POWERWORLD SIMULATOR

University of Texas at Austin

By: Mohammad Majidi
Feb 2014
AGENDA
 Contingency Analysis
 OPF

 SCOPF

 Examples

2
START CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
 Open case B7SCOPF from the Program
Files/PowerWorld/Simulator/Sample Cases
directory.
 Ensure Simulator is in Run Mode.

 Select Contingency Analysis from the Run

Mode ribbon group on the Tools ribbon tab.
Simulator opens the Contingency Analysis
Dialog.
CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
DEFINING CONTINGENCIES
Different ways to define contingency:

 Load Contingencies from a File

 Auto Insert Contingencies

 Use the local menu to

 Insert contingencies
 Quick Insert of Single Element Contingency.
AUTO INSERT CONTINGENCIES

Select
Records>Auto Insert
Contingencies …
RUN CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
OPTIMAL POWER FLOW OVERVIEW
 The goal of an optimal power flow (OPF) is to
determine the “best” way to instantaneously
operate a power system.
 Usually “best” = minimizing operating cost.
 OPF considers the impact of the transmission
system
 We’ll introduce OPF initially ignoring the
transmission system

8
TWO BUS EXAMPLE

Total Hourly Cost :8459 $/hr

Area Lambda : 13.02

Bus A Bus B

300.0 MW 300.0 MW
199.6 MW 400.4 MW
AGC ON AGC ON

9
MARKET MARGINAL COST IS DETERMINED
FROM NET GEN COSTS
Below are some graphs associated with this two bus
system. The graph on left shows the marginal cost for each
of the generators. The graph on the right shows the
system supply curve, assuming the system is optimally
dispatched.
16.00 16.00

15.00 15.00

14.00 14.00

13.00 13.00

12.00 12.00
0 175 350 525 700 0 350 700 1050 1400
Generator Power (MW) Total Area Generation (MW)
10

Current generator operating point

OPTIMAL POWER FLOW (OPF)
 Minimize cost function, such as operating
cost, taking into account realistic equality
and inequality constraints
 Equality constraints
 bus real and reactive power balance
 Inequality constraints
 generator MW limits
…

11
SOLVING THE LP OPF
 All LP OPF commands are accessed from the LP OPF
menu item.
 Go to “Add Ons”
 and click on OPF Options and Results”

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LP OPF OPTIONS: COMMON OPTIONS

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LP OPF OPTIONS: COMMON OPTIONS

Check it if you want to ignore

transmission constraints.
It will convert OPF to ED

Cost of unenforceable line violations

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UNENFORCEABLE CONSTRAINT COSTS
 If a constraint can not be enforced due to
insufficient controls, the slack variable associated
with enforcing that constraint can not be
removed from the LP basis
 marginal cost depends upon the assumed cost of the
slack variable
 this value is specified in the Maximum Violation Cost
field on the LP OPF, Options dialog.

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MODELING GENERATOR COSTS
 Generator costs are modeled with either a cubic
cost or piecewise linear cost function

Cost model is
specified on the
generator dialog

The LP OPF requires a piecewise linear model. Therefore any

existing cubic models are automatically converted to piecewise
16
linear before the solution, and then converted back afterward.
COMPARISON OF CUBIC AND PIECEWISE LINEAR
MARGINAL COST CURVES

16.0 16.0

12.0 12.0
$ / MWh

8.0 8.0

4.0 4.0

0.0 0.0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400
Generator Power (MW) Generator Power (MW)

Continuous generator marginal Piecewise linear generator

cost curve marginal cost curve with
five segments
This conversion may affect the final cost. Using more segments
17
better approximates the original curve, but may take longer to solve
OPF CASE INFORMATION DISPLAYS

 Several Case Information Displays exist for use

with the OPF
 OPF Areas
 OPF Buses
 OPF Lines and Transformers
 OPF DC Lines
 OPF Generators
 OPF Phase Shifters
 OPF Super Areas
 OPF Interfaces
 OPF Load Records
 OPF Transactions
 OPF Zones 18
OPF AREA RECORDS DISPLAY

AGC (automatic
generation control)
status must be set
to “OPF” to include
this are in the OPF
objective function 19
OPF AREA RECORDS DISPLAY

 Controls Types that are available

 XF Phase –specifies if phase‐shifters are available
 Load MW Dispatch –specifies if load can be moved
 DC Line MW -specifies if DC MW setpoint
can be moved
 Constraint Types which should be enforced
 Branch MVA –should branch limits be enforced
 Interface MW - should interface limits be enforced

 Include Marg. Losses

 Specifies if marginal losses are used in the OPF

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OPF GEN RECORDS DISPLAY

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OPF GEN RECORDS DISPLAY

 Fast Start
 Should the generator be available for being turned on/off
by the OPF
 OPF MW Control (YES, NO, or If Agcable)
 Should the generator be made available for OPF dispatch
 IC for OPF
 The incremental cost of the generator used by the OPF (ma
ybe different than actual IC for cubic cost curve generators)
 Initial MW, Cost
 The output and cost at the start of the OPF solution
 Delta MW, Cost
 The change in the output and cost for the last OPF solution
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COST OF ENERGY, LOSSES AND CONGESTION

 Some ISO documents refer to the cost components of energy,

losses, and congestion
 Open Bus7OPF case

 Go to the Add Ons ribbon tab and select OPF Case Info

>OPF Areas
 Toggle Include Marg. Losses column of each area to YES
 Choose OPF Case Info >Primal LP to resolve.
 Now choose OPF Case Info >OPF Options and Results
 Go to the Results Tab
 Go the the Bus MW Marginal Price Details subtab

 Here you will find columns for the MW Marg Cost, Energy,
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Congestion and Losses Congestion and Losses
COST OF ENERGY, LOSSES AND CONGESTION

 The only value that is truly unique for an OPF so

lution is the total MW Marginal Cost
 The cost of Energy, Losses, and Congestion are
dependent on the reference for Energy and
Losses

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SCOPF : SECURITY CONSTRAINT OPF

Click on Run Full

security constraint OPF
Make sure you have
already added
contingencies to your
model before running 25
SCOP.
 EXAMPELS
26
 TWO BUS EXAMPLE - NO CONSTRAINTS
With no
overloads the Transmission
Total Hourly Cost : 8459 $/hr
OPF matches Area Lambda : 13.01 line is not
the economic overloaded
Dispatch(ED)
Bus A 13.01 $/MWh Bus B 13.01 $/MWh

300.0 MW 300.0 MW
197.0 MW 403.0 MW
AGC ON AGC ON

Marginal cost of supplying

power to each bus 27
(locational marginal costs)
TWO BUS EXAMPLE WITH CONSTRAINED
LINE

Total Hourly Cost : 9513 $/hr

Area Lambda : 13.26

Bus A 13.43 $/MWh Bus B 13.08 $/MWh

380.0 MW 300.0 MW
260.9 MW 419.1 MW
AGC ON AGC ON
With the line loaded to its limit, additional load at Bus A
must be supplied locally, causing the marginal costs to
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diverge. (Load at Bus A is increased from 300MW to
380MW)
THREE BUS EXAMPLE
 Consider a three bus case (bus 1 is system slack), with
all buses connected through 0.1 pu reactance lines,
each with a 100 MVA limit
 Let the generator marginal costs be
 Bus 1: 10 $ / MWhr; Range = 0 to 400 MW
 Bus 2: 12 $ / MWhr; Range = 0 to 400 MW
 Bus 3: 20 $ / MWhr; Range = 0 to 400 MW
 Assume a single 180 MW load at bus 2

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B3 WITH LINE LIMITS NOT ENFORCED

60 MW 60 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh

0 MW 10.00 $/MWh
120 MW 180 MW
120%
0 MW
60 MW
120%
Total Cost 60 MW
120 MW Line from Bus 1
1800 $/hr
Bus 3 10.00 $/MWh to Bus 3 is over-
180 MW loaded; all buses
0 MW have same
marginal cost30
B3 WITH LINE LIMITS ENFORCED

20 MW 20 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh

60 MW 12.00 $/MWh
100 MW 120 MW
80% 100%
0 MW
80 MW
80% 100% 100 MW
Total Cost 80 MW
LP OPF redispatches
1921 $/hr
Bus 3 14.01 $/MWh to remove violation.
180 MW Bus marginal
0 MW costs are now
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different.
WHY IS BUS 3 LMP = $14 /MWH
 All lines have equal impedance. Power flow in a
simple network distributes inversely to
impedance of path.
 For bus 1 to supply 1 MW to bus 3, 2/3 MW would
take direct path from 1 to 3, while 1/3 MW would
“loop around” from 1 to 2 to 3.
 Likewise, for bus 2 to supply 1 MW to bus 3, 2/3MW
would go from 2 to 3, while 1/3 MW would go from 2
to 1to 3.

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WHY IS BUS 3 LMP = $ 14 / MWH?
 With the line from 1 to 3 limited, no additional
power flows are allowed on it.
 To supply 1 more MW to bus 3 we need
Pg1 + Pg2 = 1 MW
2/3 Pg1 + 1/3 Pg2 = 0; (no more flow on 1-3)
 Solving requires we up Pg2 by 2 MW and drop
Pg1 by 1 MW -- a net increase of $14.

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THREE BUS CASE
 View results using the LP OPF, OPF Areas, OPF
Buses, OPF Gens and OPF Line/Transformer
displays
 on the OPF Line/Transformer display, toggle the
Enforce MVA field to enable/disable the enforcement
of individual lines.
 verify that the marginal cost of enforcing the line
overload is $ 6 / MVA/hr by changing the line limit
and resolving. Why is it $6?

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BOTH LINES INTO BUS 3 CONGESTED

0 MW 0 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh

100 MW 12.00 $/MWh

100 MW 100 MW
100% 100%
0 MW
100 MW For loads above 200
100% 100%
Total Cost 100 MW
100 MW MW on bus 3, the load
3201 $/hr
Bus 3 20.00 $/MWh must be supplied
250 MW locally.
50 MW Then what if the bus 3
generator opens?35
MARGINAL COST OF ENFORCING CONSTRAINTS

 Similarly to the bus marginal cost, you can also

calculate the marginal cost of enforcing a line
constraint
 For a transmission line, this represents the

amount of system savings which could be

achieved if the MVA rating was increased by
1.0 MVA.

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MVA MARGINAL COST
 Choose OPF Case Info >OPF Lines and
Transformers to bring up the OPF Constraint
Records dialog
 Look at the column MVA Marginal Cost

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WHY IS MVA MARGINAL COST $6/MVAHR

 If we allow 1 more MVA to flow on the line from

1 to 3, then this allows us to redispatchas follows
Pg1 + Pg2 = 0 MW
‐
2/3 Pg1 + 1/3 Pg2 = 1; (no more flow on 1‐3)
 Solving requires we drop Pg2 by 3 MW and

increase Pg1 by 3 MW a net savings of $6

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THREE BUS CASE

 Increase the bus 3 load to 250 MW. Resolve with

line enforcement active. What are the new
LMPs? Why?
 Open the generator at bus 3 and then resolve.
Does this case have a solution? Why? Are the
LMPs valid?

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CASE WITH G3 OPENED
UNENFORCEABLE CONSTRAINTS

53 MW 53 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh

47 MW 12.00 $/MWh
151 MW 203 MW
100% 152%
0 MW
99 MW Both constraints
99% 151%
Total Cost 99 MW
151 MW
can not be enforced.
2594 $/hr
Bus 3 1040.55 $/MWh One is unenforce-
250 MW
able. Bus 3
0 MW marginal cost is
arbitrary 40
UNENFORCEABLE CONSTRAINT COSTS

 Is this solution Valid? Not really.

 If a constraint cannot be enforced due to insuffici

ent controls the slack variable
associated with enforcing that constraint cannot
be removed from the LP basis
 marginal cost depends upon the arbitrary cost of the
slack variable the slack variable
 this value is specified in the Maximum ViolationCost
field on the LP OPF, Options dialog

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SEVEN BUS CASE
 Load the B7FlatLP case.
 What are the marginal costs of enforcing the line
constraints? How do the system costs change if
the line constraints are relaxed (i.e, not
enforced)? For example, try solving without
enforcing line 1 to 2.

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SEVEN BUS CASE
 Modify the cost model for the generator at bus
one.
 How does changing from piece-wise linear to cubic
affect the final solution?
 How do the generation conversion parameters on the
option dialog affect the results?
 Try resolving the case with different lines
removed from service.

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PROFIT MAXIMIZATION
 If the bus 7 generator has a marginal cost
equal 7$/MWh and were paid its bus LMP
* its output, its profit would be

Profit = LMP * MW - 7 * MW

 The question then is what should they bid

to maximize their profit? This problem
can be solved using the OPF with
different assumed generator costs. 44
 QUESTIONS?

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