LITHIUM ION BATTERIES

Lithium has greatest promise as a battery material,

Low weight (Atomic weight 6.94)

High voltage (greater than 3v compared to Ni-Cd and Lead- Acid

batteries (1.5-2.0)

Favourable thermodynamic potential (-3.045V)

No passivation in non-aqueous solvent like propylene carbonate,

ethylene carbonate.
 Lithium – ion secondary batteries

In 1997, the Sony Corporation commercialized the first lithium-

ion battery.

Today more than ten companies based in Japan are producing

these batteries.

Anode : Graphite
Cathode : lithium transition metal oxides (LiMO2)
Electrolyte : lithium ions with organic carbonates
such as ethylene and propylene
carbonates.
 During charging
The battery can be charged by supplying an electric current during which the lithium are forced out
at the positive electrodes into negative electrode. This charging process resets the anode and cathode.
So that the battery can once again power the devices.

Positive electrode (anode):

LiMO2 Li1-xMO2 + xLi+ + xe-

Negative electrode (cathode):

C + xLi+ + xe- LixC
Net reaction:
LiMO2 + C Li1-xMO2 +LixC

Upon charging lithium ions are extracted from the positive

electrode material and intercalated into the negative electrode
material .

Upon discharging the reverse process takes place.

 During discharging

Lithium ions spontaneously shuttle from the negative electrode to

positive electrode through the electrolyte .This flow of electrons
from anode into cathode produce electric current which is used to
power the devices.

Positive electrode (cathode)

Li1-xMO2 + xLi+ + xe- LiMO2

Negative electrode (anode):

LixC C + xLi+ + xe-
Net reaction
Li1-xMO2 + LixC LiMO2 + C

lithium ions spontaneously shuttle from the negative electrode to

positive electrode through the electrolyte .This flow of electrons from
anode into cathode produce electric current which is used to power
the devices.
 ADVANTAGES

•High energy density- potential for higher capacities.

•Relatively low self discharge –self discharge is less than half that of Ni-Cd battery.
•Low maintenance
•No periodic discharge is required .
•There is no memory effect (memory effect refers to the phenomenon where the
discharge capacity of the battery is reduced when it is repetitively incompletely
discharged and then recharged)
•It is eco-friendly.
SUPERCAPACITORS
 SUPERCAPACITORS
CAPACITORS:
A dielectric material placed between two conducting plates.
When potential is applied, opposite charges accumulate on the surface of each of the electrode.
The charges are kept separate by the dielectric. This separation of charges produces an electric field.
Thus energy is stored as static electricity.
Capacitance is the ratio of charge stored to the applied voltage
C = Q/V
Capacitance is directly proportional to the surface area (A) of
the electrodes and the distance between them (D)
C = εo κ A/D
Where εo is permittivity of free space and κ the dielectric
constant of the insulating material.
Energy stored in the capacitor E = ½ CV2

Power = V2/ 4 R
The internal components of the capacitor (e.g., current
collectors, electrodes, and dielectric material) also contribute
to the resistance
 A supercapacitor (or ultracapacitor) differs from an ordinary capacitor in two important ways:
its plates effectively have a much bigger area and the distance between them is much smaller,
because the separator between them works in a different way to a conventional dielectric.
Structure of Supercapacitor

supercapacitors consist of two porous electrodes, electrolyte, a separator and current collectors.
 SUPERCAPACITORS
Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, utilize high surface area
electrode materials and thin electrolytic dielectrics to achieve capacitance values much larger than
conventional capacitors.
Supercapacitors are able to attain greater energy densities while still maintaining the characteristic high
power density of conventional capacitors.

Advantages over batteries and fuel

cells:
• High power density
• Shorter charging times
• Longer cycle life (106 compared
to batteries with 103 )
• Longer shelf life.

But energy density is

lower than batteries& fuel cells
 TYPES OF SUPERCAPACITORS
Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC)
Charge storage is by non-faradaic mechanism
Components:
Two carbon based electrodes – Activated carbon, carbon aerogel or carbon
nanotube coated on a metal plate and soaked in an electrolyte. The porous
nature of these carbon materials increase the surface area.
Electrolyte – Aqueous electrolytes like H2SO4 and KOH (OR) organic
electrolytes like acetonitrile containing some salts. The choice of the
electrolyte is important because it accounts for the internal resistance.
Separator between the electrodes which allows migration of ions and is an
electronic insulator. (plastic).
Charge storage – electrostatic by formation of an electrical double layer.
When potential is applied charge accumulates on the electrode and ions of
opposite charge diffuse through the separator and into the pores of the
electrode forming a double layer, thus storing the charge.
The increased surface area and decreased distance between the electrodes
produces high capacitance and energy densities compared to conventions
capacitors
 TYPES OF SUPERCAPACITORS

Pseudopcapacitors:
Charge storage Faradaically through the transfer of charge between electrode and electrolyte. This is
accomplished through electrosorption, reduction-oxidation reactions, and intercalation processes.

These Faradaic processes allow pseudocapacitors to achieve greater capacitances and energy densities
than EDLCs.

Electrode materials - conducting polymers and metal oxides.

Hybrid Capacitors
Utilize both Faradaic and non-Faradaic processes to store charge, hybrid capacitors have achieved
energy and power densities greater than EDLCs.

They use both carbon based materials and conducting polymers as electrodes.
 Application of Supercapacitors

One common application is in wind turbines, where very large

supercapacitors help to smooth out the intermittent power supplied
by the wind.

 In electric and hybrid vehicles, supercapacitors are increasingly

being used as temporary energy stores for regenerative
braking(where the energy a vehicle would normally waste when it
comes to a stop is briefly stored and then reused when it starts
moving again).
 APPLICATIONS

Supercapacitors are used for storing reasonable amount of energy for a short period ( from
few seconds to few minutes.
• Used to smooth out power supplies to electrical and electronic equipment.
• Supercapacitors may be connected to batteries to regulate their power supply.
• In wind turbines, very large supercapacitors help to smooth out intermittant power supplied
by the wind.
• In electric and hybrid vehicles, supercapacitors are increasingly being used as temporary
energy stores for regenerative braking (the energy a vehicle would normally waste when it
comes to a stop is briefly stored and then reused when it starts moving again).