Usually introduced by SAY or TELL

THAT is optional.

Personal pronouns and possessive adjectives changed according to context

Adverbials (of place and time) changed according to context

– Verb forms changed

• This => that

• These => those

Certain words
tonight, today, this that night, that day, that week/month/year week/month/year now

then, at that time, at

once, immediately now that
since yesterday, last night/ the day before, the week/month/year previous night/week/
month/year tomorrow, next week/ the following day/the month/year
day after, the following/
next week/month/year two days/months/years two days/months/years ago
before
• Here => there

• Come => go

Adverbials of time

Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive: no change

Reported statements
Past Simple: changed to Past Perfect or remaining the same

Verb forms in time clauses remaining the same

If the reported sentence is out of date, the verb form changes.

If the reported sentence is up to date, the verb form doesn't change. (still true at the
moment of speaking/ writing)
Verb forms in Reported Speech

Reporting verb is in present or future

A style used to report what a speaker actually said
- Definition
Reported Speech
Types
The speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or conditions
• Words changed
• No quotation marks
The reported sentence deals with conditionals type 2 and 3, wishes or unreal past
Verb Forms Not Changing

The speaker is reporting something right after it is said (up to date)

If the speaker reports something which is believed to be untrue, the verb forms
change.

Introduced with ASK, WONDER, INQUIRE, etc.

Statement word order

Reported questions
Wh-questions: ask + wh-word

Yes/No questions: ask + if/whether

To report orders, requests, warnings, advice, and invitations

Used with infinitives or -Ings

• can => could

• may => might

• must => had to-Inf, was/were to-Inf

Reported commands/requests/suggestions

• mustn't => mustn't, was/were not to-Inf, shouldn't

Modals change

• must have p.p. => must have p.p.

• needn't => had to-Inf, didn't have to-Inf, wouldn't have to-Inf

• will => would

A dependent clause which functions as a noun or noun phrase
Definition

Beginning with THAT, a question word, or IF/ WHETHER

Used with embedded Yes/No questions

IF is preferred when the noun clause is the object of the verb.

that-clauses
Derived from statements
Types of nominal clauses
*Talking about choices or alternatives
wh-clauses
Derived from questions

Noun clause as subject

NOUN CLAUSES
Sequence of Tenses
The verb tense in the independent clause determines the verb tense
in the dependent noun clause
After BE (noun clause as subject complement)

WHETHER and IF
After a preposition
Noun clauses as object

After a noun
WHETHER is used in other positions
agree
assume
believe
advise
ask
assure
bet
ask
feel
consider
find
know
convince
inform
Before a to-Infinitive
persuade
notify

remind
mean
point out
realize
say
promise
reassure
show

Immediately before OR NOT

show
see
suggest
teach
write
suppose
tell
warn

Noun clauses after PREPOSITIONS

suspect
think
understand wonder

admit
announce
complain
declare
In different structures
explain
indicate
mention
point out

propose recommend
remark
report

say
suggest
write