© IPA, 2006 - 24th Annual Convention Proceedings, 1995

PA95 - 2.2 - 056

PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Twenty Fourth Annual Convention, October 1995

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGE LOG USE IN EVALUATION

OF LOW RESISTIVITY PAY IN THE A'ITAKA FIELD

Sigit Sutiyono*

ABSTRACT data. Its value and limitations are discussed as well as

In order to improve identification of low resistivity
pay in the Attaka field, Magnetic Resonance Image
Logging (MRIL) was acquired over selected intervals
in five wells. The introduction of this new technology
was intended to directly measure irreducible water
saturation, effective porosity, moveable fluids and
permeability.
There are two types of low resistivity pay in the
Attaka field : (1) due to large amounts of irreducible
water and (2) due to shoulder or thin bed effects. The
low resistivity pay was recognized during the
development starting in the mid 1980's and since then
has made a major contribution to production. Over the
years various methods were used to enhance log
analysis with mixed success. Extensive RFT testing
and field experience remained as the most reliable
methods to recognize these reserves.
MRIL logging was introduced to improve the
identification of low resistivity pay by directly
providing a clay volume indicator, which is especially
applicable to intervals with a high content of volcanic
rock fragments.
The MRIL results from limited wells and intervals
are being applied over the entire field using statistical
methods. One immediate benefit is improving
estimation of permeability and the understanding of
the contribution of each layer to the initial production.
Other benefits will come fkom the contribution to
ongoing projects involving detailed 3-D geological
modeling aimed at improving recovery by infill
drilling and enhanced recovery. MRIL results and
interpretations are compared to other logs and core
* Unocal Indonesia Ltd.
the impact on future development of low resistivity
Pay.
INTRODUCTION
The 8000 acre Attaka field is located approximately
12 miles offshore from Tanjung Santan, East
Kalimantan (Figure 1). The Attaka field is a faulted
four-way dipping and north-south trending anticline
located in the eastern region of the Kutei Basin. The
field is part of the Samarinda Anticlinorium formed at
the same time as the deposition of Neogene sediments
that provide most of the hydrocarbon systems in the
region. A series of normal faults with northwest strike
and northeast dip have cut and subdivided the
structure into five fault blocks, all of which contain
hydrocarbons (Figure 2).
The field has produced more than 530 MMSTB of oil
and 982 BCF of gas from an interval that spans about
10,000 feet of Middle to Late Miocene sediments.
This interval is subdivided into five different
stratigraphic sequences: Overpressure, Deep,
Intermediate, Deltaic and Shallow (Figure 3).
In the early field development started in 1972, Unocal
relied on the production from the thick, clean and
high resistivity fluvial sandstone reservoirs of the
Deltaic Sequence. The production peaked at 120,000
ST BD in 1977 and had declined to the lowest rate of
35,000 S T B D in 1985. Since then, Unocal has
initiated a massive infill drilling and redrilling
program as well as workovers to maintain the
production rate. This program includes completing
less obvious and low resistivity sandstone reservoirs
in the Overpressure, Deep; Intermediate and Shallow
sequences, causing an increase in production to
46,000 STB/D. Most of these reservoirs were not
168
recognized as hydrocarbon bearing from conventional
logs.
Information gained from higher resolution logs,
Repeat Formation Tester (RFT) sampling, drill stem
tests and core analysis has helped to improve log
interpretation, resulting in a tremendous increase in
reserves from low resistivity sandstone reservoirs.
LOW RESISTIVITY RESERVOIRS
Past log calculation of low resistivity sandstone
reservoirs suggested very high water saturations in
zones where RFT sampling and DST tests recovered
hydrocarbons. Low resistivity pay presently
contributes 40 percent of the production from the
Attaka field.
Causes of Low Resistivity
There are several causes for the low resistivity pay in
Unocal’s East Kalimantan area, including bioturbation,
conductive minerals, high irreducible water saturation
and shoulder or thin bed effects. In the Attaka field
the latter two are very dominant (Elim and Partono,
1994). High irreducible water saturation is caused by
high clay content or presence of volcanic rock
fragments and is a primary problem in the Shallow
sequence. Shoulder bed effect is caused by thin beds,
and is predominant in the Overpressure, Deep and
Intermediate sequences.
Thick shaly sandstone reservoirs
Authigenic clays are v e 6 common and well
recognized from both core Scanning Electron
Microscopy and X-Ray diffraction. Generally
dispersed and structural clays are more common than
laminar clay. These clays have a major influence on
reservoir quality, particularly by affecting permeability
and water saturation. Pore size and shape are modified
by clay minerals that either occur as pore fillings or
grain coatings blocking the pore throat and reducing
the size of pore apertures. Kaolinite is less damaging
than hairlike to fibrous forms of illite which has a
large surface area and low permeability. Micropores
occumng between clay particles are capable of
holding large amounts of irreducible water by
surfacial capillary pressure (Shan Chen, 1985), thus
representing non-effective porosity. These types of
clays are known to create problems during drilling,
stimulation and production due to their ability to
block pores by expansion, migration or by trapping
drilling particles.
Core data indicate the reservoirs to be argillaceous
litharenites (Figure 8). The clays generally exist as a
function of disintegration and diagenesis of feldspars
and volcanic rocks. Illitehmectite comprise
approximately 70 to 90 percent of total clay volume.
This will cause high CEC and consequently the
formation becomes electrically more conductive (Shan
Chen, 1986).
Volcanic rock fragments ranging from rhyolite,
rhyodacite to andesite are locally common, and have
been subjected to diagenesis and leaching into
different types of clay minerals. Development of
microporosity as a result of rock fragment
desintegration has caused larger grain surface area and
much larger amount of irreducible water (Shan Chen,
1985). The presence of both authigenic clays and
volcanic rock fragments causes the reservoir to be
unstable and immature. Diagenesis has a significant
influence on porosity and permeability as
demonstrated by SEM from Attaka B-15. In the
Shallow stratigraphic sequence, RFT or MDT
sampling performance has a very low measure of
success due to plugging. Another factor that makes
this interval problematic is poor compaction. High
drawdown applied during production creates fines or
sand migration.
Core data also indicate a fair amount of conductive
ferro-magnesiun minerals, pyrite and siderite which
locally comprise as much as 5 percent of the bulk
matrix volume.
Effects on wireline measurements due to the above
conditions are as follows; 1). Gamma Ray as the
primary clay indicator overestimates clay volume or
underestimates net sand, 2). Resistivity is lower than
expected in clean hydrocarbon bearing sandstone
resulting in overestimation of water saturation,
3). Neutron porosity is very high and very often gas
effect on the logs is masked. The response appears as
if no gas is present because a large percentage of the
bulk composition is liquid. 4). Density becomes
slightly higher resulting in apparently tight rock. Due
to these limitations, Unocal has relied on RFT
sampling for fluid identification. Figure 7 shows a
typical Shallow interval example of a low resistivity

thick shaly sandstone reservoir.
Thinly Bedded Sandstone Resexvoils
In general the sands are categorized as sublitharenites
with thicknesses ranging from few inches to 10 feet.
The quartz grains are fine to very fine in size. Chert,
plagioclase, benthic forams, schist and micas are
present as accessory grains. Clays are very common,
with laminar-detrital forms of illite/smectite being
more dominant than the dispersed and structural forms
of kaolinite. Variations in porosity and permeability
are controlled by deposition rather than by diagenetic
factors. The depositional factors are primarily
bioturbation resulting in high detrital clays which
severely reduce porosity and permeability, and
increases the bulk conductivig.. Diagenetic factors
which play an important role in porosity and
permeability development are compaction, pore-filling
authigenic kaolinite, pyrite, siderite and associated
detrital clays.
Petrology indicates that the sands have a high
potential for fines migration, especially of kaolinite
and mixed layer illite/smectite. High transient pressure
may cause blockage of pore throats restricted by
expandable illite/smectite causing permeability
retardation around the well bore. The lithologic and
mineralogical effects on log response are less
dominant than in the Shallow sequence. Clay volume
can be accurately predicted by conventional log
analysis. However, shoulder bed effects causing
apparent resistivity reduction are very prominent due
to thinly bedded reservoirs. Neutron and density logs
are slightly affected in these laminated sands.
Resistivity readings are also reduced by the effect of
apparent dip due to directional drilling (Partono,
1992). Resistivity modelling is very critical for this
type of reservoir. A deconvolution program has been
used for resistivity enhancement of older logs, and the
program also allows for dip correction. High
resolution data has been a primary source of more
reliable measurements, including the Array Induction
Tool (AIT) and XHR. These indicate much higher
resistivity in this type of reservoir.
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE
Detailed theory of nuclear magnetic resonance is
beyond the scope of this paper. The reader is referred
to the extensive discussion about this subject by
169
Abragam, 1961, Fmar and Becker, 1971, Hearst and
Nelson, 1985, Miller et al., 1990, Coates et al., 1991,
1993, and 1994, Chandler et al., 1994 and Prammer,
1994.
The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance technology
primarily measures the effects on hydrogen atoms by
the introduction of a strong magnetic field. The tool
measures the amount of irreducible fluid and free
fluid as well as the effective porosity. Permeability
can then be derived from these measurements (Miller
et al, 1990). The MRIL tool uses this principle for its
downhole measurements.
How MRIL Can Help the Evaluation of Low
Resistivity Pay
There are several applications of MRIL in the
identification of low resistivity pay. MRIL porosity by
definition is effective porosity free of clay effects
(Coates et al., 1994). When MRIL porosity is
compared to the wireline total porosity, it can provide
a more direct shale volume indicator. This is very
applicable for intervals such as the Shallow sequence
where the volcanic rock fragments are abundant and
result in a very high Gamma Ray derived clay
content. Coates et al., also discuss the possibility of
determining the CEC from this phenomenon.
The continuous measurement of irreducible water
provides a quantitative input for the dual water model.
The irreducible water saturation variation due to
lithology effects can also be used for resistivity
modeling. Further results can be obtained by
integrating thin section petrology and mineralogy
from core and irreducible water variation.
Information on the amount of irreducible water can
help solve the problem of wireline porosity log
responses where neutron and density curves in a gas
sand do not show any indication of gas effect. Prior
to the availability of MRIL information, this was
thought mainly due to mud filtrate invasion (Sutiyono,
1992) but can now be shown actually to be due to
high irreducible water.
Another benefit obtained from MRIL logs is
continuous data on effective porosity, irreducible
water saturation and permeability which can replace
routine core analysis for certain purposes. The
disadvantage of core data is that it is only available
over limited intervals which very often are extended
170
for permeabily-porosity prediction for different
intervals. With good MRIL data from selected wells
in a field, conventional wireline data can be utilized
for facies modeling and permeability prediction for
offset wells. This type of pemeability prediction has
proven very accurate.
More importantly MRIL data in combination with
wireline data provides information on whether any
moveable (free) water is present.
Typically the thinly bedded reservoirs have been
completed with multi-zone perforation (Elim and
Partono, 1994, Zagalai, 1994). MRIL permeability
data will allow a more accurate calculation of each
zone's contribution from which a measure of
producibility can be derived (Straley et al., 1995).
Another important benefit is to find possible
overlooked pay. Conventionally net pay calculations
are based on cutoff parameters. Intervals which do
not pass the cutoff test may actually contain
producible hydrocarbon at very high irreducible water
and only very little or no free water.
R~SULTS
The B-type MRIL tool was run in 8.5 inch hole in
five Attaka wells during the second half of 1994. This
type of MRIL tool has some limitations, including the
allowable logging speed of only 120 ft per hour
compared to the conventional logging speed of 900
to 1800 feet per hour. Effective porosity, irreducible
water, free fluid and permeability were measured and
processed. On first appearance the MRIL
measurements using this tool are affected by the
presence of light hydrocarbons (Miller et al., 1990)
which reduce porosity and permeability significantly.
This is very recognizable in intervals with strong gas
effect on log response (Figure 7). The correction
applied to raw MRIL data is performecl through an
iteration process called "MRIAN" processing
incorporating wireline data (Coates et al., 1994).
Figure 10 demonstrates crossplots of MRIL and
ELAN porosity before and after correction indicating
good agreement in the higher porosity region, while in
the lower porosity region the difference is much
larger. MRIL porosity-permeability crossplot were
generated in all stratigraphic sequences and compared
to core porosity-permeability crossplots. One of these
crossplots is shown in Figure 8 which suggests that
the core and MRIL porosity-permeability relationship
is in good agreement. Although to some extent MRIL
data is more advantageous than routine core analysis
data, MRIL resolution is much poorer than
conventional wireline logs.
The interval from A140 to A160' MD shown in
Figure 7 exhibits a thick, shaley sandstone reservoir,
with a resistivity of about 2 Ohm-m. The sand, which
is proven gas bearing from RFT, does not show any
gas effect on neutron and density curves. MRIL data
shows zone to have a very large amount of irreducible
water in cases as high as 85 percent. The overlying
interval B190 - B210' MD demonstrates a good gas
effect from a sand with 20 Ohm-m resistivity. Raw
MRIL porosity, MPHI, and raw MRIL permeability,
PERM, show gas effect response. MDT samples
taken to test intervals with similar MRIL response
give contradicting indications as some samples
recover gas in a liquid response and vise versa.
The irreducible water content, MBVI, of this gas sand
is about 17 percent of the effective pore space. The
data from the two zones in Figure 7 indicate that it
should be possible to generate a relationship between
irreducible water content and resistivity readings.
Otherwise when both high and low resistive sands are
present, the sand with lower resistivity would be
easily missed as pay a zone. The log response in such
sands suggest a very high clay content capable of
holding large amounts of irreducible, non-moveable,
water. This type of reservoir is well known to
experience plugging during RFT sampling, as well as
fines migration and sanding problems when the zone
is produced.
No gas effect is seen on the logs because the MRIL
tool measures formation bulk composition. In this case
it reads liquids, consisting of about 8 5 percent water
and 15 percent gas. By conventional logs this zone
would be considered wet, whereas MRIL indicates
that it will flow water-free gas. Despite improvements
in log interpretation from determination of electerical
properties from core analysis, resistivity modeling
requires further evaluation and understanding of how
clay types, clay distribution, pore geometry and
mineralogy affect the resistivity measurement.
It has been discussed earlier that the MRIL tool
provides a unique porosity measurement, which
excludes clay porosity (Coates et al., 1994). A more
reliable clay content indicator can be established by

the offset of total porosity from conventional tools to
the MRIL porosity. Figure 9 demonstrates the
difference between a conventional Gamma Ray and
a Swb derived Gamma Ray from MRIL porosity and
conventional wireline total porosity. Swb is equivalent
to the bound water saturation assumed to be
proportional to one less the fraction of MRIL porosity
over wireline total porosity (Coates et al., 1994). The
interval from X340' to X378'MD in Figure 9 indicates
higher Gamma Ray derived clay content than
indicated MRIL clay content. The difference most
likely is due to the presence of radioactivity
contributed by feldspars, plagioclase, volcanic rock
fragments and other radioactive elements in the
formation.
The benefit from using MRIL data permeability is to
determine more accurately the production split for
multilayered completions which is normally used in
this type of reservoir as shown in Figure 11.
Determining net pay using cutoff parameters is not
always accurate. This method tends to underestimate
the potential of intervals with large amounts of
irreducible water. A good example of this is presented
in Figure 12 where the interval between Y630' and
Y640'MD (W Sand) represents a non-hydrocarbon
zone according to cutoff criteria. MRIL data in the
other hand shows this interval to have very high
irreducible water saturation and only a small amount
of free water. A large proportion of the moveable
fluids in this interval is actually hydrocarbons.
Statistical Analysis
When sufficient data from several wells, including
wireline logs, core and sedimentology data, is
available statistical analysis can be performed to give
a better estimate of pay parameters. Preferrably more
wells with MRIL data should be available to provide
more information on data variation to obtain more
representative models.
A test was run in the cored interval in Attaka L-10
well. MRIL was not acquired in this interval due to
potential differential sticking because the interval is
very depleted with an EMW of approximately 4.0
ppg. Permeability prediction was conducted level by
level based on log attributes and available MRIL data
in the same stratigraphic unit (Figure 13). Several
weeks later preliminary routine core analysis was
171
completed, and core porosity-permeability crossplots
generated. Both sets of results were shown to be in
close agreement (Figure 14). This type of prediction
has been implemented for a field wide study in 3-D
detailed geologic modeling to improve recovery by
infill drilling and enhanced recovery.
CONCLUSIONS
MRIL logs provide valuable results for log
interpretation. Integrated with wireline data, MRIL is
useful for identifying low resistivity sandstone
reservoirs. This improved understanding of low
resistivity zones is valuable when incorporated in
detailed field studies aimed at future development in
the Shallow Sequence in the Attaka field or in other
nearby fields such as Serang and Santan with similar
conditions.
Due to the slow logging speed, the B-type MRIL tool
is not desirable to run over large intervals. In terms
of log quality, MRIL logs require conventional
wireline data for correction and verification,
particularly since the effect of light hydrocarbons on
raw data is found to be inconsistent. Although worse
than the resolution of conventional wireline logs,
MRIL vertical resolution is acceptable.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank the Pertamina and
Unocal managements for permission to publish this
paper, and the Reservoir and Exploration staffs of
Unocal Balikpapan for their assistance.
REFERENCES
Abragam, A., 1961, The principle od Nuclear
Magnetism, Oxford University Press.
Austin, M.J., Faulkner L.T. Magnetic Resonance
Imaging Log Evaluates Low-Resistivity Pay. The
American Oil & Gas Reporter 52-54.
Chandler, R.N., Drack, E.O., Miller, M.N., Prammer,
M.G., 1994, Improved Log Quality With a Dual-
Frequency Pulsed NMR Tool. SPE 28365, 23-35.
Coates, G.R., Gardner, J.S., Miller, D.L., 1994,
Applying Pulse-echo NMR to Shally Sand Formation
Evaluation, SPWLA Convention, 1-22.
172
Coates, G.R., Gardner, J.S., Vinegar H.J., Tutunjian
P.N., 1993, Restrictive Diffusion From Uniform
Gradient NMR Well Logging, SPE 26472, 575-590.
Coates, G.R., Peveraro, R.C.A., Hardwick, A.,
Roberts, D., 1991, The Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Log Characterized by Comparison With Petrophysical
Properties and Laboratory Core Data. SPE 22723 627-
635.
Coates, G.R., Miller, M., Gillen, M., Henderson, G.,
1991, An Investigation of A New Magnetic
Resonance Imaging Log. SPWLA Convension 1-9.
Coates, G.R., Howard, A.D., 1992, Core Data and the
MRIL Show A New Approach to Formation Factor.
SPWLA Convention 1-15.
Elim A. H., Partono, Y.J., 1993, Development of Low
Resistive Sandstone Reservoir in Attaka Field, IATMI
Proceeding International Symposium on Resrvoir
Management, 73-86.
Farrar, T.C., Becker, E.D., 1971, Pulse and Furier
Transform NMR. Introduction to Theory and Methods,
Academic Press.
Hearst, J.R., Neson, P.H., 1985, Well Logging for
Physical Properties, Mc Craw Hill, 18 1-183.
Klein, J.D., Vavra, C.L., Salam, E.A., Wiewiorowski,
M.C., 1993, Low Resistive Pay The Stu'dy of
Petrology and Petrophysics of The Main Massive
Sands, B-Field, Offshore Northwest Java, IATMI
Proceeding International Symposium on Resrvoir
Management, 113-122.
Miller, M.N., Paltiel, Z., Gillen, M.E., Granot, J.,
Bouton, J.C., 1990, Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance
Logging : Porosity and Free Fluid Index
Determination. SPE 20561 321-334.
Partono, Y.J., 1992, Low Resistivity Sandstone
Reservoirs in the Attaka Field, IPA 21st Annual
Convention, Proceeding Volume I1 ,20-34.
Reay, W.G., 1985, Stratigraphy of The Northern Kutei
Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, Unocal Internal
Report.
Reay, W.G., Douglas, T.E., 1985, Stratigraphy and
Structure of The Northern Kutei Basin, East
Kalim antan, Indonesia, Unocal Internal Report.
Shan Chen, C., 1986, A Review of Low Resistive
Shaly Pay Sandstones; Causes, Problems, Available
Techniques, and Possible solutions for this
interpretation, Unocal Research Report.
Straley, C., Morris, C.E., Kenyon, W.E., Howard, J.J,
1995, NMR in Partially Saturzted Rocks: Laboratory
Insights on Free Fluid Index and Comparison with
Borehole Logs, The Log Analyst, 40-56.
Sutiyono, S., 1992, Evaluation of Logging while
Drilling Technology, Offshore, East Kalimantan. IPA,
21st Annual Convention Proceedings, Vol. 11, 1-19.
Trevina, A.S., 1993, Sedimentologic Study of Cores
from Attaka Wells, Unocal Research Report.
Willumsen, P., Schiller, D.M., 1994, High Quality
Volcaniclastic Sandstone Reservoirs in East Java,
Indonesia, IPA, 23rd Annual Convention Proceedings,
Volume-1, 101-118.
Zagalai, B.M., Weber, J., Mahadi, S., 1993, The Role
of Simulation in Management of a Mature Giant
Offshore Oil Field, Attaka, East Kalimantan, IATMI
Proceeding International Symposium on Resrvoir
Management, 23-48.
Zagalai, B.M., 1994, A Deterministic Approach to
Modeling a Giant Field With Numerous Stacked
Reservoirs, IPA, 23rd Annual Convention
Proceedings, Volume 11, 51-64.
 I73

FIGURE 1 - Location map of the Attaka field, offshore East Kalimantan

FAULT BLOCK

5000 Feet

mGURE 2 - Generalized structure map of the Attaka field at a Shallow Sequence marker.
174

Shallow Sequence

Deltaic Sequence

Intermediate
Sequence

b/ I: Deepsequence

Over-Pressu re
Sequence

FIGURE 3 - Attaka field Stratigraphic column

-- Shallow
Intermediate
Quartz

Lithic
Feldspar
Fragments
FIGURE 4 - Attaka sand composition in different stratigraphic units based on modal analyses
from thin sections (Trevina)
 175

FIGURE 5 - SEM from the Attaka D-12 wll rich in authigenic clay, AK=authigenic
kaolinite F =feldspar, P=pyrite, Qrtz=quartz grains, S=schistose,
metamorphic rock.

FIGURE 6 - SEM of the Attaka B-15 well with abundant volcanic rock fragments
(V), vesicular textures arc seen in most of these fragments, schistose
(S) is also common.
 .01 10000 i

FIGURE 7 - Wmline and MRIL logs from the L17 well. PERM=raw MRIL permeability curve, PMRI=comcted MRILpermeability.
MBVI=irreducible fluid, MPHI=raw MRIL porosity, MPHIc=corrected MRIL porosity. The sand at B200' shows gas
effect. Where the sand has small irreducible water, the resistivity reading (not shown) is about 20 Ohm-m. The sand
at A150' does not show gas effect due to high irreducible water. The resistivity reading in this sand is about 2 Ohm-m.
The a m w s indicate how the clay content affects the of irreducible water saturation.
 177

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,
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tn
fl~
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o
o

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o.o,, °, ,
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0 150 60 0

CORE POROSITY (%)

FIGURE 8 A n overlay o f p o r o s i t y - p e r m e a b i - FIGURE 9 - Conventional wireline GR

lity crossplots from core and M R I L compared with SWb derived
data in the Deltaic sequence. GR from MRIL data.

40.0 0400

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. i

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ELAN E. POROSITY (%) ELAN E. POROSITY (%)

F I G U R E 10B - E L A N and M R I L p o r o s i t y
F I G U R E 10A - . E L A N and raw M R I L crossplot after M R I L data is
• .porosity crossplot showing corrected using MRIAN
light hydrocarbon effect on and i n c o r p o r a i n g w i r e l i n e
M R I L data data.
178

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c200 C250 C300 C350
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 179

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0
Z200 Z300 Z400 '.500 Z600
DEPTH (feet)

FIGURE 13 - Statistical estimation of L-10 permeability data, interval Z450' to Z670'.

MRIL Permiability data, PMRI, is available from Z100' to Z450' (thick
curve). The estimated p e r m e a b i l i t y , EST.PERM matches the measured
pcrmability.

10000

1000
r-.
IZ2~
100
g

.~ 10
El

LLI

0.1

0.01
0 10 20 30 40
POROSITY (%)

FIGURE 14 - L-10 well. Estimated permeability and ELAN

porosity crossplot compared to core porosity-
permeability erossplot (circles) showing a good
fit between the two.