Study Switches Logic Circuits DC Motor

Class : TY BTech Instrumentation and Control Course : Industrial Automation
Experiment No. : 1
Title : Switches
Date : 07-09-2021
NAME : ANIL VISHNU NAVALE
GR NO : 11910663
IC_B : 67
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Figure 3.1 : Switch –Contact configuration
Figure 3.2 : Toggle switches
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Figure 3.3 : Slide and Rocker switch

Experiment No : 1
Switches
Aim : Study of switches and implementation of logic circuits for applications like logic gates,
sequencing, interlocking and direction control of DC motor.
Components required:
Sr. No. Components Short specifications Quantity
Switches of various ---
01. 25
types
02. Lamps 230 Vac, Green and Red colour 02
03. Motor 12 Vdc, Geared 01
12 Vdc, 3A 01
04. Power Supply
230 Vac, 5A power chord 01
05. Digital Multimeter For continuity test 01
06. Connecting wires Multistrand As required
Theory : Switches:
Introduction : These are devices, which are used to "make" or "break" the electrical circuit,
thereby "allowing a current to flow" or "not". The switch rating i.e. voltage and current rating
for each switch are very important and they should not be exceeded. A switch rated at 5 A will
not last very long in a circuit having rating 10 A. Also, ac and dc ratings are not the same for a
given switch. In ac, two times voltage is zero in one cycle, so switch gets some relief whereas in
dc, continuous voltage is there on the contact. So they get damaged earlier. The d.c. current
rating of a switch would have a lower magnitude than the ac rating.
Types of Switches: Switches are classified as:
(A) According to contact configuration:
1. Single Pole - Single Throw (SPST) 2. Single Pole - Double Throw (SPDT)
3. Double Pole - Single Throw (DPST) 4. Double Pole - Double Throw (DPDT)
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(B) According to the way it is operated:

1. Manually operated switches :
(a) Toggle switch (b) Slide switch (c) Dual in Package (DIP) switch (d) Rotary switch (e)
Thumbwheel switch (f) Push buttons (g) Drum switch (h) Selector switch (i) Micro-switch
(j) Rocker switch (k) Key switch (l) Topaz key (m) Membrane switches
2. Mechanically operated switches:
(a) Limit switch (b) Micro switch (c)Encoders (contact type) (d) Safety switch
Figure 3.4 : DIP switch
Figure 3.5 : Rotary switch
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Figure 3.6 : Thumbwheel switch

3. Process operated switches :
(a) Temperature switch (b) Pressure switch (c) Level switch (d) Flow switch
4. Electrically operated switches:
(a) Relays (b) Contactors (c) Solid-state devices: BJT, FET, SCR, IGBT
(d) Proximity switches (Non-contact type) : (i) Inductive (ii) Capacitive (iii) Optical
(iv) Ultrasonic (v) Hall-effect (vi) Pneumatic (vii) Microwave (e) Magnetic switch
1. Manually Operated Switches: A manually operated switch is one that is controlled or
operated by hand. It is generally available on control panel and actuated by the operator.
1.1 Toggle Switch: Toggle switches have a "snap" action which pulls the contacts rapidly to
minimize arcing. They are available in various configurations as shown in Figure 3.2.
1.2 Slide switch : The slide switch is often used as a mode switch to select a certain mode
of operation such as HIGH and LOW. See Figure 3.3. Slide switches tend to be less
expensive but are not available with high current and voltage ratings.
1.3 Rocker switch : uses often a modified slide switch. Pressing one side of the rocker arm
mechanism causes the slide to be forced in the other direction. See Figure 3.3.
1.4 DIP Switch : A DIP switch is a set of small SPST switches built into a unit shaped like
an integrated circuit (IC). The DIP switch can be plugged into an IC socket or soldered
into a circuit board. See Figure 3.4. Do not use a pencil to set the switches; the graphite
can clogged into the switch and short it out.
1.5 Rotary Switch : It is often used for more complex switching operations like,
oscilloscopes and multimeters. This type of switch is sometimes called a 'wafer switch'
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because the main shaft passes through the centre of one or more ceramic, fiberglass or
phenolic wafers on which the terminals and contacts are mounted. The centre section of
each wafer can be rotated, passing a common contact to one of the many stationary
contacts mounted around the wafer's perimeter. The rotary switch can also have several
banks of switch section on one shaft. This allows contacts to change simultaneously and
in sequence. See Figure 3.5.
1.6 Thumbwheel Switch : These switches are used on numerical and computer-controlled
equipment to feed information from the operator to the computer. There are specially
made decks which outputs binary coded decimal (BCD), decimal or hexadecimal codes
necessary to communicate with digital computers. See Figure 3.6.
Figure 3.7 : Selector switch
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Figure 3.8 : Pushbuttons
Figure 3.8 : Emergency Stop

1.7 Selector switch : Switch positions are made by turning the operator knob right or left.
Selector switches may have two or more selector positions, with either maintained
contact position or spring return to give momentary contact operation. See Figure 3.7.
1.8 Push buttons : These switches are the most common form of manual control found in
industry. The NO (normally open) pushbutton makes a circuit ON when it is pressed and
returns to its open position when the button is released. The NC (normally closed)
pushbutton opens the circuit when it is pressed and returns to the closed position when
the button is released. The make-break pushbutton is used for interlocking controls. In
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this switch, the top section is NC, whereas the bottom section is NO. When the button is
pressed, the bottom contacts are closed after the top contacts open. When you have one
or more pushbuttons in a common enclosure, it is referred to as a pushbutton station. The
pushbutton may consist of one or more contact blocks, an operator device and legend
plate. See Figure 3.8.
2. Mechanically Operated switches:
2.1 Limit switches : The limit switch is very common industrial control device. Limit
switches are designed to operate only when a pre-determined limit or position is
reached. They are activated by the physical contact with some movable object. They are
used in car door open detection, lathe machine carriage reciprocating motion; lift door
close-detection, etc. They are usually actuated by contact with an object such as cam.
They are often used in control circuits of machine processes to govern the starting,
stopping or reversal of motors. See Figure 3.9. Limit switches are available with
different kinds of actuator hardware such as paddle or roller as shown in Figure 3.9.
Often these are mounted on a small standard size switch body called as "micro switch".
3. Process Switches :
3.1 Temperature switch : Temperature switches or thermostats are used to sense the
temperature changes and give the switching to final control devices. Although there are
many types available, they are all actuated by some specific environmental temperature
change. Temperature switch opens or closes when a set temperature is reached.
Industrial applications for these devices include maintaining the desired temperature
range of air, gases, liquids and solids. Following temperature switches are used to
control the temperature.
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Figure 3.10 : Temperature switches
Figure 3.11: Pressure switch
Figure 3.12: Flow switch

(a) Bimetallic strip
(b) Bimetallic strip with mercury switch.
(c) Bellow with temperature responsive medium.
When two materials with different thermal expansion coefficients are bounded together and
heated, then the different expansion rates cause the movement and that is used for switching.
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A bimetal strip, having spiral shape and mercury switch together provides temperature control.
Here metal A is having higher temperature coefficient of expansion than the metal B. As
temperature increases, the spiral will unwind and mercury switch moves clockwise and mercury
bubble slides down to open the electrical contact (Heater OFF). When temperature decreases,
the spiral will wind and mercury switch moves in anticlockwise direction which causes the
closure of electrical contact. (Heater ON). See Figure 3.10.
3.2 Pressure Switches : When liquid or gas pressure in vessel or line raised to certain
predetermined setpoint value, the switch 'makes' or 'breaks' the contacts and that are used to
control the pressure or/and indicate the status.
A construction as shown in Figure 3.11 employs a diaphragm which moves against the spring
that decides the pressure setting. The switch is normally closed type. The receiver pressure is
applied on diaphragm. When this pressure is more than presetted spring force, then diaphragm
will move upward and due to the pivot, the continuity between 'C' and 'NC' contacts breaks and
'C' and 'NO' contacts closed. The contact between C and NC will be reestablished when receiver
pressure decreases below the spring pressure.
3.3 Flow Switches : Flow switches are used to determine whether the flow rate is above or
below a certain value. This When the setpoint is reached, the switch changes its contacts and
that is used for controlling or/and indicating purpose. For example, if flow is above the
predetermined setpoint value then we need to make pump OFF or make solenoid valve OFF or
this signal can be sent to alarm system. When the flow switch is actuated, it will stay in that
condition until the flow rate moves back from the setpoint by same amount.
The least expensive and therefore the most widely used are the various paddle type devices. One
such device is illustrated in Figure 3.12. At 'no flow' the paddle hangs loosely in the pipe in
which it is installed. As flow is initiated, the paddle begins to swing upward in the direction of
the flow stream. This deletion of the paddle is translated into mechanical motion by a variety of
techniques including a pivoting cam, a flexure type, or bellows assembly.
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Figure 3.13: Level switch
Figure 3.14: Reed switch
Figure 3.14: Topaz key and Foot Switch
Figure 3.14: Inductive, Capacitive and Optical Proximity Switches

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as it moves up or down according to the paddle movement. If a micro switch is used, the
translated motion will cause direct switch actuation. The range and actuation point of paddle
switches can be changed and adjusted by changing the length of the paddle. For any given pipe
size, the actuation flow rate decreases as the paddle length increases.
3.4 Level Switches : Pivoted Float Level Switch : It is compact and rugged in construction
consisting of a free moving pivoted float assembly and a switch enclosure in non-magnetic
material to achieve undisturbed magnetic flux. It employs dual magnets, one carried by the float
arm and other by the contact carriers housed in the switch enclosure. A change in liquid level
brings the like poles of dual magnets opposite to each other and resulting repulsion force
ensures a changeover of contacts with snap action. It is mounted internally or externally through
a chamber. See Figure 3.13.
4. Other Switches :
4.1 Reed Switch : Two flat contacts are enclosed in sealed glass capsule filled with nitrogen
or inert gas. They are operated by external magnetic field as shown in Figure 3.14.
These switch can be used for float operated guided level switch or transmitter.
4.2 Proximity Switches : They are of inductive, capacitive, optical, ultrasonic, pneumatic or
Hall effect type.
The symbols of various switches which are used in electrical wiring diagrams are as shown in
Figure 3.15.
Specifications of Switch:
Type of switch : Toggle, Pushbuttons, …….
Type of Contact : NO / NC
Contact configuration : SPST, SPDT, DPST, DPDT
Contacts rating
current (max.) = 15A AC / 5 A DC
Voltage (max.) = 250 V AC / 110 V DC
Resistance = On-state = 30 mΩ
Insulation > 1000 MΩ
Electrical life = 30*104 operations
Enclosure = Plastic Cap
Mounting = PCB / Socket
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Key switch
Figure 3.15: Switch Symbols
Figure 3.16: Sequencing of Lamps having same rating
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Applications: Switch is used to operate devices like motors, heaters, lamps, blowers, etc. It is
also used to develop logic circuits for applications like gates, sequencing of lamps, interlocking
of motors and direction control of DC motor.
Implementation of Logic Circuits:
Precaution: Great care must be taken while using 230 V AC power supply. Do not touch at
any points in the power circuit to prevent electric shock because these are at high potential.
1. Switch Terminal Identification: Before connecting a switch in a circuit, it is
required to find its terminals. SPDT switch having three contacts terminals (C, NO, NC).
If switch is open is not pressed, we can find out C and NC terminals by taking continuity
test using digital multimeter.
2. Sequencing of Lamps: Sequencing of lamps means to make lamps on one after. If
there are two lamps and when first lamp is on, immediately or after some delay (if timer
is used) second lamp is also on. If first lamp is off then immediately or after some delay
(if timer is used) second lamp is also turn off.
In this section, two circuits are demonstrated. First with two outputs having same voltage
and current rating and second with two outputs having different ratings.
If ratings of two outputs (lamps) are same i.e. 230 VAC, 5A, then these two lamps are
connected in parallel at the output of SPST or DPST switch as shown in Figure 3.16.
If ratings of two outputs (lamp and dc motor) are different i.e. 230 VAC-5A, and
12VDC-1A, then these two outputs are connected in different power circuit of DPDT
switch as shown in Figure 3.17. When switch is pressed, then both lamp and dc motor
turn on. When switch is not pressed, then both lamp and dc motor turn off.
3. Interlocking of Lamps : Interlocking of lamps means to make lamps on
alternately. If there are two lamps and when first lamp is on, immediately or after some
delay (if timer is used) second lamp should be off. If first lamp is off then immediately
or after some delay (if timer is used) second lamp should be turn on.
In this section, two circuits are demonstrated. First with two outputs having same voltage
and current rating and second with two outputs having different ratings.
If ratings of two outputs (lamps) are same i.e. 230 VAC, 5A, then one lamp is connected
to NO terminal and second lamp to NC terminal of SPDT switch as shown in Figure
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Figure 3.17 : Sequencing of Lamp and Motor having different rating
Figure 3.18 : Interlocking of Lamps having same rating
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Figure 3.19 : Interlocking of Lamps having different rating
3.18. Give 12 Vdc or 230VAC supply to C terminal of switch. When switch is pressed,
then the lamp connected to NO terminal turns on. When switch is not pressed, then the
lamp connected to NC terminal turns on.
If ratings of two outputs (lamp and dc motor) are different i.e. 230 VAC-5A, and
12VDC-1A, then these two outputs are connected in different power circuit of DPDT
switch as shown in Figure 3.19. Lamp connected to first NO terminal and dc motor is
connected to second NC terminal of DPDT switch. Give 230VAC supply to first power
circuit (lamp) and 12 Vdc supply to second power circuit (dc motor). When switch is
pressed, then lamp turns on and dc motor turns off. When switch is not pressed, then
lamp turns off and dc motor turns on. Thus a DPDT switch is used for interlocking of
outputs having different ratings.
4. Direction Control of DC Motor : Direction of rotation of dc motor can be
changed by interchanging the polarities of dc power supply given to it. To change the
polarities DPDT switch is used. Connect dc motor in as shown in Figure 3.20. Give 12
Vdc supply to control circuit and 12 Vdc supply to dc motor. When switch is pressed,
then dc motor rotates in forward direction. When switch is not pressed, then dc motor
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rotates in reverse direction. Thus a DPDT switch is used to change the direction of dc
motor. (Try it using SPDT switch!).
5. Logic Gates : Logic gates like NOT, OD, AND, NOR, NAND, Ex-OR, Ex-NOR are
developed using switches as shown in Figure 3.21. NOT gate is implemented by using
NC switch. OR gate is implemented by using two NO switches in parallel. AND gate is
implemented by using two NO switches in series. NOR gate is implemented by using
two NC switches in series. NAND gate is implemented by using two NC switches in
parallel. See Figure 3.21 for Ex-OR and Ex-NOR gates.
6. Development of wiring diagram for application using switches :
In Burner management system (BMS), a fuel valve should be open only after satisfying
following interlocks:
1. ON switch is activated,
2. Air pressure is high and
3. Fuel pressure is high. See Figure 3.22.
Conclusion: Write down new things / concepts you learnt from this experimentation.
Figure 3.20: Direction Control of DC Motor using DPDT switch
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Figure 3.21 : Logic Gates using Switches
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Figure 3.22 : Burner Management System Control using switches
Conclusion: Write down new things / concepts you learnt from this experimentation.
1. Lab briefly explains about the working principle of different switches.
2. The working principle of series and parallel combination of switches can
be understood through logic gate design and burner management system.
3. The concept of sequencing and interlocking of devices with same and
different rating can be learnt. We can change poles of a circuit connected to
a device like motor by using DPDT switch.
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Study Switches Logic Circuits DC Motor

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Class : TY BTech Instrumentation and Control Course : Industrial Automation

NAME : ANIL VISHNU NAVALE

Figure 3.1 : Switch –Contact configuration

Figure 3.2 : Toggle switches

Figure 3.3 : Slide and Rocker switch

(B) According to the way it is operated:

Figure 3.4 : DIP switch

Figure 3.5 : Rotary switch

Figure 3.6 : Thumbwheel switch

Figure 3.7 : Selector switch

Figure 3.8 : Pushbuttons

Figure 3.8 : Emergency Stop

Figure 3.10 : Temperature switches

Figure 3.11: Pressure switch

Figure 3.12: Flow switch

Figure 3.13: Level switch

Figure 3.14: Reed switch

Figure 3.14: Topaz key and Foot Switch

Figure 3.14: Inductive, Capacitive and Optical Proximity Switches

Figure 3.15: Switch Symbols

Figure 3.16: Sequencing of Lamps having same rating

Figure 3.17 : Sequencing of Lamp and Motor having different rating

Figure 3.18 : Interlocking of Lamps having same rating

Figure 3.19 : Interlocking of Lamps having different rating

Figure 3.20: Direction Control of DC Motor using DPDT switch

Figure 3.21 : Logic Gates using Switches

Figure 3.22 : Burner Management System Control using switches

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