‫المعهد التقني كركوك‬

‫قسم تقنيات صحة المجتمع‬

‫مدرس المادة‬
‫م‪.‬م جلنك حميد محمود‬
‫ماجستير علوم الحياة‬
 Immunology

Immunology : is the study of the immune system and is a very

important branch of the medical and biological sciences .
Immunity : is body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful
foreign materials or abnormal cells
The immune system is a network of biological
processes that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and
responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to parasitic
worms, as well as cancer cells and objects such as wood splinters,
distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue.

Role of the immune system

• Defense against microbes
• Defense against the growth of tumor cells
• kills the growth of tumor cells
• Homeostasis : destruction of abnormal or dead cell an antigen –
antibody complexes
• destruction of abnormal or dead cells
(e.g. dead red or white blood cells, antigen-antibody
complex)

The main parts of the immune system are: white blood cells,
antibodies, the complement system, the lymphatic system, the
spleen, the thymus, and the bone marrow. These are the
parts of your immune system that actively fight infection .
Many species have two major subsystems of the immune system.
The innate immune system provides a preconfigured response to
broad groups of situations and stimuli. The adaptive immune
system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning
to recognize molecules it has previously encountered. Both
use molecules and cells to perform their functions.

Innate Immunity
• first line of immune response
• relies on mechanisms that exist before infection

The innate immune responses involve:

physical barriers - skin, gut Villi, lung cilia, etc .
chemicals - lysozyme, bile salts, sebum, HCl acid, etc
cells that release inflammatory mediators
phagocytic cells
natural killer cells
humoral factors - complement proteins, acute phase proteins,
and cytokines.
Factors affect on the innate immunity :-
1. Age 2. Species and strain 3. Sex 4. Hormones 5. Foods .

Adaptive Immunity
• Second line of response (if innate fails)
• Relies on mechanisms that adapt after infection .

The Adaptive immune responses involves:

antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and
dendritic cells;
the activation and proliferation of antigen-specific Blymphocytes;
the activation and proliferation of antigen-specific Tlymphocytes;
the production of antibody molecules, cytotoxic Tlymphocytes
(CTLs), and cytokines.

Passive

- Artificial .
1- Administration of serum
2- Administration of lymphocyte (T and B cell lymphocyte ) .

- Natural
1- Transplacentation
2- Via colostrum

Active

- Artificial
1-Vaccination
- Natural

1-Infection
a-clinical infection
b-sub clinical infection
 Immunoglobulin

Antigen : Any substance can promote the immune

response ( humoral or cellular immunity ).

Immunoglobulin : as humoral substance ( gamma globulin ),

Immunoglobulin: A protein produced by (antigenic stimulus )
plasma cells and lymphocytes and characteristic of these
types of cells. Immunoglobulins play an essential role in the
body's immune system. They attach to foreign substances,
such as bacteria, and assist in destroying them.
Immunoglobulin is abbreviated Ig. Five groups of
immunoglobulin have been distinguished IgG 80% , IgA 15% ,
IgM 10% , IgD 0.2-1% ,IgE 0.04%