
energy. Making the inductor act as a
current source.
The stored energy on the inductor will
– eventually be depleted.
Now, what happens if we injected a
higher current?
We get more magnetic lines (flux).

September 29, 2021 Inductors and Capacitors 45

45

Note:
INDUCTORS From what we have discussed, let us
determine the relationship between
current and voltage across an inductor.
Φ∝𝐼
First, the amount of flux a capacitor
Φ=𝐿 𝐼 can hold will depend upon the current
Next, converting the proportionality sign
and affixing a constant we get…
Where:
Φ = Flux (Maxwells)
I = Current (Ampere)
L = Inductance (Henry)

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Note:
INDUCTORS Taking the derivative of the equation
with respect to time we get…
Φ∝𝐼 Now, let us assume that we have a
fixed inductance, therefore…
Φ=𝐿 𝐼
Recalling Faraday’s Law, we can
𝑑Φ 𝑑 𝐿 𝐼 replace dΦ/dt with voltage.
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 Finally, cross multiplying then applying
𝑑Φ 𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐿 integration…
=𝐿 +𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑Φ 𝑑𝐼
=𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏
𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝑳
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47

Note:
INDUCTORS After obtaining the current and
voltage, let us determine the energy
𝒅𝑰𝑳 stored in an inductor.
𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳 For simplicity purposes, let us assume
𝒅𝒕 that there is no initial current in the
𝟏 inductor.
𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝑳
𝑃 =𝐼 𝑉
𝑑𝐼
𝑃 =𝐼 𝐿
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝐼
=𝐿 𝐼
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝟏
𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐

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Note:

INDUCTORS
Next, let us determine the equivalent inductance if we
connect inductors in series and in parallel.
For simplicity purposes, let us assume that the inductors
𝒅𝑰𝑳 have no initial current. 𝑰 𝒕𝟎 = 𝑰(𝟎) = 𝟎
𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 +𝑉 − +𝑉 − +𝑉 −
𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝑳 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝟏 +
𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐 𝑉
𝟐 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼 𝐼
−
𝐼 =𝐼 =𝐼 =⋯=𝐼
𝑉 = 𝑉 + 𝑉 + ⋯+ 𝑉
𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐼 𝑑𝐼
𝐿 =𝐿 +𝐿 + ⋯+ 𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵

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49

Note:

INDUCTORS
Next, let us determine the equivalent inductance if we
connect inductors in series and in parallel.
For simplicity purposes, let us assume that the inductors
𝒅𝑰𝑳 have no initial current. 𝑰 𝒕𝟎 = 𝑰(𝟎) = 𝟎
𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏
𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰 𝒕𝟎
𝑳
𝟏 + + 𝐼 + 𝐼 + 𝐼
𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐 𝑉 𝑉 𝐿 𝑉 𝐿 𝑉 𝐿
𝟐 𝐼
− − − −

𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉 =⋯=𝑉
𝐼 = 𝐼 + 𝐼 + ⋯+ 𝐼
1 1 1 1
𝑉 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 + ⋯ + 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + ⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵
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CAPACITOR INDUCTOR
𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑪 𝑽𝟐
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝑾𝑳 =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + + ⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + + ⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

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𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏

SAMPLE 1
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + +⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + +⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

If the voltage across a 5-F capacitor is 2te-3t V, find the current and the power.

𝑑𝑉 𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
𝐼 =𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑃 = (2𝑡𝑒 )[10𝑒 1 − 3𝑡 ]
𝑑 𝑃 = 𝟐𝟎𝒕𝒆 𝟔𝒕
𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕 𝑾
𝐼 =5 2𝑡𝑒
𝑑𝑡
𝐼 = 5 2𝑒 − 6𝑡𝑒
𝐼 = 𝟏𝟎𝒆 𝟑𝒕 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒕 𝑨

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𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏

SAMPLE 2
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + +⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + +⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

At t=0, the voltage across a 50-mF capacitor is 10 V. Calculate the voltage

across the capacitor for t > 0 when current 4t mA flows through it.
1
𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑉(𝑡 )
𝐶
1
𝑉 = 4𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 10
0.05
𝑉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 𝑽

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𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏

SAMPLE 3
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + +⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + +⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

The voltage across a 2-mF capacitor is shown below. Determine and plot the
current through the capacitor.
v(t) (V)
𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝟏𝝁𝒔 𝟏𝝁𝒔 < 𝒕 < 𝟑𝝁𝒔 𝟑𝝁𝒔 < 𝒕 < 𝟒𝝁𝒔

𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏

16 16 − 0 16 − 16 0 − 16
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑡+𝑏 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 1𝜇 + 𝑏 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 3𝜇 + 𝑏
0 1𝜇 − 0 3𝜇 − 1𝜇 4𝜇 − 3𝜇
Time (μs)
1 2 3 4 16 − 0 16 − 16 0 − 16
𝑣 0 =0= 0 +𝑏 𝑣 1𝜇 = 16 = 1𝜇 − 1𝜇 + 𝑏 𝑣 3𝜇 = 16 = 3𝜇 − 3𝜇 + 𝑏
1𝜇 − 0 3𝜇 − 1𝜇 4𝜇 − 3𝜇
𝑏=0 𝑏 = 16 𝑏 = 16

𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒕 𝑽 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔 𝑽 𝒗 𝒕 = −𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒕 + 𝟏𝟔 𝑽

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𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏

SAMPLE 3
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + +⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + +⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

The voltage across a 2-mF capacitor is shown below. Determine and plot the
current through the capacitor.
i(t) (kA)
v(t) (V)
𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝟏𝝁𝒔 𝟏𝝁𝒔 < 𝒕 < 𝟑𝝁𝒔 𝟑𝝁𝒔 < 𝒕 < 𝟒𝝁𝒔
32 𝑑𝑉
𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡, 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝐼 =𝐶
𝑑𝑡
16
0 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒕 𝑽 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔 𝑽 𝒗 𝒕 = −𝟏𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒕 + 𝟏𝟔 𝑽
Time (μs)
1 2 3 4 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑖 𝑡 = 0.002 16 × 10 𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 = 0.002 16 𝑖 𝑡 = 0.002 −16 × 10 𝑡 + 16
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

−32 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑨 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝒌𝑨 𝒊 𝒕 = −𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑨

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𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏

SAMPLE 4
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + +⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + +⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

Find the equivalent Capacitance between terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’.

80 𝜇𝐹

12 𝜇𝐹 40 𝜇𝐹 10 𝜇𝐹
𝑎
50 𝜇𝐹 20 𝜇𝐹
12 𝜇𝐹 30 𝜇𝐹

𝑏
60 𝜇𝐹

𝐶 ={ 10//20//30 + 60 //50 + 40//80 //12 + 12} = 𝟏𝟎 𝝁𝑭

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𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏

SAMPLE 5
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + +⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + +⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

A 100-mH inductor is connected in parallel with a 2-kΩ resistor. The current

through the inductor is i(t) = 50e-400t mA.
a. Find the voltage vL across the inductor.
b. Find the voltage vR across the resistor.
c. Calculate the energy in the inductor at t=0.

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𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏

SAMPLE 5
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + +⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + +⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

A 100-mH inductor is connected in parallel with a 2-

kΩ resistor. The current through the inductor is i(t)
= 50e-400t mA. − 𝐼
a. Find the voltage vL across the inductor. 𝑉 100 𝑚𝐻 2 𝑘Ω
b. Find the voltage vR across the resistor. +
c. Calculate the energy in the inductor at t=0.
Note:
𝑑𝐼 𝑉 (𝑡) = 𝑉 𝐼 𝑡 = 50𝑒
So why is our voltage, vL, negative? 𝑉 (𝑡) = 𝐿 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒕 𝐼 0 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝑨
𝑑𝑡 𝑉 (𝑡) = −𝟐𝒆 𝑽
We have to note that all of our equations are derived when
the inductor is CHARGING. Therefore, if this is the direction of 𝑑
current… 𝑉 (𝑡) = 0.1 0.05𝑒
𝑑𝑡 1
The voltage should have this polarity. 𝑑 𝑊 = 𝐿 𝐼
𝑉 (𝑡) = 0.1 0.05𝑒 2
But now that it is DISCHARGING, the polarity of voltage 𝑑𝑡 1
should change as well. 𝑉 (𝑡) = −𝟐𝒆 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒕 𝑽 𝑊 = 0.1 0.05
Or we could see it this way, dI/dt is just the slope of the 2
current. Since the inductor is discharging, the current should 𝑊 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝝁𝑱
decrease overtime, therefore, the slope is negative.

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𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏

SAMPLE 6
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + +⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + +⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

If the voltage waveform is applied to a 10-mH inductor, find the inductor current
i(t). Assume i(0) = 0.
𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝟏𝒔 𝟏𝒔 < 𝒕 < 𝟐𝒔
v(t) (V)
𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
5
5−0 −5 − (−5)
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑡+𝑏 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑡−1 +𝑏
1−0 2−1
0
Time (s) 5−0 −5 + 5
1 2 𝑣 0 =0= 0 +𝑏 𝑣 1 = −5 = 1−1 +𝑏
1−0 2−1
𝑏=0 𝑏 = −5
−5

𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟓𝒕 𝑽 𝒗 𝒕 = −𝟓 𝑽

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𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏

SAMPLE 6
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + +⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + +⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

If the voltage waveform is applied to a 10-mH inductor, find the inductor current
i(t). Assume i(0) = 0.
i(t) (A) 𝟎 < 𝒕 < 𝟏𝒔 𝟏𝒔 < 𝒕 < 𝟐𝒔
v(t) (V) 1
𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑡, 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝐼 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑡
250 𝐿
5
𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟓𝒕 𝑽 𝒗 𝒕 = −𝟓 𝑽
1 1
0 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑡 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑡
Time (s) 𝐿 𝐿
1 2 1 1
𝑖 𝑡 = 5𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 0 𝑖 𝑡 = −5𝑑𝑡 + 250
0.01 0.01
−5 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒕𝟐 𝑨 𝒊 𝒕 = −𝟓𝟎𝟎𝒕 + 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝑨
−250
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖 1 = 250 (1) 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑖 2 = −500 2 + 750
𝑖 𝑡 = 250 𝐴 𝑖 𝑡 = −250 𝐴

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𝜺𝑨 𝝁𝑵𝟐 𝑨
𝑪= 𝑳=
𝒅 𝒍
𝑸=𝑪 𝑽 𝜱=𝑳 𝑰
𝒅𝑽𝑪 𝟏
𝑰𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑰𝑳 = 𝑽𝑳 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑰(𝒕𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏

SAMPLE 7
𝑽𝑪 = 𝑰𝑪 𝒅𝒕 + 𝑽(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒅𝑰𝑳
𝑪 𝑽𝑳 = 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝟏 𝟏
𝑾𝑪 = 𝑪 𝑽𝟐 𝑾𝑳 = 𝑳 𝑰𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: 𝑳𝑬𝑸 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑳𝑵
𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔: = + +⋯+
𝑪𝑬𝑸 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝑵 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: 𝑪𝑬𝑸 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝑪𝑵 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍: = + +⋯+
𝑳𝑬𝑸 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝑵

Find the equivalent Inductance between terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’.

9𝐻

10 𝐻

3𝐻

4𝐻 6𝐻 12 𝐻

𝑎 𝑏
𝐿 = 9 + 3 //12//6 + 4 = 𝟕 𝑯

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