CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY

The Phases of the Fixed

Stars

Translated by
Robert Schmidt
Edited by
Robert Hand

Project Hindsight
Greek Track
Volume III

The Golden HindPress

 PROJECT HINDSIGHT is entirely funded
by the a.<>trological community through
subscriptions and donations.

© Copyright 1993 by
Robert Schmidt

Published by The Golden Hind Pr-es., P.O. Box 002,

Berkeley Springs, WV 25411
 TableolConttnts

Introduction to Plolcmy's Phases by Roben Hand .

Modem Use of the Tables ................. , Iv

Translator'� Prefooe by Rober1 Schmidt

The Possible Relation ofStellar Pha.'<CS to Gm:k Philosophy v1
TheContent of !he Phases .
The Role of tho: Phases in the PtolemaicCorpus
Ptolcmy'sGrcc:I:: .
Gcminus' Calendar . .... .Ui
General Note .UU
pMsis xiu
t:pitt:lllJ

The Ph�s of the Fi�c:dStan and aCollection of Indications by

Ptolemy .
Prologue
Section!.
Section 2
Section 3.

Sections

Scction7.
Scccion8
Scction9.
lbeCalendar or Register 10
Epilogue 47

Calendar or Register Anributc:d to Gemim1s 49

Ap!JCndixl-Tl"llls
l lationConvcntions 59

Appendixll-lntroductiontoStellarPhascs . 62

Ap!JCndi� III - Table of Longest Days and Latitudes Derived

from tho: Almagest 69
Appendix IV -Almuges/, Book Vlll, Cbap. 4 translated by J.M.
Ashmand 70

Appendix V - The Alexandrian Calendar . 75

Appendix VI - Special Le�ioon of C"lfeek Meteorological

Terminology in Ptolemy's Phoses and Geminus' Register 76

Appendix VU� The Modem Ocsig11ations of Ptolemy's 30

Stars 78
 lntroducUoo tu Ptolemy's PlraH•
by
Robert Hand

This is nOI slalldard astrological lllltl erial. There is nothing about

horoscopy in it However, ir is important to as1rologcrs for several
reasons. First of all,it is thebai;is of thefixed star mclhodologyof the
ancients, which can be seen exemplified in the Anonymous of 379's
Tremise on the Brighi fixed Stars'. That methodology should be
examined verycloselyin modern worlr:onfixodsta�.
Sc.cond,"re have here an astrulogythat appearstobenativc to the
Greek speaking world. It i s DOI lleavily influenced by Babylonian
astronomy. Though with Ptolemy's rendition of it we can be sure that
elements have come in fu.>111 other peoples, beicause he cites a number
of tra diiions and auction; as the basis of his statemenL,. This kind of
astrology, based on the phases of the �Lars and planets with respect to
the Sun, and from which is derived a collective rather than per!iOnal
correlation between cele.�tial and tem:snial evenlS, is to be found all
over the world amung all peoples. It is non·hoeo:scopi c and mundane.
Tl>cre is ooneed to lookfor originseithcrinMesopotamia oranyotbcr
single source . We find thi� kind of a:1trology among the Chinese, the
ancient Northern Europeans, Native American peoples. e!!peciallyMeso­
American�. and the peoples of the Indian subcontinent as well as the
Greeks. Sometimes it is applied to weather, as it is here, sometimes to
the affairs of the kingdom, The astrologyth:u appears in the Vedas is
this type of a.�trology. It is probable that this is the sort of thing th:u
w.i.s practiced at Stonehenge
lllird. specificallyrelated to this work, we see a fully worked out
r.et of techniques by which the ancients did the kind of long-range
weather forccas1ing !hat we see in our popular almanacs. nus may
serve to give us a grca1deal more informationabou11he intrinsicnaturc
of the li�cd stars than we can gel simply from their n-aditiQnal use as
horoscopicindieato�
Fourth andbyno means last, Lhe Phases gives us fullyworked out
material about whatthe phascs of 1he starsand planets arewilh rcspc:1..1
to the Sun. This knowlcdge is importantbccausc itrclatcs to the entire
issue of orie11zal and occidental,matutioc and vespertinewhieh we now

1 Project Hind.light, Volume ll-A, Gn:el. T!ack.

iii
know is rclaled to the sect ofplaneiary placements.These matters have
becn thc sourcc ofmuch confusion in tbc writings oflater astrologers,
particularly thosc oflhe renaissance.

ModernUse oflhe Tables

There is a major problem concerning the direct use of the material

given in the Pha.!e$. The calendar portion can be used 10 derive
hypothcscsoonccrning the in!erpn:tations ofthe various star:s,but it
cannOfbc uscd dircct!y without compkle rccalculation for da�and
latiludes.The precession ofthe equino:ites has changedllOt only the
dates ofthe risings and settings ofthefued sum,bu1 also 1he geo­
graphic lati1udes at whichthe risings and scnings happen.Withccliptic
coordinates only the longitudes change greatly with precession. Tile
latirudes are almost fixed'. However. stellar phases are determined by
the equatorial coordinates ofstars.righ l asccnsion and declination.BOl.b
ofthese,right ascension and declination,changetremendously asthe
rcsult ofprecession.Thefollowing table,giving the cckstial longitudcs.
latitudes. right ascensions and declinations ofAldebaran for the yeasi
200 C.E. and 2000 C.E .• will serve to illustrate bow great tbese changes

Aldebaran - Jan. l, 200

Right Ase. Declination Longitude Latitude
4305)'53" lloN 3'47" l40Ta43' 3" 50535•34•

Aldebaran - Jan. 1, 2000

Right Ase. Declination Longitude Latitude
68058'48" l60NJ0'33" 90Ge47 • 1· sos28' 3•

Notice that the celestial latitude has chang<:d only by0"7'31" in 1800
years, while the declination has changed 5°26'46", in the same time
period. Other stars will exhibit more or less change but of the same
order ofmagnitude. At some point we hope to create modem tables
which will gi>·e modem data on star phases so that these methods can

1 There is .some smallchange of l�titudc due to bolh proper motio n � the

very slowrotalion oFthecclipticpla n e itsclF. Butilison1heorUcroFafew
mi11utcspermiUcniurn.•atherthaltminu1�&pcrcemu1y
be used f
or experimenl by modem astr0loger s.

Wehave dccidcd o
t ap pcndontothecndoflhisvolumcatr.mslaLionof
Book Vlll. chap t e r 4 oftheAlmtig�t. This cona
t ins a discus.s o
i nofthe
phaserel31ionshi p s ofstars to theSun that is somewhat differenfro
t m
the one that we fir>d in the Phasu. 1bc p rincip e
l differenceis that the
phases in theA/roog1winclullebolh theap parenph.ase
t s as wel l as al l
of the /nu phases' {in the sense that Ptoe
l my defines them with the
Sunand the s 1 ar ac tual y
l on thehorizonor h
t e meridiana1 the timeof
h
t e phase). This sec tionis h
t ebasisofpW"ansas modernastrologersusc
them. Weareusing Ash mand's t rans a
l i
t onfor t h e p resent. But when we
is sue thcsecond al
l d finished t rans lalionofthis work, we wi l l append
a rt ans lai
t on by Rohm S chmidt which wil l be more s y
t i
l Si
l call y
consisten t wih
t the mai n body of the Phtues than is the Ashmand
translat ion

Note - Al l ofthe foot note.o; in th i s book, excep t f

or those in sec it ons
clear y
l w ri t te n by your editor, are by the t ranslator. Roben S ch midt..
unles s initialedRHin square hracket s. IRHlindicae
t s a noe
r cmcred by
your editor.

' � Genentl Note under plwis.

 Tl"ll.nsl.wtor'sPrrrace
by
Robert Schmid!

The P()l;Slhle Relation of Stellar Phases to Grttk Philosophy

Throughout the ancient world, the heliacal setting and rising of a

celestial body was, it-;elf. a matteT of great moment. and oorresixindcd
to the moments when important maurn occurred i n our world. &:ing
the periods when the celestial body disappeared from sight under the
raysof 1heSun,andthen reappeared,theheliacal setting andrisingwa5
sometimes rcganled a.� the death and rebirth of that body.Astrologically
spciling, one would expecl significant events to occur at such times,
events which were consistent with the death/rcbinh symbolism.
lk phenomena of heliacal rising and setting also seem to have
worked their magic upon the minds of the very firstGrcck thinkers long
bcforetheGreeksthemsclvcshadadistiactastrologicaldoclrinc,or,for
that matter, any distinct sciences at all. We are referring to the time of
the Pre-Socratic philosophers. when the fundamenLal conceptS of all
Westernthought weri:firiot bcingformulated.
Wclllllintain thatour original understanding oft;me,language,and
ofasupersensiblerealmwcreall influcnccd bythis phcnomcnon.lnthis
preface we will only give some brief indications of how it obsessed the
mindsof thoseearly thinkers.
lk \'el)' earliest fragment of Western though! may have ii in mind.
lt is attribu1ed1o thePre-Socratic phikisopherAna.Umandcr.and rcads
as follows

'"lbc placc from which thing,;cmnc to bc, theri:also m1.1St they

pass away according to necessity. For they must pay penal!}' to
eachotherfor their injustice, according to the ordcring of time."

'Ibis utterance seems to be making a ixietical statement about the

impermaneooe of things. Why should we connect it with celestial
phenomenaatnll?Becnu.se for the earlyGreeks,Lime is the numbcring
nnd ordering of a particular motion-namely, !hat of the heavens.This
is the gist of an explicit definition of time by the late Pythagorean,
ArctlylaS ofTarcntwn, a friend ofPlato's. It is a commonplace that the
Py�did not.separate numberfromscnsiblc things. Nor.
evidently, did they separate time--tbat is,lhe m•mlHT of the heavenly
motion-from the heavens themselves.
ln our modemsophistication,it is hard fo.-usto keep in milldsu.;h
a concrete dcfinitioo of time. For the: early Greeks time is not a
universal framework in which things happen. Nor is it identical with
change generally. It does no( flow equably from past inmfuturc, as
Newton claimed. It is the numbering and ocdcring of the motion of the
heavens, purely and simply.
This is so important that it deserves to be repeated. Time was not
down here on the earth. It was up there in the heavens. And just
because mundane things change did nol mean that dtcy arc ''in time··
Mundane matters were only "in time." o.- belonged to time, because
their changing was in accord with theordering and numbcring ofthc
celestial motion. Thus, we might say that the original view of time in
!he We"
. wa,
. intrinsically a.'tmlogical'.
This mcansth.atforlhe earlyGreeksthe suuctureandinncr narure
of time itsclf wcrcfound in the suucrurc and propcrdivisions of the
heavenly motions'. And in thc numberingand ordcringof the heavcns.
the"timc"of conccalmcnt and arising---1hat is,the timc after thc star
hasheliacaHysct andbcfore i1hcliacallyri..,,.-had a most conspicuous
role. It represent;; Anaximander's source whence things come tobeand
whi!her they pasli away. It is tbc true moment. the m.ie now, the present

1his\l\ICtha.rlater phiJosophcrsmo.:lifoedthisview.lnlheT"""""'·Plaw
spcaks ofa ru!m ofbcing nolliUbject locclest:ial tifl'll>.---a1!etemal realm of
whic h thecelestial time was but RD impcrfc:<:I oens.ibk image. And on the other
end<>fthespcdmm,thcre isarealm ofmere di!Qf'deredand dislumnonious
change,llO(in ac c ordwith lhcurdcringoflhe hea.\IW$---ashadowy rcalmth31
is thus alsu not "in time"'
hi an enrin::lydifferent manner. Aristotle brought time "\lown to earth," and
defil'IC<litint.ermsof localmotions,butllill aslhe numbcring and ordcri ngof

Huwevcr. atlhc dcepcs1 level thcse new<X)OCeplionsenenliallyremained

truc to lhc orig.inal"'ai.trologica!"'understanding oftime.and it is�ll wilhus
tothis day,althoughverydeep down inour thinking

'Wedo nol merelymean this in &Orne general sense. It i� actuallypossibk

msctup a ooc.t0-00ecorp
re.s omlancebetwecnthe1Cnsesofthe Grecl<�crb and
the ''momonu'" demarcaled b y tho different phases uf the llats. We will
artirula1e thisCOrTCSpoodanccindelail in alaterpapc1.
in the fullest sense. !t is nocsome point on a nuJ:1.berlinc, wine limit
case ofeversmaller divisions of a tcmporal cootinuum.Justa.sphas#
is a "manifestation at once definite and apparent", so the moment has
a structure which can be aniculaicd.
l1seerns 1o us likcly thatthe prc-Socratic philosopherHcradirus
also had hcliaca! rising and setting in mind when he wrote:

''The lord whose oracle is Delphi neither conceals (kruplei) nOI"

reveals (kRel) but only gi•·es a �ign (simainei)."

Now, the lo!d of the Oc!phic oracle was Apollo, theSun god. And the
verbs in thls unerance arcnearlythenact wonlsuscd inJcscribin g thc
phenomena of heliacal rising and setting.
Astrologically speaking, the Sun gi>·cs signs (epislmain�i) only
whenrbestar isbeliacally risingorsetling,notwben illies fullyvisible,
and no! when ii is wtally invisible. And in so far as theSun is lhc
source of illumination, its role in all this is somewhat paradoxical.
When ir brings its lllwnination cll>Sc to the :star, theSun does not reveal
it: instead the star goes into hiding (kn'{!usthai). And when theSun
withdraws its radiance. it docs not conceal the star; instead. the star
becomes visible (tpirelfri, cf. General Nott) to our scn5e of sight.
Heraclitus may be saying that speech has the same parado1dcal
naturc as rbe phcoomcnon ofhcliacal rising and seuing.When wctry
wus.eit to rcveal,thctroth slipsinto hiding;when we try touse it to
conccalor dcceivc.1hctru1hincvi1ablysbows itself.Bu1 in thcoracular
use of language. language on the very edge of concealment and
manife..,tation, it i!i at lea.�t possible to give signs.
Hcralirus was himself called "the Obscure.. in antiquity. and
Aristotlc oftcndcprecares thc apparcntlyoonlradic10ry chanlctcrofhis
..:marks. It is worth noting that Heraclitus compared himself to the
Delphic oracle.
Finally. let us mention that, forPlato,the pcriodduring which the
star isinvisiblc bchind thcSun sccms to havebccn symbolic ofthe
realm thatis indccdinvisib!etoour physi�al!;Cnse of sight.butmaybc
reachedthroogh discourse(/ogos). TheSun bcing symbolicof theOne
and theGoOO., thisis a<.:tuallya realm ofhigherillumination and grcater
�<h

viii
 In the dialogue Pl!Mdo', Plato has Socrates speak about those
earlier inquirers into nature, who examined everything with their
physical eyes alone.Socratessayslhat theyarelike thosemenwholook
directly at lite Sun and are blinded by it. The implication iii 1ha1 the
truth of things is too briUiant for a method of inquiry tied to tbe senses.
Becm.1.-.:of this,Socrates says that he decidedto take tbc"second best
attempt,"and retJeat into discuW11e(/ogos).Wewillpursue this a bit
forthuin the upcomingGtnerat Noteonphasis.

The Content oltbePhases

The Phases of the Fixed S1ars offers an explicit treatment of astrologi­

cal weather pn:dil.1ioo. fo this workPtolemy summarizes what appears
to be a ccnluries-old tradition of correlating weather phenomena with
tbc bcliacal rising andsctting of tbcfi"ed stan;.Thiswas nut merelylhe
pr.u.:ticc of astrologers, but wai; taken seriously by most of the great
astronomers from the time of Plato on. among them Eudo:<us and
llipparchus.Thcir obscrvationsare actually still�vedin thcdaily
register that accompaniesPlolemy's discussion.
Not all of the Greek astronomer.>. however, considered this practice
to be legitimate. Geminus, for e:<ample, is critical of it in the last book
of his formductiOll 10A.stronorny. Ptolemy himself questions whether
this method can yield accurate predictions oflhe weather. But, as is
clear from the text lself,
i it is notbe<:ause Ile hasany douksas to the
influence of thefixed stars.ll isbccause hcthinks tha1they only ac1 in
Lhe most generalway, and usuaUy but llOI always. lflherc were no
cornpc1ing causes,thefi:<edstarswo11ld infac1havejust thceffectsthat
ohservarion had discovered. But lhcre are many ottx:." contributing
causes, the most important of which are the effects of the planets
themselves. Thu..,, it is 00(becau..�e he is any \es.s an astrologer that be
hasrescrvations aboutthis method,butbe<:ause he is even more one.

'%ff.
 The Role of the Pha.fu in the J'tolemak Corpus

The rule of the l'lwsts in Ptolemy's systematization of astmnomi­

caVastrological science is something of a puzzle. Thc wO<k begins
abruptly,asifinthe middle ofa discussioo. The opening scx:tion refe�
to several matters as already twlving been discussed in e "special
synruis ofthis trcatis c": l)cc:nain spccialobservations thatneed10be
madein the case oftbephasesofindividual stars;2)a theorem about
thc: determinalion ofoo-rising,co-scUing,andoo--eulmination;3)a
theorem about 1be distance ofthe sunfrom thestar in1'.eliaeal risingor
sc:lling;4)ct<rtain tablcs calculated for starsofthefirst and sccond
magnitude on the basisofthese twotboorems for eaeh offv
i e latitudi·
nal zoncs.
S<Jme scholars have argued that this material was the subject ofa
missing first book to this treatise:. However .it seems 10 us more likely
that this material was originally pan ofBook VUI oftbe A Image.it, and
that thePhasts itsclfoonstirntcd a subsoquent hook ofthat trcatise.
The rwo theorems 2 & 3 mentioned above are quite unambiguously
found ill the end ofBook VW ofthe A.lmnge11. Furthermore, detailed
obsc:rvations ofthe phases ofindividua!s1ars answering to item l above
are said by Ptolemy himself (Book XIII , Chapter 7) to have been pan
ofh.is tmtl.ise on thefixed stars.Such observationsarenowhere to be
foundin theA/magutas it stands,butpreswnably thcy"·cre originally
an inlegral pan ofBook Vlll. Even apart from wbat he says. it would
have been quite in order for him to have had a treatment analogous to
that of the heliacal rising and seuing of tbe planets in Book XII1,
including tables soch as those mentioned in item 4 above, which arc
alsu �sently missing from Book vm.
Funhermore,in its present state,Book Vlll oflbe A.lmagtsl bears
a grea1er resemblanre to a oollage than a systematictTeatment.with an
apparent lack ofcoherence,oontinuity,and tbcs1munaries and ttansi·
tions typical ofPtolemy'.Firstofall,it is significantly shorter thanthc
othCT bmks (ucc:pt Book Vil which also becomes suspect because of
its connection to Book Vlll). lt begins with a catalogue ofthe stars in
tbc southern sky (Boo\::: VIJ ending with a catal0£ue ofthe stars in the
northern s\:::y).pn:x.-eedswith a relativelycoberent nair.itive diS<.:us.•ion

'Forsomeunaa:aunuhlettason,ToomcrinhlitrolllilationoflheA.lmagn1
singlesnutBookVlllas bcingpjrtlcularlywcll-cormructcd!
 oftheoonstella1ionalfigure.,,tums to adiscussionofthedi1Terentkinds
offigurations(i.e.,aspects) that the starscan m11kewiththc planets11nd
with the earth', mal::es a somewhat abrupt formal mathematical shift to
the two theoremsreferre d t o abo\'e,and end.,the bool::with areference
bad< to certain material that is evidently no1disc1.1sscd in the bool::as
it stands {meteorological predictions made from individual case.s of
heliacalrisings and sc1ting.,),but whichoorrespondsquitenicelytoitem
1 above. Titematerial cited in thePMses would restore the integrity of
this particular bool::.
In addition, in t� Plwses Ptolemy twice says that all 1ha1 cited
material has been dealt with in a special syntax is of this treatise. Thus,
we might infer that t� PMses was originally an integral part of the
Almage�·1 i11oelf,0011Slituting another book that followed Book Vlll. ii
must have been excised at some poi11t, along with the demiled observa­
tions ofphases (item 1),and thelabl�(item4) which we surmise were
originally part of Book vm but are still mis.sing
Finally. we would like to recall that fact that the Anonymous of
379 C.E. referred to just such a table as item 4, from which he
evidentlyderived theco-rising positions of approximately the same30
stars 1ha1Ptnlemy records in hisP/w.seJ. But he also implies that this
tab!econtainedotherinfonna1ionconnec1ed withthe astrological11ature
of these same SIMS. This may be a clue as to some of the olhcr missing
materi al from Book VU!.
Why was this done? Is part of Ptolemy's own (bur apparently
unfinished) revision of the Almag�st? ls it I.he result of later editorial
rearr.tngcment, say, by 'lbcon of Alexandria? Or was it deleted because
itoontained ei;plicitly astrological material?
ln a later article in the A.RHA1' Journal, Wi: will aticrnpt to
reoonslrUCt the original form of the treatisein more detail.

Pt olemy'sGrodi:

Ptolemy is really very difficu1t to translace. The astrologers we have

transla!cd hitheno writein a kind of nm-on style. ButPtolemy writes
extremely complex scnicnces in which clauses are nested inside of
clause.' nested insilk still other clauses-a styleth.al does not easily lend

1 SeeAppendix IV
lt>ielf tu English translation. To make matters even more difficult, he ls
verywordconscious.Hisobvious philosuphicalsophiscication makesif
very difficult to take anything lie writes lightly. We think that the
distinctionbt:tweenlruc and apparcnt phases' isa case inpoint. We
suspect that astronomicalphenomenon arc For himsymbols ofdeeper
philosophical and even ethical issues.aad thc study ofastronomy is a
path that may lead to human perfecrion1
Faced with this difficulty, we h.ave broken up his enormous
$Cntenccs as best wc could,though alwaysuying use other devices 10
preservc thcsubtlelogical interconncc1ioru;that are possiblc in his s1ylc
of writing.
TilC translation of the Pliaus has been made from the Tcubncr
edition edited by Heiberg. As far as we know, there arc no tran.\lations
of this work into any modem language.

Gcminus' Calendar

As part uf this volume we have also included the much shorter rcgi�i.Cr
that accompanies Gcminus' Introduction /0 Astrunomy' I! is interesting
because it is orpniz.cd along different lines thnn Ptolemy's register.
WhercPtol.,,m y has the heliscal risings and scningsrccun!.,,.,.for every
day of the Alexandrian ealcmlar. I.he Geminus register has them
n:corded according tu the zodiacal position of theSun. This permits an
interesting cross-check on the information and ccnain chronological
issucs.lnthcPtolcmy rcgister,wc havcto inferthc position of thcSun
from calcndrical oonsiderations. In 1he Gcminus n::gister, we have to
iofathc cxac1day andycarfr u m astronomicalconsiderations,nndcomc
face to face with the precession issue. Thus. the two ugisters oomplc­
mcnt une aoother
The ''Gcminus" ugister has been translated from the Teubncr
edition edited by Manitius. Allhough never �fore translated inlo
En8lish, it is tra11slatcd into Gcnnan in chc Teubner edition.

' Sec General Nru on p/raJis.

'SccopcninschapkroftheAlmagw

'Prulnlbly not l>yGcminus himself.

xii
 General Nole

phasis - pha<;e. This absmic:t noon liti:rallyrnt:ans an 'appearing' and

derivesfromthcfondarnentaJGreekvcrb'phuinU',meaning'toappear,'
Our Elig!ish word 'phenomenon' comes from a participle ofthis \'erb.
It is also the wordtranslated as the 'pha.'ieS' of the Moon, not in the
�nsc of different moments in the lunar 9cle, but in the sense of
different and discontinuous modes of the appearing ofthe Moon. Our
English word 'phase' has to some utent come to mean more a
'moment in a development' than an 'appearing.'We have nevertheless
retainedthisword as ourtranslatiun ofphusfa·,hopingto rehabilitate the
Englishword !;Omewhar.
Ptulcmygives an interestingjustification for thc applicationufthe
won:! 'phase' lo heliacal settings, which are in effect disappearances,
alld no1 appcaranccs.In the coursc of his discussion,he givesthe
following definition: "appearing is thc manifestationufa figuration at
oru.:e dcfinite and apparent."Underthis criterion,heliacal scttings can
he correctly labeled'phases' because they constitute the verylast
appeanmccofthe star,and arc thus fullydefinite
What aboUlthe so-called'
tr
' ue phasesT'P tolcmydoes not himself
uffcrapara!lcljustificationfor calling ediptical co-risings"phases,"
although he seems to suggest that this would he possible. Such a
justification is dearly necessary, becauscduring a true phase the star
doesnot appear at all,being directlyconjunctwiththeSun.Wewilluy
toread between the linesa litt lebit,kecpinginmindl'tolerny'sobvioos
philosophical training.
The basic Greek word for'true" is 'allthl.1'. In its most primitive
sense, '"l/1hls'sirnplymeans'unconcealcd.'Truth is unc:oncealmcnt'.
When it isuppuscdto theword'phaino=nos'(apparcnf),1he latter
tcnds to take on the scnsc of'spurious'or'i11usory.'lnthcl.r.lodiLion­
al1[2J discus5ion of troe phases. however,the Greelr:: uses anodicr
adjec1ive derivedfromthis,'alt1hinm',which hasthc sense of'fuUof

1 ltislhe2ll thcwturyphilo sophe rMartioHeideggcrwhomostfully drew

3t1 enlionmthispeculiarG...,.k rn.xiono ftnnh,and itisabsolutelyfundamental
in lli1 o wn philowphizjng as wel
l

'ThesedistinctionsgnwfJ'jbadatlca..itnAull
y ot.'11SOfPil8ne.3n.l/4di
ccnturyB.C.E.
unconcealmcnL,' 'genuine,' 'thcreal as oppo5ed to the copy.' Jt woo\d
seem thattbe appcaring ofthe apparentphases is but an imageorcopy
ofthe deeper"appcaring"foun<lin truc phascs.
Evidently, the moment when the body becomes invisible to our
physical sense ofsighl is here rcgardedas the moment that it beginslo
"unconcear' ito;elf to our ''mind's eye" in an ever more intense
illumination. IJur as P\olemy says, this does not yet fully meet the
critcrioofor"appearing,''because,since thestar is under 1heSun'srays
for a number of days,this configuration is still indefinite. It is only
when thestar is euctly conjunct withtheSunthat thisconfigura1ion is
Jcfinite. This is the momentof truth-lhe moment offull and definite
unconcealment'. After this moment, as the star approaches its moment
nfphysit:almanifestation again.and the ultimatesourceofillumination
is lcavin¥it farther andfarthcrbehind,it is going into a higher kind of
concea�nent and untruth.
We should mention here that Lhc word 'phasis' can also mean a
'saying,' deriving from tbc standardGreek verb 'phfmi". meaning 'to
say.· We might thinkthat this is just an accidental homonym, but we
should not take it for granted that the two different verbs were not
thereby related in thc inquiringGreckmind'. Jt is importlllllto repeat
thatforthePlatonists thehigherrealm oftheinvisibleand supern:nsible
is only accessible through speech.Compare the verh 'epi1e/M'treated
in thcnext nOle

epiul/O - arise. This word also has two basic meanings, and they an:
nearly the same as for the word 'pha.�i!" discu.ssed above. 1be word
cornmooly means "to cnjuin' or 'to command,' but in astronomical
conte�ts it means 'to arise.' In Book Vlll of the Almagtst Ptolemy
resCTYe� it for the arising of a celestial body from the rays of the Sun,
and docsnOl use it for the rising ofthebodyabovethe horizon.Forthis
latter the word 'aru:ue//ii' is used, although in the phenomenon of
morning rising the two an: connected. We ha�·e used the word ·arise'
totran.�late "epite/M'ratherthan tllcword 'rise.' because it has more the

���
is a philosophical ground for • di5tinctinn between razimi and
rom

'Cf llcidciu,'t:r. Eady Cnd. Thinking. 3rd E.s.say, '"Moifll"'. «<tions 3 and
sense of coming to be
Ali yet, we have no idea as to how lhe two meanings of this word
may be related, if at all. But is seems significant that 'epite/10', the
principal word for heliacal rising, and the more general word 'p/ru:is',
wbose mosL paradigmatic instancc is also heliaeal ris.ing, both have one
meaning corresponding IO speaking. and another corresponding to
manifcsrntion .. Lei me only say here thaL Aristotle defines spcech as
"revelatory sound'."

rpisitn(ISio - indications. This is a troublesome ootm. nic verb

'(pis�rMin{;' from which it is derived basically means 'lo set a mark
upon svmething,' or 'Lo give signs or symptoms of something:
In the introductory remarks to the Philsu, Ptolemy clearly uses it
to rcfer !O the weather expected on a cenain day (rain, wind. etc.), as
recortlctl by the various observers in the calendar. But in the second
book of lhc 1°(/r<Jbiblt:is, Ptolemy uscs1hc �nn for thelunarhalosand
other atmospheric signs of upcoming weather. In other words, he uses
it to refer both to the weathcr itsclf nnd to indications of the weather.
To make matters even more cumplicatt:d, Ptolemy sometimes uses the
word alone (or its verbal equivalent 'epirbnain(i', "it is indicati>·e') or
one of I.he expected weather enlrie$; thus he may write: "For Eudoxus.
rain, a south wind, indications.'"
The second of these usages is perhaps the most tli�t and regular.
butthc fostand thirdu�ges need to bi: constructed.
As forthc first,Lhe weathcr itself may perhaps be n:garded as the
mark set upon the annosph� hy the heliacal risings or scnings
themselves. Or alternatively, !he weather of earlier yean may be here
regarded a.• a signor indication oflike weathcr tocomcat the tirncs of
the same hcliacal risings anti settings. In this uncertainty, we have
simply used the English translation 'indications.'
As fur the lhird, i1 is quite mysterious. lt is cvidently tratlitional
usage, because ii also occurs i n the Gcminus calendar. Once in the
Ptolemy calendar anti once in the Gcminus calendar some specific
we�thcr conditions are cxplicitly indicated' with this word, bu1all the
rest ofthc time ir only�ys "indications," or "it is indicativc."

' On ln�rpr�iarWn, sections 1-6

' l�olemy26 Mesore.Gcminu1 Sagittariu1. l6th day.

 A few scholars have argucd (evidently frum oonte.>;t) that in !he
calendaritselfthc word refcn to changes in the c..;isting weather, as if
tu say '0it is uminou�-" But this is literaUy to say that omens are present.
So perhaps it reaUy 111e ans that at this timethereare �1herindic.ion
(in the second sense discussed above) to be found in the atmosphere.
This is our present preferred interpn:wion, but it will dearly require
further confirmation. For now we have also translated it here as
"indications.'"

�vi
 The Phases of the Fixed Stars
and a
Collcdion of lndicatioru
by J>tolemy

Pro101'"

1
Sttcrion 1. How many differentia , then, are as.o;emblod for the phases
'
of the lixed sta11;. and what are the additional causes ?
As for the kinds of ob5t:rvations that we must lay down for the
demonstrations of the pruticular stars, and the theorems that must be
methodically empluyc.:;I for the rest of them�that is, with what degree
of the circle through the middle of the zodi11e each of the sUll"S in
question co>-<:ulminat� and in all respects c(>--rises andoo-sets foreach
l
of the inhabited rcgions ; and again, how much circumferi:nce under
thc earth it is nCC<'ssary for theSun to be distant for the pbases [10
occur] {both alung the greatest cirdc being described and alon g the
cclipticcircle), and bowmany degrees each ofthe stars mustbe distant
from the Sun (degrees from which the individual times are put
'
togcthcr) -as for all these matters, we oovered them at greater length
'
in a special treatise ofthis work,setting out ahead of time, acconling
to each rone, all the aforementioned quantities for the differi:nl fixed

' The 0£.D. gi�el the following definition : "Lllgic. The DI.tribute by whi<:h
a �ies is dis.tingui1hed ff'Ql'l1 all od>er •peciei1 <:>f the samc gcnus: a distin­
guishillg mark." The ruder might lhink Qf the w<Jfd as �ing roughly
synonymous with 'catcg<Jcy' M loog as 'categ<:>ry' is used in a non-rigwous
sense. This jg an Eng.lish word dcriYcd from Latin and we u&e it because
rt.ulcmy clearly uliCll !he Greek t.q11ivalent, 'diaplroraF, rigo�ly in the
phik>sophical sen�. [RH]

' paro. w.a. aitia.r. This plnsc mightalso mean something Like 'by 111lw
causes. ' Jlowcvcr, oompuc lleClioo 8

' Cf Boot: Vlll, Chap. S, Alma.tlSI.

• Cf. Book vm, Oiap. 6, Almagu1.

§lars ofthe first andSC(;()nd magnitudc thatmal.:e risings and �ngs in
'
the 5 zoncs cs1.ablished by us right amund the middle ofour int.abitcd
wor!d, wncs whicb diffeT from one another by one-half hour1
For the first of these we take , as from the sooth, the cin:le being
drawn through Syenc and Bercnikc and in general through all thosi:
'
places in which the greatest day is of l:W. hours . For thc second, 1he
•
circle being drawn Through Ailiou . a little south of Ale.itandria and
Cyrcnc. and through all thosi:places in whiehthe grcatest day is of 1 4
'
standard hours. For t h e t h ird zone, t h e circle b e i n g drawn through
Rhodes and in general through all thosi: placcs in whichthe greatesl of
thcdays is of l4'i> standanlhours. Forthe founh zonc, the cirde being
drawnthroogh Mid-Hcllcspon t and generall y all those places in which
grcatcst oflhe days is of l S standardhours. And for thefifthwne. thc
•
circle being drawn through Aquilcia and Vienne and generally all
1hose places i n whicb the grcatcst of thc days is of 15'1.i bo111"$
Hcre wcshal!Sl:!out foroonvenicnce the tirncs ofthc phases, 1akcn
so as \0 be of the most use. For these 1imes, it is also neet:ssary to work
olllin ad,·ance thc calculations for all of thesi:phases. Along withthem

' In thcAlmasa1 Ptolemy talles his ti;,,,1a

,, at intervals of l � minutes of
!he longest daylight ralhcrlhan Y, bour. 1bcrc bc also gocs all lhe way from
lhe equalor lothe Aicliccittlc. Sce Ap[lClldix lll. IRH]

1 Another grammaticallypermissible wayofcunnectingtl>e"'two opcning

paragraphs (andpeth11pS an cvcn more natural one) wouldlulvelhc maierial of
lhc fin.t pomgraph also cuvcred in the "special U'Catisc."" Thm. h<>wcvcr. we
wuu.ld have lo 1uppos.1: 1hai the seclions of the Plu1Ju .. it !.lands arc Bil
scrambled up

' See Appendix Ul. jRHJ

' We havc not b«n ablc !o locaie this plaoc name with cenainty. but il
could be cl-Alemein which is at lhc right latitude and coo1d be dcrhed from an
Arab!<: �'Um.tption of the name given �-

' That is. equinoctial huurs.

' There is wme question about this in Neugetrauer because Aquilcia ii bit
nonh or 4�0 but well undcf 46". � Otto Neugebauer. A Hi:J1oq of Ancimt
Mat�ticrll. il.<1mnomy, Springer Verlag: New York, p. 929- [RH]
weshallsetoo1 thc indications forthc phases observed by tJ10se bcforc
us, though only for the more notably bright of the stars. Bui first we
shall go through a few matters concerning the phases themselves and
thc usefulness ofthe individual observations.

Stction 2. We call lhc phase' of a fixedstarthc figuration being tal.:en

in rclation to the Sun and the lw:lriwn for the fi.rst or last of its
appearances', by which it also obtains such a name. Of the figurations
proposed in this way, four more generic diffcrentia are assemblod. For,
just that many positions of the Sun and the star, and the two semicircles
of thc horiwn (for risings and for seuings respcctive!y). interchange
with one anodier.
And the position of the sta.rs according 1o each ofthe semicircles
is more commonly designated by "rising.. and Msctting," while 1he
position of the Sun, in accordance with the peculiarity of the times
being shown by it. i� designated by "morning" or "evening." For this
reason, whcnever wetal.:ethe star andthe Sun on 1he semicirclcwbere
risingsoccur,,ve comm".lnly callsucba figurn1ion ''morningrising;"anJ
again, whenevcr we take both on lhe semicircle where senings occur,
wccall this configuration ·•evening setting."But altemating1hese1errns,
whenever we conceive the star to be on the semicircle where risings
<X.-cur anJ !he Sun on that where settings occur, we call such a
figuration "evening rising;"and whenever,conversely, we conceivethe
Sun to be on the semicircle where risings occur and the star on that
where settings occur, we likewise call thi� figuration "morning setting."

Section 3. Again, For each ofthefour figurations setout lhere arisetwo

primary differentia: we call some of these figur.it.ions truel, others

• pha<is. Seo:. Gtoen.l Note l<:> 1'ram.lat1.1r'! Prerace.

' plrni1W1Mnori. Also from !he Y<:Jb phain6 (lo appear), lll>d •elated a� a
p1miciple k1 the almract noun�is

' See Gtnmll Note under phmis for an c.tplanatioo of ho"' Jrue pbascf
mighL qualify as pbascs. e\'(;O though the star is oot visiblc at th3l time.
appan:nt'. And broadly speaking, the 1ru<: or.c11 occur whenever not
only th.:; stlU" blH the Sun too is exactly on the horizon, while the
apparen1 ones oecur whene\lCr the �tar is right on 1he horiton. but the
Sun is under theurth, not simply, bu1 either befoce its rising 01" after
iii; sctt.ing.
More speciftt:ally foreach ofthc figura1ioru;, thcy call a true risi.ng
a morning rising. wltene•·er the Sun and the �lllr both rise !Ugether, and
a true rising an c•·cning one, whenever !he star rises at the same time
the Sun SdS; they call a true scttinj! a rnoming sclling. whenever the
star scis 111 1he sarne time tbc Sun rises, and a true seu:ing an e•·ening
onc, whcncver tbc star and the Sun both set together.
Again. 1hey call an apparent rising a rooming rising, whenever the
rising star appears bcforc llmrising ofihe Sun, andan appan:ntrising
an cvcning ooc, whcnevcr therisingstar appears aftcr thcsctting of tbe
Sun; lhcy call an apparent .�etting a IIIQtning setting, whenever the
scttingsrar appean; beforetbe tising ofthc Sun,andan llf'P"u:nt setting
an cvening sctting, whcnevcr thcsctringstarappears after the se11ing of
the Sun

.W:tilm 4. For the true figurarions, then, it happen� that the pl� of the
stars are not beheld scp;tratdy, but the places of the Sun are indeei.J
beheld, since this figuration i.s oonstructcd c:c.actly on lhe hofiwn. !'or
the apparent figurati0!1$-ll.< much a.� we �imply lcilrn by hearing them1
thus-, thcplaccs oftbe Sun are ncvcryct bcheld. Foraccording !o thc
diffcrcrrt sepua1ions of thc Sun underthe cartb, it is posi;iblcthatthe
murning and evening ri<ings ;iml s�ttings of the stars a«= arpastnt fo.­
scvcral days, sincc thc 1,indcrlying times admit a �n varilltiun. For
Ibis reason, ooe muse not ycc call either of the figuralions already
di!.euss.cdphases. For appearing' is thc. manifestation of a figuration at
onec dcfinitc' and apparem'. and of tt>c 6guratiun• sct. nut. thc troe

. ,,.,__.

1 Thi� is a liteflllnnslat.i<.>11 oflhc 0reck. lt �1.t tn me� lha1 "'11r.arin,!:"

tM word con•�ys thc - of 1l1¢ Sun bting invi�iblc.

' phtuis. Emphasi!.ing herethe �rbal charactcr ofthis ahsbact ooun.

' ltnri.,,,..,,,m. Litcnlly, "11orizonod.�

ones make Lhe times themselves unclear, while the apparent one& make
Lhe placcs ofthe Sun ull(:lear.
Whene\'er, !hen, we i n no way simply take up the apparent
figurations thus heedlcssly andat random, butby spccifying thefirstor
last uftherisingsand settings,lhcn they--{the 1irne] of1he starthathas
already arisen and the place of the Sun---cont.ain the propcny of
phasing, in accordance with which--depending un whethcc it is firstor
Jast-the stars :m: ableto appear as rising or scning'.
And they are asscmbled in accord.ancc withthe dclimitatiunfor the
parallels sctout, and in general, furas manyas havethe horizoncuuing
the tmpic'. morning rising phase is tbe first of the apparent risings uf
the siar, while evening rising phase i s rhe last of its appan:nt risings.
And again, morning setting phase is the fir.st of the apparent settings of
the star, while evening setting phase is the last of the apparenl senings
of the star.

Sec1ion 5. Forthe fixed stars having 1heir positions right on the cirele
1hrough themiddle ofthe wdiac, then.the ordcr ofthe phascs holdsto
the order uf exposition. During the time from the morning rising until
the evening rising, stars appear when rising and not when seUing.
During the time between the evening rising and the morning scttin11 they
do appear, but not when rising or setting. During 1he wOOle time from
evening setting until morning rising they do not appear. And these
periods when they disappear for a time, we call the times of "arising
and lying hidden:" we call the morning rising of the stars thelJlselves
simply ''arising/" and their evening setting �imply "ooncealment1."
And those periods when the Sll!T!; appear for a certain time without
rising oc scuing, 1hey call timcs of "curtailcd passage."

1 ll scenu to be ldl as an unanswered quucion l>cre whether, and under

what circum•tanct:s, thc 1tue configuration co.ild be COllsidcrW to be truly a
''pha•ing." Sot: C.meral Note under pl=U.

> �piloll. See GeMral Note in Tr.Mb.tor's Ptt faa.

' krup•is. Sce Gcnen.I Note in Translator's f'reface.

Ste/ion 6. For 1he surs sufficiently <listant from the circlc through the
middle of the tntliac towanl the nonh or south, the order of the phases
sometimes changca from the order �et out with teSpccl IO one of the
conjunclions. andOlleofthe sa.itl propc!tiesis observed withthe or<.lt:r,
lhc opposite changes by itself along with the order. J'or those stars
keepiog a positioo morc southcrly than the cin:lc lhrough the middle of
the w<liK. lhc evening o;etting is nbsen·cd to precede i n 1im1: thc
morningrising, and the prup<:ny uf arising and concealinJ! �esJ
bappc:os to lhem, because for the complete time be1ween these two
phase.� 11-=y d.isappcac. Conversely, the morning setting sometimes
prec� in timc!hc e>'tningrising, but nOl: yet so thattbc propcny of
curtailed passagcs happcns to them !Oo,but ralhcr thc propcrty ofthe
so-called nocturnal pa"ages, since during the time from the morning
sening until the e•-ening rising bo!h rising and setting �tars and those
passing lhrough the whole hemisphere above the earth appear to be
rising wilhthe sett.ing ofthe Sun, but sctting befon: its rising.
Conversely, for those stars keeping a position more nonherly lhan
the circle ttrough the middle of the wdiac, the evening rising is
observed 1 0 precede in time the morning setting, and !he propeny of
cunailed passage tu auentl them, because, again, during the time
between these two pbases they appear to ncilhcr rise nor set. But the
morning rising o�en preo:.:edes in time the evening setting without yet
having !he pt"operty of inviilible stars of both arising and lying hidden
attend theru, but rathcr tbe propeny ofthc so-called apParenl passage.
sinceduring the1ime from morning rising until evening setting theycan
appear ll.> hc �ting with the setting of the Sun, but ri�ing before its
rising. Socb stars arc also callcd "visible all around:·
Therefore, with regard tothosc ofthc i nvisiblc phases saidto arise
and lie hidtlen. one mustalso observe carcful\y in the description what
it happens to be, wbetber thcrising in momiug simply orthe sctting at
night of thol;e of apparentpassages orall around visibility,sintilarlrfor
tho&e of eunailed passages having !he evening rising preceding in rime
the moming sening, O!" conven<el y those of noctumal pa<..<ages having
the morning setting prtteding the rnoming rising.

Secri<m 7. Such rcmarks, then, concerning thedifferentia andthe orders

uf the phases would closely suit our present purpo�. And we have
made use of thc mcthod of rcckoning by our year1, because, siooethc
annual surplus is rcstored withthc intcrcalaced days every four ycaJ"S,
it for the moot partpe1111its thc samc phases to bc taken for days with
the same nanie for a lOllg time. Setting out, then, each of the days in
their proper order from the fir:st of Thoth, we write under them, as
much as possible, what is brought about along with these same phases
in accordance with a certain number of hour:s for the zones we have
established. We designate the zone in which each phase occur:s by
prefixingthcnumbcrof total standard hours ofthegreatest dayornighl
And we subj<.Jin the indications that the ancients obse!">lcd for the
surrounding atmospherel in the transits of lhe Sun in accordance with
thedayssetoutl,nOl howcver thatthcscwiH rcsultinvariablyand from
eachphase, but as forthcmost part, and in so far as noooofthe other
causcs, which aromany, resista it
For one must believe that the condition of the atmosphere is
somehow turned' by the figurations we have laid out for 1he fixed stars
in rela1io11 to the Sun.just as i1 is by the coursc: of the Sun alonefrum
thesolstices tothe equinoxes. Buttrulyone must believe tbatthe whole
cause ofthe symptom does not lie with these, but theMoon and the 5
planets contribute most to the fulfillment of what is 10 come. 'The Moon
cunlributes for 1he most pan by adjusting the daily indication for the
phascs !bemselvesagain�t those ofits own figurations in relation to the
Sun_ The 5 planets contribute by again working together with the
quali1ics of the progrt0stications analogous]� to the combinations and
oomm.en.�urabilities of their proper natures. In just this .,.-ay, one must

' l'he Altxandriao ycar.

' Cf. Geminus' Calendar, which is indUlkd at the end of the Phasu in lhi•
wluuo;, i11whichthe entriesare organized in acoordance wilhlhe solartramiu
ofcach zodiacal sign. Ptolcmy's entries will be in acco.--dance wilheach daynf
thc Aleundrian calcodar inslcad

' 1rep(>. Thi • i s thc li1cra.lrncaning of1hisword!t alsomearn changc ;nthe

most genera\ sense. But we believe a carcful reading ofthc fim book of the
Tmabiblos would indicate that what Ptolemy has in mind i� an ocrual physical
tuming.
5.ee the l'unctualil)• or tardincss of the annual seasons lhe�l>'e" a.�
resu!ling frorn the scparationsofthe conjunctions ofSun andMoon,and
1heir qun]ities as being in1Cn�ified1 to the greatest extent i n accordance
with lhe more and 1css on llCCO UTll of the pllll!cts transiting tbem.

&c1iott 8. Tt is weH.Lhen,lhi.t thcre be added 101he inves1iga1ion ofthe

indications and of such predictions a.� a whole, rrrst conjectures about
any CllU$e.• besi<Jo:s lhcsc indicators sin�c we deem that !he whole cause
is not in this alone. and when we consider that of !hose men who have
recorded the indications, different ones happen to ha"C made !heir
obsen·ations in diffcrcm rcgiuns and in manyscnsc:s hav.:: 1101cncou11-
tcrcd similar cortditions, ei1hcr thruugh a pe<:uliarity of the rcgion, or
because lhe �c pha.!<CS are not everywhere united 011 the same day�.
And then it is well that there be added conj��tures about how much
!his cai;;se allows of participation by other causes llS "'ell, indeed by
additioually kccping an cyc on the coursc of the plancts as sct out in
calcndars. w lhat, un lhc onc hand, � match lhedays oflhc irtdica­
tions to the days of the nearest quart�r (especially wi!h those before
conjunc1ion andfuUMoon},and funherm(lfC tOlhedayswhcntheSun•s
sign chllll� around thc rime of thc!;e slllTlc p�$; and on 1he o-.hcr
liand,we match1he qualitics tulhe naturc ofany body being confi11ured
wilh them, cspecinlly 10 those: of the fi�e planets. with the Siar of
Aphrodi"te worki� togethcr fur thc hot2 an::as of tlt.e weaither, that of
Krooosfoc the cold areas. that ofZcus forthe wct, that of J\rc5 forlhe
dry, andthatof Hcnnes forthc kinetic and windyan:as, tbc conflictof
(jUaiitics bci11g ulldcrstood in rclation t<.> lhe opposites ofthc union<

.�r.li"" 9. As for our not insening SDlllt of the fainler of !he stars
named by 1he ancienlll either in !he syntax.is of this trealrocnt it.o;clf, or
now, (such as Sagina. Plciadcs, HllCdi, Vindcmiatri;o;. Dolphin, or
whall!vcr'),---<Jne must concede, if the GUCStinn is /IOI weighry. that

' �Us6. Lit....Uy. 11tttcbed

' Here m in the Ttmlbiblos . Vcnu1 i1 conJide<cd tu � warm not cold. Thi1
ls in cootl'l.lt totbe 1eachinp oflater utmlogeB. JUCh as UUy, wbo hold1h3t
Vcnus is cokl. (RH)

1 U,..., .uar. and coru1dla1ionsare frcque01ly cilcd in G�minu• Caic00ar.

especially the la�r and firsr phases of such small ,i;tars are ahogether
phama•ms because rhey :uc hard 1o dis1ingui>h and hard ro coMidcr
anyway-:;.(Jme(.me might con$icler 1ha1 lhoos c before us u;c.1 them murc
from a cutnin guesswork thaP careful observation made from the
appearance� themselves.
Then, it is quite cle::tr rhat. since this firsl publiCl!.tion is submiued
by us only as far as fi.ud stan of the first and second magnitude for the
reasons set out, even the adding of magnitudes for sueh alone of the
lowerune� and notall earries 11 responsibility hard for me to discharge,
since the indication� registered for lhcm scand under the accusation of
being uncenain owing lo the inconstancy of the days. And anyway, the
rnore suitab!c ofthe additional oncswouldbe anticipatcd alongwith Llie
phases of the brighter stars about the same time, for example, lhe more
suiublc of tho:sc forSag:ina and Dolphin wilh the pha� of thc bright
star in Aquila. of those for Vindemiatrix with Arcturus and Spica, for
Pleiades and Hacdi with Capella and the Hyatlei<
The magnitude of each of these brighter stats would mon.: reliably
be able give a cenain 1um' to the surroundings, and the time of the
phase woulil be clear and With a dctenninate peroeption. which wuulo.l
noc s.x:m to be true for lhe fa.inter srars-at least for those beins
�jected asnor figuring into anymyth$--evcn i f a cenainc1ustershould
happen to he a.�semhled from se�·ernl. Rall.er . one should no! propcrl)'
dignify rile lirst or last or the phanlasms which fad.: out in the morning
and cven;ng with rhe name morning or c•'Cnins ph.asc when the
separation or the Sun under lbe horizon is grutcr than that con.�rructed
for lh05C (brighter stars!. But when these fainter �larll have been
sufliciently 11rgucd for, we will even before that time enter them in lhe
register, which is as follow�:

' 1ropo1. Sccpagc7, nute <l in KCtion 7.

 The Calendar or Register

Month of Th<llh

Day J. 14V. hours1: 'The scar upon the tail of Leo arises. For Hippar­
chus, the Etesian winds cease. For Eodoxus, rainy weather, thundcT, thc
winds c:ease.

Day Z. 14 hours: 'The star upon the tail ofleo arises, and Spica goes
into hlding. For Hippan:hus, it is indicative.

Da)· 3. 131\ hours: The star upon the tail uf UQ arises. 15 hours: The
star ca!led Capella rises in the cvcning. Forthc Egyptians, the Etesian
willds cease. For Eudoxus, the winds change. For Caesar', wind, rain,
thund«. Fnr Hipparchus, theeaslwind blows

Day 4. 15 hours: The last star of Eridanus sets in the morning. For
Callippus, therc is stormy weather and the EteSian winds cease.

Day 5. 13\lo hours: Spica goes into hlding. 1 .% hours: The bright star
of Lyra sets in the morning. For Mctrodorus, bad air. For Conon, !he
winds abate.

Day 6. 15V. hours: The bright star of southern daw of the Claws of
Scorpio goes into hiding. For the Egyptians. fog and burning heat or
rain or thunder. ForEudoxus, wind, thunder, bad air. For Hippan:hus,
wind, damp weather.

Day 7. For Mctrodorus, bad air. f1or Cal!ippus. Eoctcmon, Philippus,

bad air and irregularity of the air. Fur Eudoxus, rain, thunder, changing
wind

' This i$ a 4/imu or latinide rcfcrcncc. [RH]

' 1bc "Cacsar" referred 1nllere is Ju!ius Cac1oarwho,withthe as1i1tance of

t""Egyptian astrologu Sosig<:nes,reformod thecftlcndar intotlleformin wt.ich
we PoW know it, wilh a small cliangc by Augustus Caesar later on and more
coo!oideniblereforms bythc Cl:mrch in 1he Si.uffilth Ccntury. [RH]

10
Day 8. For the Egyptians, rainy weather, stormy weather at sea or south
wind. F-Or Caes:ir. changing winds, rainy weather, and the Etesian winds

Vay 9. 14 hours: "lbe brigh1 slarof Cygnus sel\ in the morning_ For the
Egyptians, the due west wind or the oonhwest wind blows

Day fO. 13% huurs: The bright starof Per.;eus rises in the evening. For
Phitippus, bad air. For Dositheus, there is stormy weather.

Day I f . For the Egyptians. it is indicative.

Day fl. 15 hours: The bright star ofthe southern claw of the Claws of
Scorpio goes into hiding

Day 13. For Dosithcus, ill-mixrurc of airs

Day /4. 14'1.i hours: The s\ar called Canopus arises. f'Or Caesar, the
north winds cease.

Day 15. For Eudoxus, south winds

Day 16. For Callippus and Conon, it is indicative.

Day 17. 14'>1 hour.;: The bright star of Cygnus se1s i n the morning, and
the bright star in the southcrn claw of thc Claws of Scorpio goes imo
hiding, and the laststarof Erldanus sets ln the morning. ForEudoxus,
the north wind� cea.'IC. For Metnxlorus, i t is indicative. For Demo<:ritus
thc Abdcrite, it is indicative, the swallow dis.nppcars

Day 18. 15% hours. The star down upon the knee of Sagittarius goes
into hiding. For the Egyptians, rainy weather, it is indicative, the
beginning of the waning of summer, the swallow disappear.;. Fur
Dosi1he11s, damp weather. For Euctemon, the beginning of fall.

Day 19. lS'h hours: The bright star of the sou!hem fish of Pisces rises
in the evening. r'Or llipparchus, bad air and rainy weather at sea. and
the beginning ofthe waning of sulillle
l r

ii
Day 10. t'or Cac:w-. fhc beginning nf fall. and the swa.llow disappears.
Foc Memxlorus, rainy weaih.:r at scaand bad air.

Day 21. J.j houn: The bright s1ar nfthe southern claw or the Claws of
Scorpio goes into hiding. 15 l'lours: The star in the following shoulder
of Auriga rise.� in the evening. For tltc £gyptians. lhc due west wind or
southwesl wind. the cast wind late in the day. For EuJOJ.US, fall is
mOO<nok.

Va)· 22. I� houn' 1llC star called Antares goes into biding. For the
Egyptians, the due west ,.ind or northwest wind and driule. For
EuduuL'<, damp weathel"

Day 23. 14Y, hour.;: The star called Capella rises in the c\•ening. 1 SY.
houn: AR:IUruS rises in the morning. For thc l:igyptiaru;, drizzle and
wind, it is indicatfre. f'Or Callippus am.I Metrodorus, rainy weather.

Day 24. 13'ri hours: 'The star common tn Pega.�us am.I Andromeda seis
in the morning.

Day 25. 13\1.i huurs: The bright Har of the wuihcm claw of 1hc Claws
of Scorpio goes into hiding. 15 hours: The bright star of Cygnus scLS in
the morning. l'or the Egyplinns, the: west wind or .south wind. �nd a
thunder-storm through the day.

Do.y26. IS boon: Arcturus rises in tbc morning. f'orEudoJ.us, rain . Foc

Hippan;hu!.. l� wc:M windor the south wind.

Day 27. 1 4 hours: The star ccmmon to Perseus and Andrurocda sets in
thc morni11g. and thclast sW" of Eridanus scts in thc mo1ni11g.

Day 28. The fall cqninox. For tbe Egyptians and Eudoxus, it i�
indK;ative.

Day 29. 14 hours: 1bc star called Aniares goei; into hiding. 14'ri bours:
Arcru� rises in lhe morning. For Ductemon, it is indicative. For
Democritus, rain and irrcgul!IT'ity of winds.

JJny JO. I� hours: Tho: s1ar common to Perseus an.d i\ndromed& sets
in the morning. For Euctemon and Philippus and Conon. it is indicative.

Month of Pha�phi

Day 1 . For the Egyptians, thc west wind or the south wind. For
Hipparchus. it is indicative.

Duy l. 1 5 hours: The star common to Pc:r!.eus and Andromeda sets in

the morning. l5'f.i hours: The bright star of the northern claw of the
Claws of Scorpio goes into hiding. For Eudoxus and Euctemon, it is
indicative. For Hipparchus, 1hc south or "''CSt wind.

Day J. 1 4 hours: Arclw"us rises in the morning. 15Y.i hours: The bright
star of Cygnus sets in the morning.

Day 4. 15 hours: The brii,:ht star of the nonhem claw of the Claws of
Scorpio goes into hiding. For the Egyptians and Callippus, it is stormy
weather, bad air. Foc Euctemon and Philippus, rain.

Day 5. 15'h hou!'s: The star common to Perseus and Andromeda sets in
the morning. Foc Eudoxus, rain. For Euctemon, there is slormy weather
For Metrudorus, rain.

Day 6. I� hours: Arcturus ri>es in the morning, and the last staJ of
Eridanus scts inthe moming. 14Y.i hours: Tiiebright sLar ofthenonhern
claw of the Claws of Scorpio goes into hiding. and the star called
Antares goes into hiding. \5Y. hours: llie bright star of the llOflhem
Olrona rises in thc morning. For lhe Egyptians and Caesar. stormy
weather. rain, thunder, lightning.

Day 7. l3Y. hours: Spica arises. 14 hours; The star called Capella rises
in the evening, and the brighl star of !he northern claw of the Claws of
Sc0<pio goes into hiding. For thc l:igyptians, rainy weather, it is stormy
weather. For Eudoxus, rain and changing wind. For DQsitheus, it is
indicative.

Day 8. 13� hours: The bright star of the oorthcrn claw of the Claws of
Scorpio goes into hiding. 14� hours: The star i n the following shouldcr

13
of Auriga ri�s in the evening. and Spica arises. For Democritus. ii is
�tormy weather. the season for sowing.

Day 9. lSY.i hours: Spica ari�. For the Egyptians. 1he nonh wind
blows.

Day JO. 15 hours: The bright star ot' the oorthcrn Corona rises in the
momiog. t'or Hipparchus., 50Uth wind.

Day 11. 15 hour.. : The star down upon the knee of Sag.iuarius goes inLO
hiding.

Day 12. 15 hours: Tile star called Antares goes into hiding. For the
Egyptians. the due west wind or the r.outhwe.u wind. For Eudoxus, it is
indicatil'C. For Hipparchus. the east wind

Oa)· 13. [no cnuyl

{)(1y /4. For llo«;itheus an<l EudoxW>, it is indic:ui•·e

Day 15. For 1he Egnllians. the northwest wind, rain.

Day 16. 14\1.i hours: The bright star of the northt:rn Corona rises in the
lllUrning. For F.udo�us, north or south winds. For Dosi1hcus, changing
winds. For Callippu.�. ii is indicative. For Caesar, i=gular winds. rain,
thunder.

Day 17. l)y; hours: lbe star called Antares goes into hiding. For the
Egyptians. the oorth wind or the southwest wind. For Eudoxus. ii is
indicative.

Da)' Iii. 13\1.i hours : ArcttifUS SCts in the evening

Day 19. For Eudoxus, variable winds, lhundt:r.

Dtiy20. l4 hours: lbe star in the foUowing shoul<.ler ofAuriga rises in

thcevening.For Hipparchus, lhewuthor thc north wind.

Dliy 21. 1% huurs: The su.r <,;al!odCnpcllariscs in lt>e cvening.

Day 22. 14 hours: The bright star of the ru:Kthern Corona rises in the
morning. For the Egyptians, the west wind or the south wind throughout
the day. rain. For Dosilhellll , imlil;atioll.'l.

Day23. [no entry]

!Xiy 24. l<Wi hours: The star called Canopus sets in the morning.

Day 25. For the Egyptians, irregular winds.

Day 26. 1 4 hours: Arcturus sets in the evening. For Eudoxus, it is

indicativi;:. For Caesar, the wind blows.

Day 27. 1 3Y, hours: The bright star of the northern Corona rises in the
morning. 14\IJ hours: The star down upon !he knee of Saginarius goes
inro hiding. For the Egyptian� and Callippus. it is indicative. R>t­
Euctcmon and Callippus, purity of air, much stormy weather at sea.

Day 28. l3Y, hours: The star in the following shoulder of AW"iga rises
in the evening. For Metrodorus, it signifies. For Euctemon and
Callippus, a mUling of1he air, and stormy weather at sea.

Day29. llacking in the textJ

!Xiy JO. For the Egyptians, it is very stonny

Month ofA!hyr

Day /. 1 3\IJ houn;: The bright star of the southern claw of the Claws of
Scorpio arises.

Day 2. l<Wi hours: The bright star of the southern claw of the Oi.ws of
Scorpio arises. 15 hours: Thc Sllil!e. Forthe Egyptians, it is indicative.
For Dositheus, it is stormy weather. For Democritus, cold weather or
frost. For Hipparchus., cunstam SOllth wind.

Day 3. 13'1. houn;: The bright stnr nf the northern daw of the Claws of
Scorpioarises. \SY, hour.;; : 'The bright s.tarofLyrarises in the momin�.

15
For Eu1:temon am! Philippus, a strong wind blows.

Day 4. 1 4 houis: The brigh1 star of the northern claw of the Claws of
Scorpio arises. 14\l!i boors: Arcturus sets in the evening. For the
Egyptians. a due sm.nh or south-west wind. r"OI" Callippu.• and Euctc­
moo, excessive winds. For Caesar and Metrodorus. winds, it is stomty.

Day 5. 147' hours. The bright star of the northern claw of the Claws of
Scorpio arises

Day 6. 14 hours: !he star down upon the � of Sagittarius goes into
hiding. r'O!" Conan and Eudoxus, an ill-mixture of winds. for Callippus,
an ill-mixture ofair.ForCaC511r a00 Hipparchus, a south wind or a cold
north wind.

Day 7. 14 hours: The bright star of the Hyades rises in the evening. For
1he Egyptians. a boisterous south wind. For Meton, a west wind. For
Eudo�us, a north or south wind. For Mctrodorus, an ill-mixture of air.
For Euctemon and Philippus and Hippan:hus, rain.

f"J<ly 8. 13\l!i hours: The bright star of the Hyades rises in the evening.
For Callippus, rainy weather. for Euctemon, it is indicative

Day 9. ISY. hours: The star common to Eridanus and the fooi of Orion
sets in the morning. For the Egyptians, stormy weather, rain.

Day 10. 14 hours: The star called Canopus sets in the morning. For the
Egyptians, a south or -st wind. For Dosithcus, stormy wealbcr.

Day JI. 1 5 hours: The bright star of Lyra rises in the morning. For
Meton, stormy rain. For Hipparchus, a cold nonhwest wind.

Day 12. IS hours: Arcturus 5ets in the evening, aOO the star common to
Eridanus andthe foot of Orionsets in the moming.

Day 13. !3Y. hours: The star down upon the knee of Sagittarius goes
intn hiding. For I.he Egyptians, a due sooth wind err a southeasl wind
through the day, it driules. For Metmdorus, it is stunny, stunny. For
Euctemon, rainy weather, it is stormy.

16
D<ly 14. 14\l> hours: The scar oommon lo Eridanus and the foot ofOrioo
:;els in tbc morning. r'Or Philippus and Euctemon, stormy weather.
"t!Uall.oi. For Hipparchus, a north wind or a cold and wet $()11th wind

Oa.y /j. 13* boors: The bright scar of Ptlrscus sets in the morning, and
the hright s1ar of the nurthcrn Corona sets in the evening. ISY, houn;:
The bright star of the Hyl\des sets i n the morning. For the Egyptians
and Hipparchus, thebeginningofwintcr.FocMetrodorosaod Callippus
and Conon. indicarions.

Da)" 16. 13Y. hours: The bright star of the Hyades set:s i n the morning.
14Y, hours: lbc same. 15 hours: The sit/OC. For Euctemon and
Do:<.itheu."<, it is stormy.

Da)" 17. 14 hours: The stlll" common to Eridanus and the fOOI of Orion
seis in the morning. JSY. hours: Tbc star upon cbc hcad oftheprccc:di ng
twin of Gemini rises i n the evening. Fill' Eudo�us, L'>e beginning of
winter and indications. For Democritus, Slonny wcalher both on land
und at sca

Day 18. [omiued in tcxtl

I.Jo)' 19. 14% houu: 'The hright �w- of Lyra ri.�es in th., morning. For
the Egyptians, a south or sootheasr wind through the day. For C11esar.
it is stormy

Day 20. 13Y, hounl: The star oommon to Eridanus and the f()O( of Orion
secs in the morning. 14 hour.i: The bright star of Pctso:us sets in the
morning. IS'k Thc staI in the preceding shoul<lcr of Orion stti; in the
morning. and the middle star of the belt of Orion sets in :he morning,
for Caesar, it is stormy.

Oay 2/. 1 5 hours : tbe&t11t in1he precedingshouldcr of0ri<•nsetsin 1he

morning, and 1he middle �tar of the belt of Orion sets in the morning.
15% hours: Ar(:tUJ\ls sets in the evening. For the Egypcians. a north
wind through the d�y and night For Eudoxus, rain. For Caesar, stormy
weather.

JJ<iy 21. 14Y.hou1s: 1he $t[;l" in 1hc prcccding shoulder of Orion sets in
Lhe moming

Day 23. 131'. hours: The star called Canopus sel$ in the morning_ 14
hour.i: The bright star of the northern Corona sets in the evening, and
1he star in the preceding shoulder of Orion sets in the morning. l .'i
houis: The star upon the head o f the preceding twin o f Gemini rises i n
the e•·1ming. For Eudoxus, winuy conditions. For Eudoxus, a oold oonh
wind.

Day 24. 131'. hours: The star in the right fore frog of the hoof of
Centaurus arises. 14;! hours: The middle star of the belt of Orion sets
in the morning. 15;! hours: Sirius sets in the morning. For the Egyp­
tians, winuy conditions. For Eudoxus, a cold nonb wind.

Day 25. 13Y.. hours; The star in the preceding should of Orion set' in
the moming, andthe star called Antares arises. 14Y, hours: The bright
star uf Perseus sets in the morning. For Euctemon and Dosilhcus,
stormy wcalher and rainy weather. For Caesar. an ill-mixture of air.

Duy 26. 13;! hours: The slllr in the preceding shouh;lcc of Orion risel;
in the evening, and the la.>t star of Eridanus rises in !he evening. 14
hours: The bright star of Lyra rises in the morning, and the middle star
of the bdt of Orion sets in !he morning, and the star called AnlllreS
arises. For Eudoxus. severe stomJy wealbcr.

Day27. 14Y.. hours: 1hc starcalled Antarcs arises. 15 hours: Sirius.sets

in the mon'ling. l.'iY. hours: The bright star of Cygnus rises in the
mon'ling, and the star in lbc following shoulder of Orion sets in lite
moming. ForlhcEgypriansand Hipparchus, constantoold.For Eudoxus
and Conon, !he air is wintry. For Callippus, rainy weather.

Day 28. 14 hours: The star in !he preceding shoulder of Orion rises in
the evening. 14\1. hours: The star upon tbc head of !he preceding twin
of Gemini rises in the evening. 1 5 hours: The star in tbt: following
shoulderofOrion sets inthemoming,andthestar ealledAntaresarises.
For the Egyptians, drizzle.

Day 29. 13'h houn: The middle star of the bell of Orion sea in the
morning. 15Yi hours: The star called Antares arises.

18
Day 30. 13Y, hours: The middle star of tbe belt of Orioo rises in tbe
evening. 14'1.i hours: lbe star in tbe following shoulder ofOrion sets in
themorning, and1hc sl8r in the precedingshoukler of0rionrises in the
evening. 15\.1 hours: The star upon the head of the following twin of
Gemini rises in the evening.

Month of Choiak

Day I. 14'1.i hours: Sirius sets in the morning. 15 hourn: The bright star
of Pl::..-seus sets in the morning. For tbe Egyptians, a south win<I and
rain. For El.ldoJ1us, an il!-mi11ture of air. For Dosithcus, indications. For
Democritus. uncertain sky and sea for the most part

Vay 2. JJY, houn: The Slllf in the following shoulder of Orion rises in
the evening, and the star common to Eridanus and the foot of Orioo
rises in the evening. 14 hours: 1be star upon the head of the preceding
1win of Gemini rises in the evening, and the star in the followins
shoolder of0rion sets in thc mornin11. 14Y.i hours: lbebrightstarofthe
northern portion of Corona sets i n the evening.

Day 1. IJY, hours: The star in the following shoulder of Orion sets in
the moming. 1 5 hours: Thestar i n thc pre<:eding shoukler of0rionrises
in the evening.

Day 4. i:W, hours: The bright star of Lyra riselii in the morning. 1 4
hours: The star in thc fo!lowing shouldcr of Oriofl rises in tbe evcning.
an<l the middle sw in the bclt of Orion rises in the evcning. 1 5 hours:
lbe star upon the head of the following twin of Gemini rises in the
evening. For the Egyptians, a due west wind or a south wind through
the day, it rains. ForConon. it is stonny.

Day 5. 13Y.i hours: The star called Capella sets in the morning. and the
starupontheheadofthcprecedingtwin ofGcmini ri.scs in thecvening
14 boors: Sirius set..� in the morning. lSY.i hours: The slar in the
preceding shoulder of Orion rises i n the evening. For Caesar and
Eucto:1non and Eudoxus l!lld Callippus, srormy weather.

Day 6. 14 hours: The star in the right fore frog of the hoofof Ccntauros

19
arises. t4'h hours: "Thc star in the fnllllwing shoulder of Orion rises in
the evening. r-or MctrQtlorus, wintry conditions. For Euctemon and
Philipp.is and Callippus, an ill·mixrurc of winds.

Day 7. 14 hours: The star common to Eridanus and the fooc o( Orion
rises inthc eveniog. 14\ol hours: The swuponthcbcOOof thefollowing
twin ofGemini rises in thc cvcning, and the rniddlc star ofthe behof
Orioo rises i n thec•·ening. 1 5 hours: The btight sw of Cygnus riscs in
the morning. For the Egyptian�, it driz�les. FO£ Caesar and Conon, it is
stonny

Dayll.. IS bours: "Thc star inthe following shouldcr ofOrionrises inthc

evening. 15% boors: The brigbt star of Perseus scfS in the morning. For
the Egyptian" it driu.les. For Caesar and Eucicmon and Eudoxus,
stormy wcathct.

Day 9. l)� hours: Sirius scts in the morning. 14 hotn: "The star called
Capella sets in the morning, and the wir upon the head of the following
twinof Gemini ri.<.es in thc evening, and thelas1s1arof Eridanus rises
in the evening. For the Egyptians and Dositheus and Democritus, stoony
weather.

Day JO. 15 hours: The bright star nf the nonhcrn Corona sets in the
evening, and ihe middle star ofthc belt of Orion rises in thc evcning.
For the Egyptians, a southw..st or !;Ollth wind. rvr Eudoxu� and
Dosithcus, slormy air.

Day 11. IJ'h hoi.m;: Tbc star upon the head of the following twin of
Gemini rises in thc evening. For Hipparchus, a S(JOng north ""ind. For
Eudoxus. rain.

Day 12. 14Y. hours: The star common to Eridanus and the fooc of Orion
rises in the evening. For Caes111, rainy weather. For Euctemoo and
Eudo�u.� and Callippus, stormy air and rainy wci<thcr.

Day JJ. 13'n boors: The �Ulr in the following sllOOldcr o( Auriga scu
in tbe morning. JS\ol, hours: The middle stat of !he belt of Orion rises
in the evening. For Caesar, rainy weather. For Euctcmon and Eudoxos
and CaJlippus, wintry airaml rainy weathcr.

20
Day 14. 14Y.. OOurs: The star called Capella sets in the morning. For
Mctrodoms and Eoctcmon and Callippus, wintry conditions. For
Democritus, thunder, lightning, water, wind.

Day 15. For the Egyptian.�, a cold northwest wind or a south wind and
thunderstorm. ForCallippus, a south wind and indications. For Eudoxus,
wintry air.

Day 16. 14'1.i hours: The bright star of Cygnus rises in the morning. 15
hours: 1be star common to Eridanus and the fUOl of Orion rises in the
evening. For the Egyptians, ii is stormy.

Vay 17. for Hipparchus, a strong south wind or a nonh wind.

Duy 18. 1 4 hourll ; The $lar in the following shoulder of Auriga sets ill
the morning. For theEgyptialls, rainy weather with winds. For Eudoxus,
it is stormy.

Day 19. 1 5 hours: The star called Capella sets in the morning. 15*
hours: The bright star of the northern Corona sets ill the evening. For
the Egyptians, a cold north wirtd or a south wind and rainy weather

Day 20. 15'h hours: Procyon sets in the morning. f"Or Caesar, it is
stonny.

Day ll. 15'1.i hours: The star common to Eridanus andthc fOO( ofOrion
riscs in the eveniog

Day 11. 15 boors: Procyon sets in the morning. For Hipparchus, a south
wind.

Day 23. 14'h hours: The star in the following shoulder of Auriga set�
in the morning, and the star in the right fore frog of the hoof of
Centaurus arises. 1 S'h hours: The brigh1 star of Aquila rises in the
morning. For the Egyptians and Eudoxus and Dositheus, a southwe!il or
a due south wind

Day 24. 14..S hours: Procyon sets in the morning, and the last star of
Eridanus rises in thc c'llening. For Eudoxus, wintry air

21
Day 25. l)Y, lloun;: Procyon rises in the evening. 14 hours: Procyon
1oets in the morning. 15 hours: Th� bright star of A11uil:t rises in the
morning. f<()f the Egyptians, indications

Day 26. Winccr solstice. 1 � hours: Procyon sets in lhe morning 11rnl
Sirius rises in the evening. 15'f. hou.rs: The star called Capella sets in
the morning.

Day 17. 13Y. hours: The bright star of Aqu.ila goes into biding. 14
hours: Procyon rises in Lbe evening. 14\1.i hours: The bright sw of
Aquita rise., in the moming.

Day 28. !5 boors: The �tar in the following shoulder of Auriga sets in
the morning. 15\1.i boors : The bright star in of the southern fish of Pisces
goe.• into hiding. Fo.- the Egyptians aDd Caesar, stormy weather. r'Or
Hipparchus and Meton, it is indicative, tbundcrstonn.

Day 19. 14Y, hollCS: Procyon rise� in the evening. For the Egyptians and
Convn and Melon and Callippus, stormy weather. For Cl6Csa£ and
Metrodoms. indications, ill·tnixturcs.

!kiy ](). 14 hours: The bright star of Aquila rises in thc morning, and
the briyu star of Aquila sets in tbc c•·ening. For the EgyptiaM, �
soulhwcst wind andan ill-mixturc ofair.For Eudoxus and MetrotJorus ,
stonny air. Ft..- Hipptudms, stormy evening

Mooth ofTybi

/Juy l. 14 00urs: Sirius rises in lhe tlvcning. 15 hours: Procyon rises in

the evening. For Eudoxus, it is indicative. ror Democritus. moderate
stormy weather.

Day 2. 13\1.i hours: The star upon the bead of the preceding �·in of
Gemini set.� in the morning. For Oositbr.tlli. ii is stonny.

Duy J. 1 3!1\ hours: The bright star of Aquila arises. 15\1.i hours: Procyon
ri!.CS in the evening. t'or Euctcmon and Philippus and Democritus, it is
indicativc.

22
Day 4. IJ'h hour.;; The bright s1ar of Cygnus rises in the morning, and
the s!ar upon the head of the following twin of Gemini se1s in the
morning. 141'1 hours; The bright star of Aquila sets in the evening. 1 5
hours: 1he bright star o f the southern fish o f Pisces goes into hiding.
For the Egyptians, stonny weather ar sea For Euctemon, it is indicative.

Day 5. 14 hours: The star upon the head of the pr«eding twin of
Gemini sets in the morning. 15¥.i hours: The star in the following
shoulder of Auriga sets in the morning.

Day 6. 13* bours: The stnr down upon the knee of Sagillarius arises.
14 hours: The star upon the head of the following twin of Gemini sets
in the moming. -14'tlhours: Sirius rises io the evcning.

Day 7. 1 5 hours: The brighl star of Aquila sets in the "'"ening. For
Dositheus, it is indicative.

Day 8. 14'f, hours: The star upon 1he head of the preceding twin of
Gemini sets in The morning. and the star upon the bead of the following
twin of Gemini sets in the moming, and the bright star of the southern
fish of Pisces goes into hiding. Forthe Egyptians, variable conditions.

Vay 9. l3Yi hours: The bright star of Lyra sets in the evening. 15'!.i
bours: The brighl star ofAquila sets in the evening. For the Egyptians,
it is indicative. For Democ:ri1us, a south wind blows for the most part.

Day JO. 15 hours: Sirius rises in the evening.

Day JJ. 1 5 hours: The star upon the head of the following twin of
Gemini set� in the morning. For Euctemon and Philippus, moderately
stormy weather.

Day 12. 1 4 hours; The �iar upon the knee of Sagiuarius arises. 15
hours: 1he star upon the head of the preceding twin of Gemini sets in
the moming. For Hipparchus and Eudoxus, it is �torrny.

Duy 13. 14 hours: The bright star of the southern fish of Pisces goes
intohiding. l S hours: Thclaststarof Eridanusrises in 1he evening. for
the Egyptians, a south wind or a �st wind blows. stormy both on land

23
and nt �ea. ru MelrOdorus and Euetemon and Philippus and Callippus,
a �th wind.

Day 14. 1 5111 hoors: The star upon the head of the following twin of
Gemini sets in the morning, and the bright star uf Hydra sets in the
morning. and Sirius rises in the e•-ening. For Lhe Egyptians and
Cudo�us, an ocessive south wind and rain.

Vay 15. 15 hows: [l..cunaj For the Egyptians alkl Caes:.u-, much south
.,.;nd, antl it is indicative at s.ea, thundcr, driule

Day J6. 15 hours: Thc bright star of Hydra sets in the morning. 1 5111
hours: Thc sur upon thc: head ofthe pn:ce<ling twio of Gcmioi scts in
the morning. Foc Eudo..us and Dositheus, south wind, it is indicative
For Hipparchus, and ill-mi.. 1um of winds

Da)· Jl. IJY, hoo�: the bright star of the southern fish of Pisces goes
into hiding.

Day UJ. 14 hours: The bright star ot" Lyra sets in the evening. 14'ri
hours; The star down upon Ille knee of Sagittarius arises.

Day If/. 14'ri ho11rs: The bright sw uf Hydrn sefs in the morning. For­
Hipparchus, south or north wind. it is s1onny.

Day 20. For the Egyptians, wintry air.

Day 11. 1 4 loouni : The bright star of Hydra sets in the morning. 15
hours: The star upon the heart of Leo rises in the evening. fu
Hipparchus, a east wind b]ow�.

Day 22. 13¥. hours: The star upon the heart of Leo risa in the evening,
and the brighl siar of llydra rises in thc evening. and the sU1£ calkd
Canopu� rises in the evening. 14 hours: The star upon the heart of Leo
rises in the evening. l41n bours: Thc star in the righc fore frog of the
hoofof Ccn1Du11.1s sets in the mominjt. \4Y.. [sic) hounl: Th.e sw- upon
the hcan of Leo rise.; io the evening. For Caesar, CJlCCS.sive winds

Day 13. 13111 houu: The hright star of Hydr1 sets in 1he morning. t'or
Euctemon and Philippus, stormy wea1bcr. For Mctrodorus, instabili1y of
the air.

Doy 24. 14 hours: Tbc bright star of Hydra rises in the evening. For the
Egyptians, ii rains and becomes stifling. For Caesar and Euctemon,
stormy weather.

Day 25. 14'1> hours: The bright star of Lyra sea; in the evening, and the
bright s1ar of Hydra rises in 1he evening. 15 hours: Tbc star down upon
theknee of Sagittarius ari:;es, For the Egyptiaru and Callippus, S\Ormy
weather, rain. For Hipparchus, the north wind blows. For Euc1e:mon and
Democritus. it pours rain.

Vay 26. 1 5 hours; The bright star of Hydra rises in the evening. For
Eudoxus. moderately stonny weather.

Da)·27. For the Egyptians, a sou1heast or 500th wind, it is indicative.

Day 28. 15'1> hours: The bright star of Hydra rises in the evening. For
the Egyp1ians, rainy weather. For Hipparchus, indic3tions.

Day 29. For Callippus and Euctemon, it pours rain. For Democritus,
moderately stQnny weaiher.

Day 30. For Hipparchus, the cas1 wind hlows

Month of Mechir

Day /. 15'1> hours: The star down upon the knee of Sagittarius arises.
For Eudoxus, rainy weather. For Melrodorus, rainy weather. For
Dosilh<:us, stormy weather.

Day 2. f-or the Egyptians, moderately swrrny weather

Day J. for tlle Egyptians, southwest or due west wind; it is indicative.

Day 4. 13';.i hours: The bright slal" of Cygnus sc11> in tlle evening. 1 5
hours: The bright star o f Lym sets in the evening, For Hipparchus, a

2S
south or northwesl wind.

Day S. [lacking]

Day 6. 13� hours: "The SlllJ upon the heart of Leo scls in the morning.
14 hours: The !'tar called Can(lpuS rises in the evening. 15'1.i hours: The
�w upon thc u.il of l...eo rises in the e•·ening, and the star down upon
Lhe knee of Sagillarius a.rises. For Eudoxus, rain.

Day 7. 14 hour.;: The slai upon Lhe hean of Leo sets in lhc morning. 15
hours: lbc star upon the tail of Leo rises in the e•·ening.

Oay 8. 14-'» hoin: "The star upon Lhe heart ofl.eo sets in the morning,
and the WU" upon the tail of Leo rise.� in the CV<lning. FQr !he Egyptians,
a soulh or wes1 wi!>d. interminent hail.

llay 9. l5 hours; The star upon the heart of Leo sets in the morning.
For Eudoxus, fair weather, hut sometimes too the wes1 wind blows

[Jay IU. 1 4 hours: The star upon the tail of Leo rises in 1he evenin11.

Day //. 15¥; houn;: lbe star upon the bean ofl..M sets in Lhc morning
Forthe Egyptians, wintry condition11 orpouring rain and11r1 ill·mixture
of winds. Fol" Oosithcus. fair weather, but sometimes the due WC$\ wind
blows.

Da)" 12. 1 4 hours: The bright star of Cygnus scis in the evening. 15
hours: The last star of Eridanus goes imo hiding. 1 W. hours: 'The bright
s1ar of Pcrscus rises in the morning, and the bright star of l..yrasets in
the evening. Por the Egyptians, windy conditions. For Caesar. rainy
weather. l'or Democritus, the weSI wind begins to blow.

Lkly /J. l� hours: Thest;ar upon thetail of Leo rises in the even.ing.
For the Egyptian.� and Eudous, The heginning of spri()8, the due WCSf
wind bcgins to blow and sometimes stormy weather.

Day 14. For lhe Egyptians and Eudo�us, rainy weather. For Hippan::hll.�
:llld Callippus and Democritus, !he season for the wc:st wind to blow.

26
D<Jy /5. For Caesar and Metrodorus, Llie bcginning uf spring, and tht:
west wind begins To blow.

Day 16. (lacking]

Day 17. For the Egyptians and Eudoxus, the west wirids blow. For
Hipparchus, the beginning of spring. For Calllppus and Metrodoru.�.
stormy weather.

Day 18. For the Egyptians, the east wind blows. For Hipparchus, the
no11h or due east wind blows

Day 19. l4 hours: The star in the right fore frog of the hoof of
Ceniaurus sets in the morning. l5'f.ihollfS: The sl.llJ" oommon to Pegasus
and Andromeda rises in the morning.

Day20. [lacking]

Day 21 . 14'n hours: The bright star of Cygnus set� in the evening. l..x
the Egyptians, the winds "'hang.;:. For Hipparchus, the south wind blows
For Eu<:temon and Philippus and Dosithens, stormy weather.

Day 22. For the Egyptians, instability of the winds and thunder-storms.

Day 23. 1 4\11: hours: The star called Canopus rises in the evening.

Day 24. For the Egyptians, a west wind. or a south wind and hail, rain.

Day 25. 14'1> hours: The last star of Eridanus goes into hiding. 15
hours: The stnr common 10 Pegasus and Andromeda rises in the
morning. For Hipparchus, the cold north wind blows

lJ<Jy 26. For the Egyptians, windy conditions.

Day 27. [lacking!

Day 28. For Hipparchus and Euctemon, the oold bird-bringing winds
begin 1n blow, and the season for the swallow to appear.

21
Day 19. lJY. hour.;: The slar common to Pegasus and Andromeda goes
into hiding. 15 hour.;: The bright star of Cygnus set� in the evening. For
the Egyptians and Philippus and Callippus, the swallow appears, and
windy conditions. f'OTCnnon, thecold north wind begins toblow. for
Eudoxus. rain for the swallow, and upon the 30th day the north wind
blowi;, thc so-calledbird-bringing wind.

Day JO. Fllf the Egyptians. the oonh bird-bringing wind, intermittent
north-west wind. For Hipparchus. the cold north winds. For Metrodorus,
the swallow appem , and it is indicative. for Democritus, jchangeablc'J
days,the so-<:alled halcyondays

Month of Phamen<.'lth

Day I. 14Y.days: The star common to Pcgasu.\ and Andrumedarises in

thcmorning. ISY.i houn: Arcturus riscs in the e\"Cning. ForCncsarand
Dosithcus. stonny wcather, it is indicative.

Day 2. 14 boon: The Siar common to Pegasus and Andromeda goes

into hiding.

Day J. 15 hours: The bright star of Perseus rises in the morning.

Day 4. 14'n hours: The sl:tr common to Pegasus and Andromeda sets
in thc eveni ng

Day 5. 1 4 hours: The star common to Pegas..s and Andromeda arises.

15 l'loon;: An;turus rises in the evening. ForHippan:hus, a cold north or
SO<lthwind blows.

Day 6. 14 hours: The last star of Eridanus gQeS into hiding. For the
Egyptians, a wuthwest or a due SQuth wind, hail. f'()f Hipparchus, a
cold oonh wind blows.

1 poiWw. The term literally means ·many colored', figuratively ·change­

able.' Ths appear.; 10 be a COll!rad.i ction •incc 'balcyoo" usually means
'rranquil.'

28
Day 7. 1 5 hours: 'The star common to Pegasus and Andromeda sets in
the evening. 1 5'f; huurs: The bright star of Cygnus sets in the evening

Day 8. 14Y. hours: Arcturus rises in the evening. For Euctemon, a cold
nonh wind blows.

Day 9. 15Y, hours: The bright s!ar of tbe northern Corona rises in the
e�·cning, and the star common 10 Pegasus and Andrumcda s.cb in the
evening. For the Egyptians, it is stormy. f'Ol"Cacsar. the swallow winds
blow for !U days.

Day JO. 13Y. hours: The star common to Pegasus and Andromeda
arises.

Day //. l :W.. hours: The bright star of the southern lish ofl'isccs arises,
and the star in the right fon: frog of the hoof of Centaurus sets in the
morning. For the Egyptians, uncertain conditions. FOi" Democritus, the
cold bird-bringingwinds blow for 9 days

Day J2. 14 hours: Arcrurus rises in the evening. For Eudoxus, stormy
weathcr. and the kite appears, and it is indicative. ForMctrodorusand
Euctemon and Philippus, a cold north wind blows. For Hipparchus, the
beginning of spring.

Day 13. J)Y, hours: The star upon the tail of Leo sets in the morning.
Foc the Egyptians, it drizzles. For Metrodorus and Euctemon, the north
wind blows. For l>l,>!iilheus. the kite begins to appear. For Hipparchus,
a strong south wind.

Day 14. 1 5 hours: The bright star of the northern Corona rises in the
c"ening. For tbe Egyptians and Callippus, a cold north wind blows.

Day 15. 13Y. hours: Arcturus rises in the evening

Day 16. 13Y. hours: The la;;t star of Eridanus goes inlo hiding. For
Callippus. a moderate north wind blows.

Day 17. l)Y, hours: Spica rises in the evening. 14Y. hoors : Spica rises
in !he evening. for the Egyptians. windy conditions. For Euctcmon nl>d

29
Philippus, the bird-bringing winds begin lO l>Jow, and the season of the
kite appears .

Day 18. 14 hours: The star upon the tail of Leo selS in the morning. For
the Egyptians, a west or a south wind blows. For Eucternon, a cold
north wind blows. For Dositheus, the bird-bringing winds begin to blow.
For Hipparchus, a due north or nonhwest wind.

Day 19. For the EgyptialL� and Euctcmon, a cold north wind blows.

Day W. 14 hours: "The brigh1 star of the northern fish of Pisces arises.
147" hours: 1be bright star of the nonhcm Corona rises in the evening.

Da)' 21. 141" hours: The brigh1 star ofhrscus rises in the momirig. for
Callippus, the north wind blows, and the kite appears.

Day 22. !'or the Egyptians and Democritus, slormy weather. cold wind.

Day 21. For the Egyptians, cold winds until the equino:<. For Hiwar­
ch1L�. the north wind blows.

Day 24. For c�sar. the kite appears, and the nonh wind blows.

Day 25. 14� hours: 1be star upon the Lail of Leo sets in the morning.
For Eudo:<us, thckitc appears, and thenorthwind b\ows.

Day 26. Spring cquino•. 14 houn: The bright star of the nonhem
Corona ri...es in the cvcning.

Day 27. For Caesar, the oonh wind blows. For Hipparchus, rainy
wca1hcr.

Day 28. For the Egyptians, thunder, indications. For Pbilippus and
CalliPJMlsand Euctcmon, rainand drizzle. For Hipparchus, indications

DaJ• 29. 157" hours: The star called Capella rises in the mooiing. For
the Egyptians and C.onon and Mcton. the equinox. For Eudo•us, the
north wind blows.

l-0
Day JQ. 13'h hours: Spica sets in the morning. For the Egyp:ians. the
nonhwest wind hlows. r'OT Callippus, rain anJ falling snow.

Month of Pharmouthi

Day J. 14 hours: Spica sets in the morning. FQr Meton and Callippus
and EudoJ1us, rain. For Eucternon and Democritus, it is indicative.

Day 1. 13'h hours: Th..: bright star of the nonhcrn Corona rises in the
evening. 14'h hours: Spica sets in the morning, and the star called
Canopus goes into hiding. 15 hours: lbe stilt D!X"I the tail of Leo sets
in the morning. For Dositheus and Meton and Callippus, rainy weather.

Day 3. 14 hours: The bright slat of Perseus rises in the morning. 14Y.
hours: The bright sw of the nonhern fish of Pisces arises.

Day 4. 15'1> hours: The bright star of the northern ch1w of the Claws of
Scorpio rises in the evening. for 1he Egyptians aOO Cooon, ii is
indicative. ForEudn,.us, the weather becomes rainy

Day $. U hours: Spica sets in the morning.

Day 6. 15Y. hours: The bright star of the southern claw of the Claws of
Scorpi<J rises in the evening. For EudollUS, rain, it is indicative.

Day 7. 13'r.i hours: The bright star oflhe soolhern claw of the Claws of
Scorpio rises in the evening. 15% hours: Spica sets in the morning.

Day 8. 15 hours: The bright star of the northern claw of the Claws of
Soorpio rises in the evening. Forlhe Egyptians, a west wind and hail
ForCooon, it is indicative. ForEudo:<us, rai n

Day 9. 14'h hours: The bright star of the nonhem claw of the Claws of
Scofpio rises in the evening. For the Egyptians and Conon, a west or
south wind and hail.

°'1y JO. 14 hours: The bright star of the northern claw of the Claws of
Scorpio rises in the evening. 157' hOllrs: lbe bright smr of Lyra rises

31
i n the evening. r'Or Hipparchus, a south wind and whirlwinds.

Day If. J )'f.i bours: The bright star of the northern daw of the Claws
of Scorpio rises in the evening. For Hipparchus and Dosithcus, it is
indicath-e

Day rz. 15\li hours: The star upon the tail of Leo sets in the morning.

Day 13. 1 3 hours[lacunaJ. Forthe Egyptians, a ducsouthor southwt:M

wind. For Emloxus, rainy weather.

Day 14. 1 3\li hours: 'The bright starofPetseusrises inthe morning. For
the EgyJl'ians, a ill-mixture of winds. For Hippacchus, rainy weather_

Day Jj. For the Egyptians. instability of the air and rain. For Euctcmon
and Philippu�. an ill-mixture of winds. For Hipparchus, rainy weather.

Day 16. For Eudoxus, a west wind and an ill-mixture of air, intermittent
drizzle.

Day Jl. 15'f.i hours: lhestarcommon to Eridanus and the foot of Orion
goes into hiding.

Day 18. 15 hours: The star called Capella riliCS in the morning, and the
bright star of the southern fish of Pisces arise$. For Dositheus and
<:Ksar, rainy 1•1eathcr.

Day J9. 15 hours: The bright star of Lyra rises in the evening. For the
Egyptians. the clearing south wind, thundu, drizzle.

Day ZO. 14 hours: The star called Caoopus goes into hiding. For !he
Egyptians, indecision of winds. Mr Eudoxus and Euctemon, rainy
we�ther and hail.

Day 21. 15 hours: 1lte star common to Eridanus and the foot of Orion
goes into hiding. 15'f.i hours: The brigi11 slllr oflhc Hyades goes into
hiding. For Mctrodorus and Callippus. hail. For Euclcmon and
Philippus. a ...·est wind.
Day 22. IJY.i hours: The bright star of Perseus sets in the evening. For
1hc Egyptians and Con<m, hail and a west wind. For Caesar and
EudoJtus,rainy weathcT.

Day 13. 15 hours: The bright SUU" of the Hyades goes into hiding. For
tbc Egyptians, windy dri1.:1.le.

Day 24. 1 4Y.i hours: The bright star oftbe Hyades goes into hiding, and
the star common to Eridanus and the foot of Orion goes inlO hiding
1 5Y.i hours: Thc middle star ofthe beltof 0rion goes into hiding.

Day 2j. For the Egyptians, a southwes.t or due south or nonhwcst wi!KI
and an iJl.miuure of air.

Day 26. 14 hoW1i: The bright smr ofl'crseus scts in I.be evening, and
the bright star of the Hyades goes inlO hiding. 15Y.i hours: The bright
Siar of Cygnus rises in the evening, llnd the Siar in the preceding
slioulder of Orion goes into hiding. For Hipparchus, a south wind or
cold arctic wind.

Day 27. 13* liours: The bright star of the Hyades goes into hiding. and
the bright star of the northern claw of the Claws of Scorpio sets in 1he
morning. 15 boon: The middle smr in the belt of Orion goes into
hiding. For I.be Egyptiinli and Caesar, stormy weal.her. Foc EudoJtuS,
rain.

Day 28. 14 hours: The: star common to Eridanus and the fOOl of Orion
goes into hiding. 1 4Y.i hours: The bright star of Lyra ri� in the
evening. r'OI" the Egyptians, a southwest or a due sooth wind, rainy
weather.

Day 29. 14 hours: 1111: bright star of the southern claw of the C1aWli of
Scorpio sets in the morning. 1 5 houn>: The star in the preceding
shoulder of Orion goes into hiding. Forthc Egypc:ians, a suuthwest or
a due south wind and rainy wcatbcr. For Metr<xkirus and Callippus.
occasional hail. For Democritus. it i� indicative.

Day 30. For the Egyptians atid EudoJtuS, driule, rain.

33
Mooth of PachOn

Day I. 14'>!' hours: The bright staruf Pcrseus sets in.the evening, and
the middle star of the belt of Orion goes into hiding, and the bright star
of the southern claw of the Claws of ScoTJJio sets in the morning. For
Eucternon and Philippus, rainy weather and hail.

Day 2. \4'h hoors: The star called Capella rises in die morning, and the
star in the preceding shouldcr of Orion gocs into hiding. f<or the
Egyptians, windy condi1ions. for Metrodorus and Cal\ippus, damp
weather.

Day 3. 13'h hours: The star common to Eridanus and the foot of Orion
goes into hiding, and the star called Antares rihes in the evening. 15'h
hours: Sirius goes into h.iding. For the Egyp1ians, winds. For Eudo�us,
rain.

Day 4. 14 hours: The star in the preceding shoulder of Orion goes into
hiding,and the middle star in thc behofOrion goesintohiding,andthe
so-called Anlarcs rises in the evening. 14� houn: The same. 1 5 hours:
ilie same. Fortbe Egypiians, calm or south wind and rainy weather.
for Caesar, stormy weather.

Day 5. JW. hours: The still" called Canopus goes into hi ding. 15 houn.:
The bright star of the southern claw of the Claws of Scorpio sets in the
morning. for !he Egyptians, it is indicative. For Euctemon and
Philippus, calmor south wind, driu!e.

Day 6. 13'A hours: The star in tile right fore frog of the hoof of
Centaurus rises in1he evcning. !5 hoors: The bright starof Perseus sets
in the evening. 1% hours: lhe Siar in the following shoulder of Auriga
rises in lhe moming, and the s1ar in lte followiog sbouldcr of Orion
goes into hidlng. For the Egypti ans , drizzle.

Day7. 13Y.ihours: Tbestarin thc preccding shoulder of0riongoesinto

hiding, and the middle siar in the belt of Orion goes into hiding. 1 5
hours: SiriUS J!OCS into hiding.

Day 8. 14 hours: The bright star ofLyra rises in the evening. 1 5 hours:
The brighr star of Cygnus risc:s in lhe evening, and the star in the
following shoulder of Orion goes into hiding. 15¥. hours: The biight
star in the southern claw of the Claws of Scorpio sets in lhe morning
For the E.gyp!iam, � oonhwesl wind and drizzle or a due south wind,
thunder.

Da)• 9. 14 hours: The s\:u" called C..pella rises in the morning. 15'/.
hou�: the bright SIM of the southern fish of Pisces arise$. For the
Egyptians, Wiu.Je. For Eudoxus, rain.

Day JO. 13'1> hours; ll1'; brighl star of the nonhem claw of the Claws
of Scorpio sets in the morning. For Dosithcus, rainy weather

Day 1 1 . 14'/. hours: The star in the following shoulder of Orion goes
into hiding. For tbc Egypclans, wintly condi1ions.

C>Cly 12. 1 3!.i hours: The star called Capella rises in the morning. 14!.i
hours: Sirius goes in10 hiding. 1% hours: The brighl �1ar of Perseus
.sets in the evening. for the Egyptians, windy oondi1ions.

C>Cly J3. For the F..gypiians, a <lue west wind or a northwest wind And
rainy wen1hc1. For Eudoxus and Dos.itheus. rainy wealhet.

Duy 14. 14 hours: llie star in the following shouklo:rof Orion gocs into
hiding, and the bright star of the uorthem claw of the Oaw.; of Scurpio
seb in the morning. For the Egyptians, a thunder-�lonn

Day 15. Foc lhc Egyptians, rain, 1hc beginning of summe.-. For
Euctemon and Philippm, it is indicative

Day 16. 13Y. hours: Arcmrus sets in lhc morning. and the star in the
following sboulder of Orion goes into hiding. Fur Dosilheus. it is
indi<:ative.

Doy 17. 13% hou�: The slat called Capella sets in the evening. a� lhe
bright si:ar of Lyra rises in the evening. 14 hours: Sirius goes into
hiding, andthe star in the rightfore frog Qfthchoofof Ccntaurus rises
in the evening. For the Egyptians, a due we�t or a northwest wind. For
Caesar, rain. For Meuoo.l<>rus and Eu<loxus and Hippa1chus, it is

35
indicative. And the bc::ginning of summer.

Dtiy 18. ll'h hours: 1he Siar called Antares sets in the morning. 14'h
hours : Tht brightstar ofCygnusrisesin tlieevening. 1 5 hours: Thestar
in the following shoulder of Auriga rises in the rooming. r'Or the
Egyptians, a due west or a southwest wind, indications. For Eudoxus
and Collon, rainy weather

Day 19. 141-> hours: The s1ar called Antares sets in the morning. For the
Egyptians and Eudoxus and Callippus, indications

Day 20. 14 hours: The star called Capella sets i n tbeevening. 15 hours:
The star called Antares sets in the morning. For Caesar. indications,
rainy wcathef.

Day 21. 15\1, hours: The star called Antares sets in the morning. For
Caesar, it is indicative.

Day 22. For the Egyptians, a so.iulh or due east wind. For Eudoxus,
rainy weather. For Hipparchus, a south or an:tic wind.

Day 23. 13\1, hours: lbe star in the folluwing shuulder of Auriga goes
into hiding, and Sirius goes into hiding. Forthe Egyp1ians. a ligh1ning
and thunder stom1. For Eudo�us, the beginning of summer, rainy
weather.

Day 24. 141-> hours: The star called Capella sets in the evening, and the
star in the follow,ng shouldec of Auriga rises in lhe morning. 15\1,
ltours: Thebright star ofAquilarises in the evening. Fortbe Egyptians
and Hipparchus, it drizzles and is indicative

Day 2J. 14 boors: The star in the following shoulder of Auriga goes
into hiding. 1 5 hours: 1he bright star of the oorthem claw of the Claws
of Scorpio sets i n the morning.

Day 26. !4 hours: Arcturus sets in the morning. T:Or the Egyptians, a
north�st or a due west wind. For Dositheus, a sooth wind. Foc Caesar,
it is �tonny.
Day 27. 15 hours: The bri!lht star of Aquila ri$C$ in lhe evening. 15%
hours: Procyon goes into hiding

Day 28. 1 4¥.i hours: The star i n the folluwins shoulder of Auriga sie!S
in the e�ning. 15 hours: lbc star called Capella set.� in 1hc e�ning.

Day 29. IS'h hours: The Siar down upon the knee o( Sag.iltarius !;el� in
the morning. For the Egyptians. windy conditions. For Euctemon llJld
Philippus. indications.

Day 30. 14 hours: 1bc bright star of C)gnus ris.es i n the evening. For
Euctemon and Philippus and Hipparchus, indication.�.

Month of Payni

Day I. I� lwmrs: Tiie star in the following shoulder of Auriga mises.

IS hours: l1le sw in the following shoulder of Auriga 5t:IS in the
e•-ening. and Procyon goes into hiding. !SIA hours: Th.e bright s1ar of
the oonhcm claw of the Claws of Scorpio sets in the morning. For 1he
Egyptian$, excessh·e north wind. J'or Calilppus and Euctemon. ii is
indicath'c.

Day 2 14% hours: The bright star of Aquila rises in the evening. For
the Egyp1ians. indica1ions. For Metrodorus and Callippus... so111h winds.

Day 3. I� hours: The bright sw of the Hyades arii;es. 14% hours:

Procyon goes in\o hiding. For the Egyptians and Democritus, rainy
wealbc:r.

Du}· 4. For Hipparchus, a !iOuth or west wind.

Day 5. 14'h hours: The star i n the right fon: frog of Ccntaurus rises in
the c\"cning. lW.hoors: Th.e sw called Capella scts in the evening, lllld
the �tar in the following shoulder of Auriga S<:l� in the c•·cning. For
Ca.ew, thc .\Otlth wind blows

fu>' 6. 14 hours: Procron goes into hidinc, and 1he bright S1ar or Aquila
rises in the e�oing IS boors : The star Jown upon the knee of
&igiuarius sets in 11le morning.

Day 7. 14 hours: TilC bright star of the Hyades arises. 14'h hours·
Arctunis sets in the morning. FOT the Egypians, a west wind. For
EuUo�us and Dosithcus, damp weather.

Day S. For the Egyptians, the nonhwest or due wcs1 wind blows.

Day 9. 14'h houn<: The star down upon the knee of Sagittarius sets in
the morning. 15'>!. bours: The bright st<U" of Hydra goes imo hiding. for
the Egyptians. a oonhwest wind and drizzle. For Democritus, 1here is
rain-wateT

Day /0. 13'>!. hours: The bright star of Cygnus rilics in the evening. !SY.
hours: The siar upon the head ofthc followir.g twin of Gemini goes into
hiding. For Caesar, thunder and rain.

Day JI. 1 3'h hours: The bright star of Aquila rises in the evening, and
lhesiaruponthcheadoflhe preceding twin ufGcmini goesintohiding
1 5 hours: The s1ar upon1heheadof the following twin of�ni goes
into hiding. Fur the Egyptians, it drizzles. For Caesar, thunder, rain

Day 12. \� hours: The star upon the head of the following twin of
Gemini goes into hiding.

Day 13. 14 hours: The star upon the he.ad of the preceding twin of
Gemini goes into hiding, and the star down upon the knee ofSagitwilL�
scTS in the morning. 14'hhours: The star upon the bead of the preceding
twin nf Gcmini gncs into hiding

Day 14. 1 4 hours: The star upon the head of the following twin of
Gemini goes into hiding. 14'>!. hours: The bright star of the Hyades
arises. · 1 5 hours: The star upon the head of the preceding twin of
Gemini goes into hiding. 15'>!. hours: lbe star upon the head of the
preceding 1win of Gemini gocs in1o hiding.

Day 15. \3Y, hours: The r.tar upon the head of the following 1win of
Gcmini goesin1o hiding. andthcstardownupontheknceof Sagictruius
rises inthe e,·ening. andlhestar do"'!l upon thekneeof Sagittarius se(s

38
in 1hc moming. I S hours: 'Thc brighr srarof Hydragocs in10hiding. For
the Egyp(ians, a due west or northwest wind. thunda.

Day 16. l)y; hours: The bright sw of the nonhcm Corona scu in the
morning.

Dlly 17. I S hOUI'$: The bright SW of the Hylldes arises. Foe the
l:igyptians. it drizzles lhroughout thcday

Day 18. 1 4 houn;: Tb.: star down upon tti.. knee of Saginarius rises in
tbec•-cning. I S hours: Arcturus scts in the moming.

Day 19. For the Egyptians. a due west or north.,..-cst wind. it drizzles.

Day 20. l4Yi hours: The bright star of Hydra goes into hiding, and tbc
�L'.1.r down upon the l<nee of Sagittarius rises in the evening.

[)(Jy 21. 13Yi hours: 1lic star in thc precr:dingshouldcr of0rion ariscs,
nn<l the last Mar of Eridanus ariscs. For the Egyptians.. it drizzles.

Dlly 11. ISYi hours; The bright �tar or the Hyades arises.

D<iy 21. For che E@yplians, burning hew.. Foc Dosilheus, indicatioM.

Day 24. 15 hours: The star OOwn 11pcm the knee of Sagittarius rises in
thccvcning.Fur lhc Egyptians. a westor sooth win.dand burning hcat.

Day 25. 1 4 bours: The star in the preceding shoolder of Orion arises.
and the bright star of Hydra goes into hiding. For the Egyptians, rain

Day 26. For the E11yptians, a wesl wind. inundation, thunder.

Day 27. IJY. hours: 1be star in tht: following shoulder of Orion arises.
14 hours: Thc brighi star of the northern <.:on.ma scL� in the 11>oming.
14Y, hours: The sw in the right fore fros of 1hc hoof of Centaurus g<X."S
into hiding

Dtly 28. 13Y.hour.i: Tll<l star comm(m w E.ridnnus and the foot of Orion
arises. For 0..mocri1us, it is indicative
Duy 29. 15'h hourb: Th� star down upon I.he knee of Sagittarius rises in
the evening. For Hipparchus, the west or south wind blows

Day 30. 13% hours: The bright siar of Hydra goes into hiding. 14-'h
hours: The star in the preceding shoulder of Orion ariscs. J� hours
Arcturus sets in the morning.

Monlh ofEpiphi

Day I . Summer solstice. l:W. hours: The middle star in the bell of
Orion arises. 1 4 hours: The .�tar in the following shoulder of Orion
arises. Forthc Egyptians, a west wind and burning heat

Day 2. 1.% hours; Thc bright star of Perseus rises in the evening.

Day 3. for the Egyptians and Dosithcus, the west wind blows.

Day 4. For Callippus and Dosilheus, indications. For Democritus, a

south wind and rain-water in 1hc morning. then the advance northern
winds for 7 days

Day 5. 14 hours: The star common 10 Eridanus and the foot of Orion
arises. 1 5 hours: Thestarin thcprecedingshoulder of0rion arises.ror
Eudoxus, it is indicative.

Duy 6. 13'1.i hours: The star upon the head of the preceding twin of
Gemini arises. 1 4 hours: Tbe middle star in the belt of Orion arises, and
the last star of Eridanus arises, and the star upon the head of the
proceding twin of Gemini arises. For the Egyptians, wind and an
ill-mixture of air.

Day 7. 14% hours. Thc bright star of the northern Corona sets in the
mormng

Day 8. 15 hours: The star upon the head of the preceding twin of
Gemini arises. l 5 % hours: Thc star common ro Pegasus and Andromeda
rises in the evening.
/Jo.y 9. 15>,i hours: 1bc star upon the head of the preceding twin of
Gemini arise.�. For the Egyptians and Caesar, a south wind and burning
""'

Day JO. 14% hour$: The �tar in the following shoulder of Orion arises.
\5>,i hours: The star upon the heart of Leo goes into hiding. For the
Egyptians. a northwest wind and rainy weather.

Day 11. 14% hour$: TilC middle star in the bdt of Orion arises. 15'1.i
hours: The star in the prcccd.in g shoulder of Orion arises. For the
Egyptians, a due west or nonhwest wind and thunder. For Melrodorus,
a northwest wind. For Callippus., a south wind. For Hipparchus, a south
Ol" WCSI wind.

Day 12. 1 3* hours: 1bc star upon the head of the following twin of
Gemini arises. 14'1.i hours: The star common to Eridanus and the foot
of Orion arises. For the Egyptians, a due: west or northwest wind and
burning heat.

Day 13. 15 houn: 1bc star upon the heart of Leo goes into hiding. For
the Egyptians, it is indicative. For Hippan:hus, thewinds io advance of
Sirius.

Day 14. 14'1.i hours: The star upon the head of the following twin of
Gemini arises. ForMetun, dltlTlp weather.

Day /5. 15>,i hours: the star in the followiog shoulder of Orion arises.
For the Egyptians, a northwest or the due west wind. For Euctcmon and
Philippus, darnp weathcr and the bcginning oftbe advancc winds.

Day 16. l<Vn hours: The star upon the heart of Leo goes into hiding
Forthe Egypti1111s, it is indicative, bad air.

Do.y 17. 15 hours: The star common to Pegasus and Andromeda rises
in the evening, and the middle star in the belt of Orion arises. lSY.i
hours: the star upon the head of the following {Win of Gemini wises.

Day Ia 14 hours: 1bc star upon the heart of Leo goes into hiding. 1 5
hours: 1bc bright star of the nonhern Corona sds i n the morning, and
!he star common to Eridanus and Lhe fOO( of Orion arises. For tile
Egyptians. the winds in atlvance of the season blow. For Metmdorus.
a due west or northwest wind

Day 19. 13'fi hours: Procyon arises. ForHippan;hus, indecision of the

winds.

Day 20. For the Egyptians, burning heat. For Caesar. much wind. for
Hipparchus, the north wind begin.� tohlnw.

Day ll. IJ'li hours: The star upon the lleart of Leo goe.� into hiding

Day22. 13i'i houn: Sirius arises. 1 4 hours: Procyon arises. 14\.!i hours
The last star of Eridanus arises. For the Egyptians. moch wind and
occasional damp weather. For Democritwi:, rain-water, squalls

Day 23. 15 hours: 'The bright star of Perseus rises in the evening. l S'li
hours: 1bemiddlestar inthebeltof 0rion arises. fo.-the Egyptiansand
Dositheus, a south wind and burning heal.

Day 24. 14\li hours: Procyon arises. IS'li hours: The sw common to
Eridanus and the foot of Orion arises. For Hippan:hus, the Etesian
winds begin Lo blow.

Day 25. f'OI" the Egyptians. a due west or a northwest wind and burning
""'

Day 26. 14\li hours: The star common to Pegasus and Androm<Xla rises
in the evening. 15 hours: Procyon arises. For the Egyptians, a oonhwest
or due west wind.

Day 27. 13\li hours: The bright star of Aquila sets in the morning. 1 5\li
boors: The bright star of the southern fish of Pisces sets in the morning
for Mcttodorus and Euctemon and Philippus, the Etcsian winds blow,
andthebeginningof latesummer. l'or Caesar. the adv11nce windsblow.

Day 28. 1 4 hours: Sirius arises. 1 % boun: The bright star of the
northern Coron.a sets in the morning. and Procyon arises. For the
Egyptians, a west wind and burning heat throughout the day. For

42
Euctemon and Philippu�. bad air. the advance winds blow.

Day 29. 14 hours: The star in the right fore frog of the hoof of
Centaurus goes into hiding. f-oc the Egyptians. the Etesian winds begin
to blow. For Me!rodorus and Callippus, wi11dy conditions. For Eucte-
111011, stormy weath« atsea.

Day JO. For Eudo:tus, the Etesian winds blow. For Metrodorus and
Callippus, windy conditioos.

Month of Mcsori

Day I. For the Egyptians, a west or south wind. For Eudoxus and
Callippus, a southwind

Day 2. 14 hours: The: bright star of Aquila sets in the morning. 15

hours: 1be bright star of the southern fish of Pisces sets in the morning.
For Metrodorus and Callippus and Conon and Democritus and Hippar­
chus, a south wind and burning heat.

[)(Jy 3. For Euctemon and Dositheus, damp and stifling weather.

Day 4. l:W. hours: The bright star of Lyra sets in the morning. 1 4
boun: The: star common t o Eridanus and Andromeda ri:'ICS in the
evening. 14'1o hours: Sirius arises.

Day 5. For the Egyptians, burning heat. For Eudoxus, damp weather
and the beginning of late summer. For Dosithcus, the F..fesian win1b
begin

Day 6. l.W. hours: The bright star of Aquila sets in thc morning, and
thcbrightstarofthe southern fish of Pisccssets in the moming.Forthe
Egyptians, a northwest or due west wind and burning heat. r'OI"
Eudoxus, the Etesian winds blow

Day 7. for Caesar, a south wind blows.

Day 8. For Hipparchus, burning heal

Day 9. 14 hours: The bright star of the southern fi.U. of Pisces sets in
the morning. l 5 huurs : Sirius ari""�

Day JO. 15 hours: Tiie bright star of Aquila sets in the morning. 15n
hours: The scar called Capella rises in the evening. For Caesar,
indications. fot" t::udoxus and Dositbeus, damp weather.

Day 11. 14'>' hours: The bright star of Perseus rises in 1be evening. 1 5
hours: The last star u f Eridanus arises. For Eudo�us. intenscly burning
heat.

Duy /'1. I� houl5: The bright Still" of the southern fo;h of Pii;ce._� sets
in 1ht morning. For the Egyptians, burning heat. For Dusitheus, stifling
heat. and afta this thc Etesian winds.

Day 13. l � bour:i: The star common tn Pegasus and Andromeda rises
in the evening. 14 hours: The bright stat of Lyra sets in rhc morning

!My l4. 1 % hours: Sirius arises.

Day 15. For the Egyptians, a lll)l"thwcst wind, inten""IY burning arnl
stifling heat.

Vay 16. For the Eg.yptians, a northwe$1 or a south wind, foggy .Ur.

Day 17. For the Egyp:ians, intensely burning and stifling hcut.

Duy 18. 13n hours: The star upon 1hc heart of Leo arises. For the
Egyptians, lhundeo". For Eudorn�. great win<.l. For Hipparchus, disonierly
winds.

Day 19. The beginning of fall. 13'1' hours: The brigh! scar of the
southemfish of Pio;ees riscs in the evcning. l4'h hou1s: 'n>e star upon
lhe hcan nf l..e<.> arises. For lhc Egyptians, burning hcat

Day 20. J S hours: 1be srnr upon the h.:art uf l..oo ariu:s. For Cae.w, it
is indietltive.

Day 21. For Caesar, it is indicative, stifling.

Day 22. lJ'>i hours: The slar upon the tail of Leo goes into hiding, and
the bright slar of Hydra arises.

Day 23. IJ'h hours: The star in the right fore frog of the hoof of
Centaurus goes into hiding. 14 hours: The SUU' upon the tail of Leo goes
into hiding. For Caesar, a veering around [of winds}.

Day 24. 14 hours: Thc bright Siar of Hydra arises. r'OT Eudoxus, it is
indicative.

Day 25. 15'h hours: The star upon the tail of Leo goes into hiding.

Day 26. 14 hours: The bright star of the southern fish of Pisces rises in
!he evening. Foc the Egyptians, a south O£ west wind. For Democritu.s,
it is indicative of rain-watc-r and winds.

Day 27. 14'h hours: 'The bright star of Hydra arises. Fl>T tile Egyptians,
burning heat and fog

Day 28. 14 boors: The bright star of Perseus rises in the evening.

Day 29. I� hours: The bright star of Hydra arise�. Fm the Egyptians
and Caesar, it is indicative, bad air. For Eudoxus, it is accustomed to
thunder.

Day 30. 15'h bourn: The star in !he foHowing shoulder of Auriga rises
in the evening. For the Egyptians, a west OT northwest wind

Epagonal Days'

Day /, 1 5 bours: The bright star of Lyra sets in the morning. 15'h
hours: The bright star of Hydra arises. !'or Eudoxus and Mctrodorus, lt
is indicative.

Day 2. 14 hours: The star called Canopus arises. 14'h hours: The bright

1 See Apperufu II.

4S
star ofthe SO\lthem fish of Pisces rises in the evcning. l'or{he Egyp­
tians, burning heal. For EudMus and Caesar, it is indicative. For
Hipparchus, a suuth wind, and the Etesian winds cease.

DayJ. 141n hours : Spica goesinto hiding. \ 5in. hours: Thc $1aruponthe
tail of Leo arises. For Hipparchus, whirlwinds.

Day 4. 1 5 hours: The su.r upon tail of Leo arises. For Callippus, it is
indicative.

Day 5. !31n hours: The bright star of Cygnus sets in the morning. For
the Egyptians, a west or a northwest wind.
 Epilogue

11le regis1er had sw.:h 1U1 ordcr of cxposition in the interes1 of bcing
handy. J1 is pcrhaps not out of pl11CC to bring together under onc
hcading thc numbcr of assemblcd fo;cd stars with the numbcr of \Olal
pha$cs io order 10 cro.�s-check for any of those tha1 goc omincd through
cm>r:s of writing; furthermore. for the men indie&ting the changes in
wcather, tu s1,U11marize in which areas each happc:ns to havc observcd,
in order that we may in a sense more appropriately adap! the weather
changes ofthe dt:tenninate regiuns to those similarregions around !he
same parallel.

There arc I S stars of the 1st magnitude:

The star called Capella. the bright Siar of Lyra, Arcturus, the star on the
hean of L:o , the star on the tail of Leo, the brighl star of the Hyades,
Procyon, the s1ar i n the follnwin11 shoulder of Orion, Spica, the star
common lo Eridanus and the foot of Orion, Sirius, 1he bright slar of the
southem fish of Pi.<oces. the last �tar of J:ridanus, the star cPUcd
Canopus. the Mar in the righl fore frog of the Centaur'� hoof.

llio:reare another l S of1he 2nd ma1i1nitudc:

'The bright 'ilarof Perseus, the star in thc following shoulder of Auriga,
the brigbt star ofCygnus, thcbrightstarof Corona, lhcstaron lhe hcad
of the pR«:ding Twin, the star on the head of the following Twin, ilit:
�tar common 10 PegaslL� and Andromeda, the brighl star of Aquila, the
slar in the preceding �boulder of Orion, the bright star of Hydra, the
lxiglu sliu: of lhe northern claw of the Claws, the middle star of the belt
of Orion, the bright slat of the southern daw of the Claws. Antares, the
s!ar duwn upon lhe knce of Sagittarius.

Altbou!',h each of the.oe makcs 4 phases a year for one ofthe pacalkls
i11 which they risc and sc1, forthe starcalled <.:anopus and lhc star in
theright foro frog ofthe Centaur's lloof,each �ppcns tu mrakeboth a
setting andrising in only tbe 3 first p:irolle ls (from tlie soolh) ofthe S
set out, while for t.'le last btight star of Eridanus this happens only in
thefoorfirst J)W'lll lels;thc remaining 27 make risings11!1d sctting in the
5 parallels. Thus 1hc total multitude of phases oomcs to 580.
And I ha�c n:oord cd the indications for thC$C and drawn them up
according to lhe Egyptians and Dosirhcus, Ph.ilippus, Callippus,
Euctemon. Meton, Conon. Metrodorus, EOOo:i::us, Caesar, DemocritlL�.
Hipparchus. Of these, the Egyptians obsernd in our area, Dosithcus in
Cos, Philippus in Hellespont, Meton and EU(:tcmon in Athens and
Cyclades and Macedonia and Thrace, Conon and MctrodOf\ls in Italy
an<l Sicily, Eudoxus in Asia and Sicily and Italy, Caesar in Italy,
Hipparchus in Bithynin. Democritus in Macedonia and Thrace
Therefore, one should especially fitthe indications ofthe Egyptians to
the areas around this parallel, that is. the parallel in which the greatest
oflhe days i s of l4 standardOOurs, those of�i1heusand Philippus to
the paralld in whichthe greatest oftbe days is of l � sl.andard hours.
those of Democritus and Caesar and Hipparehus to th;iL in which the
greatest of the days is of 1 5 standlllll hours. those: of Callippus and
Eudoxus and Memn and Eucternon and Metrodorus and Conon to the
parallels in which the magnitude of the greatest day� stretches from I 4Y.
10 ! 5 standard hours
 Calendar or Register Attributed to Geruinus 1

TM Time:i in Wbkb the Sun Tr•,·enes E•ch of the 7,i;U/ia, and

the lndlullons Tb•I Arise for F.•ch Zili.dV,11, u T�y Have &en
Recorded.

We beginfrum thc summcrsolstice

The Sun travers� C;:inccr in J l days.

On the !st day, then: For Cal\ippus. Cancer begins 10 rise; summer
:;olstice; and it is indicativc

On the 9th day: For Eudoxus, a somh wind blows.

On 1hc I llh day: For Eudoxus, Orion completely arises in the morning

On the 13lh day: For Euctcmon. Orion oomplctely arises.

On the l61h day: for Dositheus. Corona bcgiM to SCI in the morning.

On I.he 23rd day: r-or Dositheus. Sirius becomes visible in Egypt.

On the 25th day: For Meton, Sirius arises in !he morning

On the 271h day: For Euctemon, Sirius arises. For Eudoxus, Sirius
arises in the morning; aml for the following 55 days the Etesian winds
blow; bu1 foc the five fa�t days they are <.:a!lcd the advance wlnds. r'OI"
Callippus, Cancer comes to il> end whilc ri�ng, windy.

On the 28th day: For Euctemon, Aquila sets [in the morning): a stom1

On the 30th day: l'or Callippus: Leo begins to rise. A south wind
blows: and Sirius becomes visible upon rising.

' Thi' 1uu; been included �s "' comparLwn to Ptulemy'� c..Jcudar in th�
Phiua. !R!tl

49
On the 3 1 st day: For Eudoxus, a south wind blows.

The Sun !ravc� Leo in 3 1 days

On the \st day, then: For Euctemon, Sirius becomes visible, and stifling
heat ensues.

On the 5th day: For Eudoxus, Aquila selli in the morning.

On the J O!h day: For Eudoxui;, Corona sets [in the morning]

On the 12th day: For Callippus. Leo, rising in the middle, makes
especially stifling heat

On the 14th day: For Eucremon, especially stifling hear arises.

On the 16th day: ForEudo,.us, it is irldicativc

On the 17th day: For Euctcmon, Lyrascts; and it pours rain; andthe
Etesian winds cease; and Pegasus arises [in the evening].

On the 18th day: for Eudoxus, Dolphin sets i n the morning. For
Dositbeus, Vindemiatrix set� acmnycally.

On the 22 day: For Eudoxus, Lyra sets in the morning; and i t is

indicative.

On the 29th day: For Eudoxus, ii is indica!ive. For Ca!Lippus. Virgo

arises; it is indicative.

The Sun traverses Virgo in 30 days.

Onthc 5th day, tben:For Eudouis, a strong windblows,and thereupon

it tbundcrs. For Callippus,the shoulders ofVirgo arise: andlhe Ete.,ian
winds abate.

On the 10th day; For Euctemon, Vindcmialrix appears; and Arcturus

arises, and Pegasus seis [in the morning]; a storm at sea: south wind

50
For Elldoxu� rain, thunder; a strong wind blows.

011 the 17th day: For Callippus. Virgo, arising in lhe milkllc, is
indicuive: nnd An:IUrus is visible upon rising.

On tht: 191hday: f'or EudoJtus, Arcturus arises in the rnomiag; and for
the following seven days [winds] blow; fair weather for the most pan;
when the time is up, '" wind arises from the east

On the 20th day: For Euctcmon, An:turus is visible; beginning of

autumn; and Capclla ariscs lin the cvcning]; and then i t is indicarivc;
stormy we.ather at sca.

On the 24th day: For Callippus, Spica arises in Virgo; it rains.

lbe Sun traverses Libra i n 30 d.ays.

On the 1 st day, !hen: For Euetcmon, the aummn equinol!.; and i t is

indicath·e. For CaJlippus. Aries begins to set; d1e autumn equino)[.

On the Jrd day: For Euctcmon, the Hae<li arise in the evening; it is
stormy.

On the 4th day: ForEudoJCus, Capclla arises acronycally.

On the 5th day: For Euctemon, the Pleiadcs appear in the evening: ii is
indicative. For Callippus, Virgo comes to its end while rising.

On the 7th day: For Euctemon, Corona arises: ir is indicari�

On the 8th day: foc Eudoxus, the Pkiatles arise lacronycally].

On the !Olh day: l'oc Eudo)[U5 {Corona] arise$ in the morning.

On lhc l21h day: For Eudu�us, Scorpio begins to set :icronycally; and
�t<)ruly weather ensues, and B strong wind blo"'S.

On the 171h day: fOl" EudoJCus, Scorpio completely scts acmnycally. For
Callippus, thc C!aws hegin to rise ; it is indicative.

"
On the 19th day: For El>doxus, nonh and south wind� blow.

On the 22nd day: For Eudo:ms, tile Hyades arise acronycally

On 1he 2l!th day: f'Or CatHppus, the tail of Taurus sets; it is indicative

On the 29th day: For Eudoxus, a north and a south wind blow.

On the 30th day: For Eoclemun, much s\onny weather at sea

lhe Sun traverses Scorpio in 30 days.

On the 3rd day, then: For Dositheus, ii is swrmy

On the 4th day: For Democritus. the Pleiades sel at the same time as the
Sun: wintry winds for the most part, and oold, and frost already;
thereupon ii is usually windy; the 1Jees begin 1o looi;c their leavcs. For
Callippus, the forchead of Srorpio ariscs; it is windy.

Oothe5th day: For Euctemon, Arcturus sets in thc evening; and strung
winds blow.

On the 8th day: FQ£ Eudoxus, Arcturus sets acronycally; and it is

indicative: and the wind blows

On the 9th day: For Callippus, the head of Taurus sets; rains

On the 10th day: For Euctcmon, Lyra arises [i11 the morning); and
thereupon ic is stonny with rai11

On the 12th day: ForEudoxus, Orion begins 1o arise acronycally.

On the 13th day: for DeIDOl:ritus, Lyra arises at the same time the Sun
cooics up; and the air bewlncs wintry for the mosi part.

On the 14th day: 11orEudoxus, rainy weather.

On the 15th day: For Euctcrnon, the Pleiades set: and it is indicative;
and Orion begins [to set. And when it begins] to .o;et, while its middle
sets, and "'"hen it comes 10 its end while setting, it is siormy.

On the 161h day: For Callippus, the bright star in Scorpio rises; i1 is
indicative; and 1he Plciades set visibly.

On the lllth day: For f:.udoxus. Scorpio begins to arise in the morning.

On the 19th day: For Eudoxus, the Pleiadcs set in the morning. and
Orion begins lo set in the morning; and it is :;tormy.

On the 21st day: r'or Eudoxus. Lym arises in the morning.

On the 271h day: Fut Euctemon. the Hyades set; mid it pour.s rain.

On the 28th day: For Callippu.�. the: horns of Taurus sci; rainy weather.

On thc 29th day: For Eudoxus, thc Hyadcs setfin the morning) : and it
is cxOCS$ivcly Stormy.

The Sun travencs Sagiuarius in 29 days.

On the 7th day. then: Rx Euctcmon, Sirius set'; a.l\l lheroupon it is

stormy. For Callipp11s. Sagittarius bcgimto risc,and OriO<Jsets visibly;
it is �ormy.

On the 8th day: fur EOOoxus, Orion sets [completely] in the morning.

On the 10th day: For Euctemon, the sling of Scorpio arisc.s.

On the 12th day: for Eudoxus, Sirius sets in the momiog; it is stormy.

On the J41h day: For Eudoxus. rain.

On the 151h daiy: Fol" Eoctcmon, Aquila arises; a south wind blows.

On tht: 161h day: For Democritus, Aquila arises at the same time a_� the
Sun; and it U U5U3lly indicative \!f lhundcr and 1igh1ning and rain or
wind or bolh for 1he most pan. For Eudoxus, Sirius arises acronycally;
rainy weather. For Callippus, Gemini is al its middle while selling;

"
damp weather.

On the 19th day; For Euctemon, Capella sets.

On the 21st day: For Eudoxus, Scorpio f�omplelely] arises in the

morning; and it i s stonny .

On the 23rd day: For Eudoxus. Capella sets in lhc morning

On the 26th day: For Eudo�us, Aquila arise5 in the morni ng .

The Sun tra�·erscs Capricorn in 29 days

On the 1st day, then: Fur Euctc:mon, the winter solstice; it is indicati ,·e
For Callippus. Sagittarius comes to its end while rising: the wint�r
sols1ice; it is stormy

On the 2nd tlay: For Euctemon, Dolphin arises; it is stonny

On the 41h day; For EuOO�us. the winter solstice': ii is stormy.

On the 71h day: For Euctemon. Aquila sets in the cvcning; and it is
indicati""·

On the 9th day: For Eudoxus. Coronasets acronycally.

On the 12th day: For Democritus, a suuth wind blows [for the most
part]. Fm Eudoxus, Dolphin arises in the morning.

On the 14th day: For Euctcmnn, moderalely stormy weather: th ereu pon
much wintry south wind blows at sea.

On the 15th day: r�r Callippus.. Capricorn begins to rise: south wind

1 Nou: thal Eudc1us appcarl to lu.vc ul!Cd onc ofthc various Hcllcni"ic
tropical mdiac� in which the ,-unaJ p:>im WllS ROI: at O" Arie•. See alsu the
en!J'}' forthe 6!h dayuf Arics. {RHJ
On the 161h. day: Fur Euctemon, a winuy sooth winda1 ""a.

On the 18th day: [For Eudoxu.'. Aquila] sets acronycally; and a south
wind blows.

On the 27th day: For Euctemon, Dolphin sets in lhe evening. For
Cal!ipus. Canur comes to it.s end while sctling; it is S(onny.

TheSun tra.verses Aquarius in 30 days.

On the 2nd day, then: For Callippus, Lro begins to !>el; wet weather.

On the 3rd day; For Euctemon, Lyra sets in the evening; wet weatber.
l'or Dcmocri1us, [unlucky] stormy wl'&her.

On 1he 4th day: For F.udoxus, Dolphin sets acronycally.

On lhc 1 1 lh. day: For Eudoxl.IS, Lyra sets acronyeally; wet weather.

On the 14th day: For t::udoxus, fair weather; sometimes lhc Wt$1 wind
also blows.

On the 16th day: For [)ctn(>Critus, a west wind begin� t<.> blow [and
�] for 43 days from lhe so!sticc.

On the 17th day: For Euctemon, the season for lhe we� wind to blow.
For Callippus, Aquarius rises in its middle; a west wind blO\•:s.

On lhe 251h day: For Eoctemon, [Pegasu.�] sets in the evening; and
thereupon it is excessively stormy.

llte Sun tr:ave™>s Pisces in JO days.

On the 2nd day, then: (for Cucteroon]. it is the season for lhe �wallow
to appear; and the bird-bringing winds blow. For Caltippus, Leo sets
while leaving off; and the swallow appears; it i$ iodicative.

55
On the 4th day: For Democritus, the changeable' days begin, which arc
called halcyon. For Eudo.1.us, Arcturus arises acronycally; and there is
rain; and lhe swallow appears; and the north wind blows for 30 days,
and espccially lhe so-callcd bird-bringing winds.

On the 12th day: For Euctcmon, Arcturus arises i n the evening, and
Vindemiatrix is visible; thereupon a cold north wind blows.

On the 14th day: For Democrilu.�. cold winds blow, the so-called
bird-bringing wind�. for about ninc days. For Euctemon, Pegasus mis.es;
thereupon cold nonh wind.

On the 17th day: For Eudo.1.us, it is stormy; and the kite appears. Rir
Callippus, the northern fish of Pisces arises; ;he north wind abate�

On the 2 1 .�t day: For Eudo.1.us, Corona arises acronycally; the

binl-bringing winds begin to blow

On the 22nd day: for Euc1emon, the kite appears; the bird-bringing
winds blow until the equinox.

Onthe 29thday: ForEuctemon, tbc first stars ofScorpioset; lhcrcupon

a cold nonhwind blows.

On lhe 30thday: ForCallippus,thc southem fishof Pisccscomcs toits

end while arising: thekite appcar11 ; the oorth wind blows

TheSun travcrses Aries in 3 1 days.

On the Isl day, then: For Callippus, the knot of Pisces rises; the spring
equinox. For Euctemon. equinox, light drizzle; it is excessively stOITlly;
it is indicative.

On the 3rd day: For Callippus, Aries begins to arise; rain and falling

' See Pagc 28. note l.

On the tith day: r-or Eudoxus, equinm:; there is rain.

On the lOlh day: For F.J.JCtelllQn, the Pkiades go into hiding.

On the 13th day: For Eudoxus, the P1eiades set acronycally, and Orion
begins lo set acronyca\ly; there is rain. For Democritus, the Pleiade5 go
into hiding at the same time that the Sun sets and remaiM in\'lsihle fUI"
40 nights.

On the 2 1 st day: For Eudoxus, thc Hyades sct acronycally

On the 23n:I day: For Euc1emon, the Hyad"" gu into hiding; and
thereupon it hails. and the west wind blows. For Callippus. the Claws
begin to ..,t; "'tt (wcathcr], but many times hail also.

On thc 271h day: r"'llr Eudoxus, Lyra ariscs acronycally.

The !)un traverses Taurus in 32 days.

On the hi day, lhcn: For Eudoxus, Orion completely sets w.:ronycally;

wet wealher. For Callippus, Aries comes to its end while arising; wet
wcathcr, bu1 many times hail also.

On the 4th day: For Euctemun, Sirius goes into hiding; aDd thcK is hail.
For him, Lyra arises lin the evening]. For Ew.lo«US, Siriu.� sets
acmnycally; and lhere is rain. F<JT Callippus, the tail of Taurus ariscs;
damp weather.

On the 7th day; For Eudoxus, th1m: is rain.

On 1he 81h day; FOi" Euctcmon, Capella arises (in the morning]; fair
wcathcr or driving rni n fmm thc south.

On the 9th day: For Eudoxus, Capella arises in the IJl(Tiling

On the I Ith day: For Eudoxus, Scorpio begins to set ln the morning:
and there is rain.

On the 13th day: N..- Ew.:1emon, the PleiadCll <Irises; the beginnins of
summer; and it is indicative. For Callippus, UK: head of Taurus arises;
it is indk:ative.

On lhe 21st day: For Eudoxus. Scorpio sets completely in the morning

On the 22nd day: For Eudoxus. The Pleindcs arise [in the morning]: and
it is indicative,

On lhe 25th day: For Euctemon, Capella sets in the evening.

On the 30th day: For Euctemon. !Sagitta] arises in the evening.

On the 3 ls1 day: For Euetemon, Aquila arises in lhe evening.

On the 32nd day: For Euctemon. Arcturus sets (in Ille morning]; ii is
indicative. For Callippus, Taurus come� to it� end while rising. for
Euctemon, the Hyades arise fin the momingJ: it is indicative.

The Sun traverses Gemini in 32 days.

On the 2nd day. then: for Callippus. Gemini begins lo arise: damp
weather

On the 5th day: For Eudoxus, the Hyades arise in the morning

On the 7th day: For F..t1doxus, Aquila arises acronycally.

On the 10th day: For Democritus. tllere is rain water.

On the 13th day: For Eudoxus, Arcturus sets in the morning

On the 1 8th day: for Eudoxus. Dolphin arises acronycally.

Or: the 24th day: For Euctcmon, the shoulder of Orion arises. For
Eudoxus. Orion begins to arise [in the morning].

On \he 291lt day: For Democritus. Orion begins 10 arise, and it is usual
for there to be indications with it

58
 Appendix I
Translation Conventions

The following words oonsislcntly translate the indicated Greek word.

1ulcr, rulonhip: o/k«kspo1ls, oikod,spoteia

rulcr: kuriw
master, mastership: dttsporls, dt!.tpnteio.
-lord: -krot{;r (a.� in horo.tokratiir, lord of boulldartes)
-steward: -d<':/l.liJr (as in oilwdt1kt6r, steward of the house)

tiiidion: :tiJi"dion (Sec Gemral NW in Paulus Alexandrinus.)

place: 1opr1.f (See G... neral Note in Pa.ulus Ak.xandrim1s.)

!iCCl : lwinsis
boundaries: ho ria
face: prn<llpoll
trigon: rrigiJMn. i.e triplicity.
house: oilr:w
dweUing: o/Mlifr
exalwion: hu.psiitna
depression: 1a,uilliJmo

figun:: A·hifma
to figure: schlmmii.6
tn configure: saschlmalitO
to come to tbc attention of (by application, etc): hupodttdttilcrai

to con�mplate: lheiJreQ
to regard: epifhriiniJ
1o scrutiniz.:: kawpreu/J
t(l !Cstify or bear witness to: epinwrlwriJ

All fouc ufthe above words nppea.r torefcr w aspcct relationships. The
words 1heorro and i:au>ptewA refor lO aspects in either direo:."tion, i.e.,
intoprcceding and succce<ling signs. Howcvcr.ta10pleuO sccons toh.we
:i negative overtone suggesting that it refers particularly to diffo.:ult
:i.�pccl�. The: wurd epit heoreiJ is limited 10 aspects into the �ucceed.ing
signsbut. likc 1MoreiJ, canrefor10 Uoth difficult undgoodaspccts.

59
hlJroslwpos: hOroskopos
lomarkthe birth-hour: /wrosk6pe0
to dividc the hour: HiironotlU!O Sec thc �nera.I Note to tlle Anony-

midheaven: meso11rumm1a
to culminate: mesourone"

piVOl: kt!nrron
pre-ascension : proaaophoro
post-a.-;cension: .,punop/wra
declinc: apoA!ilTUl

rise: Mau/lt'J
arise: epite/lii
set: duneO
h.idc: kruptO
co.rise: paranaul/" See Genel"lll Note in the Anony mous.
ascend, (of nO<.les): unabibazO
descend. (ofoodes) : katabibaul
conract : lwJJ�is
application: sunaphll
s.:paration: apporoia

circumambu!ation: peripalOS

degree: mairn(Scc Gefieral Note in Paulus Alcxandrinus.)

manornoiria: monomairW {See the sections in Paulus Aleundrinus on
monomoiria.)

crisis: lrlimahlr

to takc delight in, rejoice: chairO

to have dealings with: chrllmati�

Such dealings evidently include any or all of the lldministrative or

governing ful'ICtion.s (i.e., dispositions) perfonned by the planetary ruler.
master. lord or steward. Pmsibly the planet'� role as SpeaT bearer, and
any configuralioo it enters into

60
illusfration: hupodeigm(J

A somewhat irregular word for 'example', that has just a trnee of 'sign'
or 'tokcn.'

image: eiMn

Another irregular word for example that may have !he :scn:sc of a
visuafo.aiion

occupancy: Ep0<.'ht See the Ctoeral Note in the Anonymous.

undeTbond: .<1mdesmm.

Literally. that which tics together. Evidently a more general kind of

oonnec1ion than conjunelion (sunodosJ. Sce Paulus, Chap!CT 35.

commencement: WtarchA
beginning: arcM

61
 Appmdix U
Introduction to Stellar Ph..._�..,,.

We believe that it would be useful to outline in ordinary modem

Language the s.-.quence ofthe phases of fixed stars with respei.:t lu the
.Sun which form the basis of Ptolemy' s Phasu, expanding the dc.-'Scrip­
tion a bit beyond the terse one given by Ptolemy. We aloo will illustrate
thephaseswith diagrams toassistthc n;adcr in gening a dearer ideaof
whath.appen s ai each phasc:

Figure I - True Morning Rising.

Plio.st I True Morning XiJing_ We will Stan the cycle of stellar phas.es
with what Ptolemy cans the '"True Rising.·· lf the star in question h:lS
vcry linlc celestial latitude. this phase eom:sporids very closely to the
ecliptic conjunction of the Sun with the Star. However, more properly,
according to Plolemy, ir is 1hetime when the Sun and the star co-rise,
i.c., cross the borl1.on circle togcther'. Note tliat the Sun is visible. the
�tar is not. See figun: 1 above

' par.matcllll.

62
 Figure 2 - Apparent Morning Rising.

Pltme 2 • Apparent Morning Ri.$ing. As the Sun ini.:reascs ilS longitude

it rises later and la.ter whlli;: the star stands more or less still. Eventually
the Sun moves far enough away from the star so that the star rises
before the glare of the Sun can obscure it� rising. nus distarocc. known
as lhc arcu.t vi.1irmis (A.V.) or arc of vision, varies acconlin!l to the
magnitude of the sur and how obliquely the ecliptic rises at the 1Jme in
ques1ion. The important value is not the A.. V. in longitude. although that
is thc one thatconccmcdlhe ancients. buttheA.Y. in altitude, distance
above ofbclow the horiwn. 11iescare actually vcry comple�calcula-
1ions. ones which. according 10 Neugebaucr'. Ptolcmy had to simplify
somewhat. To make matters worse O{hcr factors such as Llx: cla.-ity of
1hc atmosphere affoct the first appearance of a st>tr as well. However,
it was usuaUy considered sufficient to compute the theoretical Apparent

' Neugebauer footnote.

Morning Risings of scars. Figurc 2 abovc illusmncs a s1ar making its
ApparcntMorning Rising.Tiierays CC11tcrcd upontheSun rcprcsentthe
Sun's glow, although as anyone knows who has watched the holiwn at
sunrisc or sunset. thcrc is some glow around !he entire horiwn which
can obscure cvcnthe risings nnd senings ofsUITSth.atarc nowhcre near
the Sun. This becomes important when we discuss the Appan:nc
Evening Risings and Scttings. Dtis phasc: is also known as lhc helical
ris.ing ofthe star. NOlc tliat the star is visiblc and chc Sun is not.

Figure 3 - Apparent Evening Rising.

Phase 3 - Apparent Evening Rising or Acrooycal Rising. This is a star

risingjust aftcr sunset. As thcSun increasesits longimde, thc star rises
cvcr sooner beforc sunrise, untilfinally ic riscs in thc casljust after lhc
sunset in the wcsL However, if a star rises closc enough to sunset, iu;
rising will be lost in thc horizoo glow, for. as mentioned abovc, lhcrc
is some glow all arourKI the horizon. As 1he ri�ing time gets cl�r co
actual sunset, 1herising cvcntually blx:ome:iinvisibk. TI!e last date on
which thcstar can be scen rising beforc its rising tlme is too close to
sunset is the Apparent E\'ening Rising date. Figure 3 illustrates this

..
relationship. Note that the star is visible and the Sun is ool.

Figure 4 - True Evening Rising.

True Evening Rising. This is the date on which lhe �tar is

actually on the horizun in theeast while the Sun is setting in the wc:sl.
Somewhere about this sa111e date the star will also set exactly at sunrise,
but thisdsteis not lrcated ofby Ptnlemy in this treatisc. but he dues in
Book VIII , chapter 4, of the Almagest which is appellded to this
volume. Also somewhere aboutthis datc wil l be the oppositions inright
asccnsion and celestial longitutlc. Figure 4 illustrates the True Evening
Rising. The reader sOOuld note that we have placed the star and the Sun
both somewhat south of the east and west points of the OOrizon. Bodies
do oot set due cast ur west 1mle� they have Cl° of dedimuion. H�rc the
Sun i s visible andthe star is notducto the glareaboutthe horiron and
the gcneral brightness ofthe sky at sunsct

"
Phase 5 Appau111 Morning Setting or Acronycal Setting. This is the
reverse of Phase 3 . 1be slar sets at sunrise. Passing 1bc Troe Evening
Risingand tbe oppositions inrigbt ascension and longimde, lhestarset
more closely to the time of sunrise, until lbe morning g.lare about the
boriwnobscurt:s the actual moment of setting. On tbisdatetbe �tar will
be visible as it sets i n the west before the Sun comes up i n lhe east.
Figure 5 illustrates tbis relationsbip.

66
 Figure 6 - Apparent Evening Setting.

Phast 6 · App<Jrtnl Evtning Sttting. In ph.:Lse .'i above, lhe star, having
set a1 )'llflri.st b still above the horizon at sun.itt. A5 the Sun moves
forward in longitude, it comes closer IO the star so that the star sets
earlier in the nighttime. Finally the star becomes visible only brieny
after the glare has subsided. This is the Apparent Evening Setting or
heliacal seuing ofthe star. At this point the star visible and the Sun is
not. Figure 6 illustrates this phase.

67
 Horiz n

Figure 7 - True Evening Setting.

Phl:ise 7 - Tnu1 £vtnins Stllins. lltis ();:CUCS after the previous phase
It is placcment such that the star and tile Sun both sit on che wcs1em
horizon at the same. Tt is thc reverse in this n:�pcct uf the True Morning
Rising. !f a scar is e...actly on the ecliptic, this phase will occur at
exactly the same time as lhe True Morning Rising. If the star has no"h
lati1ude thedateof this pliase willoccur afto:r thcTroe Moming Rising,
if south latitude. then bcforc. At this phRsc !he Sun is visible andchc
star is not. Figurc 7 itlustratcs this phasc.

Extreme latitudes can alter thc order of these phases significantly.

especially the order of evening risings and morning scllings. This is
described in thc Phasts.
1he outer planets, Mnrs. Jupiter and Sarurn have phases that arc
like lhosc of lhc fixed stars. 1he inner planets have quite different
phases because Ibey never move far from the Sun. A oomplete
discussion of inncr planet phascs will bc doncat an(l(hcrtime

68
 Appeodlx ur
Table of Longest Days and Latitude$ Derh·ed from theAlmagut

Longest Day Latitude Longest Day Latitude

'
12h 00m 00° 00' 16h l5m 50" 04

"' " 1 6 30 " 30

1 2 30 08 2' 1 6 45 " 50

1 2 45 1 2 30 1 7 00 54 OJ

1 3 00 1 6 27 !7 15 " 00

Jl " 20 14 1 7 30 56 00

1 3 30 23 5 ! 17 45 '7 00

1 3 45 27 12 1 8 00 '8 00

1 4 00 30 22 1 8 30

14 15 l3 18 1 9 00 61 00

1 4 30 36 00 1 9 30 62 00

1 4 45 38 35 w oo 63 00

1 5 00 40 56 21 00 64 30

15 15 43 0 1 22 00 " '°

" 30 45 0 1 66 00

1 5 45 46 5 1 2 4 00 66 09

1 6 00 48 32

69
 Appendix IV
Aimagtst, Book VJil, Chap. 4
tran.�lated by J.M. Ashmand

l1le various <.:OOSlellations of tbe fixed stars having now been duly
described, lheir aspects remain to be investigaled.
Independently of the steadfast and immutable aspec� which the
saidslar'S prescrveamongthern!>!:lves. eitherrcc1ilinearly.or triangularly
or by other similar forms', they. have also certain aspects considered
as referring exclusively to the plancts andthe Sun and Moon. or parts
ofthe zodlac;cenain others 1o theearth only; and others, again, 10the
earth, the planets and the Sun arnJ Moon. or pans of the wdiae.
combined.
Withregardtothe planets only,andpartSorthe wdlac, 11Spectsare
properly conside.-cd as made to them by the fixed stars, when the said
PlanclS and filed stllrs may be posited on one and the same of those
circles whicharc drawnthrough 1hepolesofthewdlac; or.al.so, i f thcy
be posiled on different circles, provided a trinal or scxtile distance
between them may be preserved; that i s to say. a disiaricc cqual to a
rightangle and a thirdpart more, or a distanceequalto two-thirds of a
right angle; and provided. also, that the fixed srars be on such part.� of
thecircle as arc liablc !O be transited by aoy one ofthc planets. These
pans arc situated within the latitude of the zodiac, which circumscribes
theplanelal)'molions. Andas far asthe five p!anets are ooncerncd. 1he
aspects ofthe fixed starsdepend uponthe vislble mutualconjunctions,
orconfiguratioos, made inthe forms aboveprescribed; but,with respect
to the Sun and Moon. they depend on occuliations, conjunclions, and
suecedenc risings of the stars. Occulta1ion is when a star becomes
invisible by being ea1Tied under the ray$ of the luminary; conjunction,
when it is placed under the lumlnary's ecotrc; and succcdcnt rising.
wben it begins to reappear on issuing out beyond the ray�.
In regard to the eanh only. the aspects Qf the fi"cd stan are four
in number. and are known by the commou term of angles: to speak.
however. more particularly. they arc the oriental horizon. the meridian
orrnid-heaven above lheearth.the occidental horiwn, andthe meridian
or mid-heaven below the eanh. And in that part of the earth where the
equator is in the zeni1h. thc who!e ofthe fixed su1rsare found to rise

' lbat i• to 'lay, by lhc oppo•iti<>n. trine. &c.

70
and set, and to be above as well as below the earth, once in each
revol111ion; bcc:ause the situation of the poles of the equator, being in
this manner on theplane of the OOrizon, theccby prevents the constam
visibility or invisibility ofany one of the parallel circles. But i n Olher
parts of the eanh, where the pole of the eciuator is in the zenith, the
fi�ed stan; can never set nor rise; because the equator itself is then on
the plane of the borizon, and circumscribes the two hemispheres (which
it, thus creates, one above and the other below lhc eanh) in sueh a
manner, that in one revolution every star must 1wicc transit the
meridian, some of them above, others below the earth. In other
declinations, howevu, between these extreme positions of lhe equator,
as just mentioned. there are ccn.ain of the circles always visible. and
others nevervisible; consequently, the starsinterccpted bctwoen thefim
of sueh circles andthe poles can ncitherrise not set, but must, in the
course <Jf one revolution, twice transitthe rneridian; above the earth, if
the said siars be on a circle alway� vi�ib!e; but below the earth, if on a
circle never visible. The other sllll'S , however, situated on the grea1cr
parallcls,both rise aridsct. andarefoundin cach revolution oncc oothe
meridian abovelhe earth. and once on thatbclowthe eartb. ln all the.�e
cases, the time occupied i n proceeding round from any angle to the
same agii.in, must be everywhere e.iual in its dur<llion, for it is marked
byone sensiblerevolution; andthetimc occupied in passingfrom either
rneridion.al angle to1he angle diameoically opposite. is also everywhere
equal; because it is markc<l by thc halfofone reV<1lution. So. also, the
passage from either horiro11tal angle to its opposite angle is again
effected in the same equal portion of time, wherever the equator may
be in the zcnith. for it is thcn likewise marked by thehalfofan emire
rcvolution; bcc:ause on such a position of thc cquator, all thc parallels
are then divided, as well by the horiwn as by the meridian. into 1wo
equal parts. But in all other declinations, the lime of passage of a
semi-circle abovethe earth is notequal tothatofits passage belowthc
earth, except only in the caseofthe equinoctial circle it�lf, which, in
an oblique sphere, is theonlyone divided by the horizon intotwo equal
pans,all others (its parallels) beingbisectedinto dissimilar and unequal
arcs. It follows. accordingly, that the time contained in the space
betwecn risingor setting, and eithermeridian, mustbe cqual tothe time
between the same meridian and rising and �uing; because the meridian
divides equal!y s1.1Ch portions ofthe parallcls as are above or unilcr the
earth. Rut in procccding in an oblique sphere, fromrising {){ se«ing to

71
eitlter rneridian, the time occupied must be unequal; and in a righl
spbere, equal,becausethc entire ponions abovelhe eanh are, in a righ1
spbere only, equal to those belowthe eanh; whcnce, for ins11mce, in a
riglu sphere, whatever stars maybe together on tbe meridian mustalso
ell rise and set toge!her, until their progress becomes perceptible by the
poles of the zodiac; while, on the other hand, in an oblique sphere,
whatever stars may be together on the meridian can neither all rise
together nor set together; for the more southern stars must always rise
later than those which are more nonhem, and set earlier'.
1be aspeclS made by the fixed stars, in regard to tbc planets or
pansofthe rodiac, and1hc earth cornbined,are considcred, in a gener:il
manner, by, the rising, or meridional position, or selling of the sarne
fixedstnrsin conjunction withany planet orpartofthe iodiac; but their
aspects are properly, distinguishablc, by, means ofthe Sun, in thcnine
following modes:-
!. 'The first is called matutinc subsolar, when the star is found
together with the Sun in !he oriental horiron. Of this aspect. one is
calledlhe oriental, invisible. and soccedent rising; when the star, althc
oomme1>Ce111enl of ilS occu\utionl, rises immediately after the Sun:
another is called the precise oriental co-rising; wben!he staJ is found
in panile conjunction wi1h tbc Sun in the oriental horiwn': anorhcr is
the orienul, precedcnt, and visible rising; when the star, beginning to
appear. rises before theSun.
2.Tbe seo::ond aspect is termed matutinc location i n the mid-hcaven
when thes1aris foundon tht:meridian,either above or below!he eanh.
while the Sun is on thc orientalhorizon. And ofthis aspec1, onc spec�s
is called a succedent and orienul location in the mid-heaven, invi�ible;
when immediately aftcr lheS1,1n's rising, the star shall bc fo1,1nd on die
meridian: another is the precise oriemal loca1ion in the mid-heaven
when, exactly as the Sun rises, the star is at the same time on the

' On thissideof thc cquator

' This i� what thetranslator ofourte�tR"fersto as "coocealment.M lt occllIS

dirl'!CUyafierlbe heliacal setliog or AppamttEvcningSetting. Sccpagc 3, 00\c
) in �ion 3 of 1hePrologut. h isoot !o be c onfos
ed with 'occult a1ion' in thc
modem sense. [RH]
rising. visible; when the star rises immediately after s11nse1': arnxher is
the preo;:i:;e vcspen.ine co-rising1; when 1he starrises and the Sun sets
at one and the same time: another i s 1bc precedent, vespertine rising,
invisible; when1he starrises immcdiately before the Sun seK
8. The eighth is named vc:speninc location in the mid-heaven when
the star is on the meridian, either above or below the eanh, while the
Sun is placed on lhe occidental horiwn. Of this aspecr, onc kind is
called a visible vc:spenine locatioo in the mid-heavcn; when the star is
fo11nJ there immcdiately aftu s11nset: anolha is the preciscvespertinc
location in the mid-heavcn; wben the star is found there atthe mo'™'nt
of sunset; anolher is the vespertine precedent location in the
mid-heaven, invisible: when the siar arrives lhcn.:: immcdiately bcforc
sunset.
9. The ninth aspect is called vcspcnine setting; when tl>e star,
together with the Sun, is on the occidental horizon. One form of 11tis
aspect i s the vespcrtine, succcdent andvisiblc sctting; when thestar,at
the commencement of i1s oci;;ultation, sets immediately after the Sunl
another is lhe prccisc vcspertinesetting'; whentlte star scis atthe same
moment with the Sun: another is the precedent. invisible setting; when
the star, before it emerges from its occult.ation, sets bcfore lhe Sun

' Apparttt1 F.vening Rising.

' � E�ningRising.

' Apparent F.vening Setling.

• rrue E:vening Selling.

74
 Appendb: V
The Alexandrian Calendar

The Alexandrian Calendar was a

refonned version of tbc old
Egyptian Calendar. The old Coptic Julian

calcndar had l 2 rnonths of 30

1 1Mth 29 Aug
days with 5 epagomenal days, a
kind of cx1ended set of 'icap l PhaOphi 28 Scpt
days" to fill out lhe year with
365 days. However, the year I Athyr 28 0ct.

being closcr to 365'i' days, thc

I Choiak 27 Nov.
old calendar slowly wandered
through thc ycar. gi\·ing rise to I Tybi 27 Dec.
an cxtremcly longcydc bctwcen
date$ on which the star Sirius I Mcchir

would helically risc on thc sarnc

I PhamcnOth 25 Feb.
calendar date. This was the
famo\1$ Sothic Cycle of 1460 I Pharmouthi 27 March
years.
After Julius Caesar reformed I Pach6n 26 Apri1
!lie Roman calendar the Egyptian
I Payni 26 May
was similarly rcformed adding a
leapday evcry four years in the I Epiphi 25 June
same way that is familiar to us.
Titis the Alc.undrian Calendar ! Mesori 25 July
lts yearis thc sameexact length
5 Epagomcnal 24 Aug.
asthc Julfan Calcndar ycac. And
Days
lik.e the Julian Calcndar, it too
has gradua!ly fallcn behind the
seasons'.
Thcnew ycar begins on the
Julian day Augu$t 29, cxccpt for leap years when it falls on Aug. 30.
The leap day is created by adding I day to the 5 cpagomenal days to
make 6.
The Table give.� the months in the Alexandrian Calendar with their
Julian Calendar equ.ivalcnlS. There are various spellings for the months

' U i� still in use in the Coptic and Ethiopian Churd>es.

 Appcndh VI
Sptidal Lexk:on or Greek MeteoroWgleal Terminology ln
Ptokmy's
Phases and �minus' Register

The following words are given in the Gruk. alphabetical order

ad:ording to the letters orwhichthesearethe 1r.1nslitcrations.

ahisia - lndecision
alkucnis - "win1er daysduring whichthe halcyon builds, and thc sea
is calm."
apiliiiti.s - due easiwind
ami.xia - unblendedncss, pt1ti1y
rutmpt - lightning
akrasia - i!l mi�ture (ill temperaturi:)
aparli.ti1JS - northern or arctic wind
argutis - nonhwest wind
atalaos - irregul ar
auJXia - irregulatity
bou1JS - north wind
brontt - thunder
brochL - i nundati on , rnin
du�ria - bad air
epombros - powing rain
ewlia - fairweather
eums - soothea.'ll wind
eph11iJ - to rain upon,rain after
uphcros - due wes1wind
karaigis - sql,!lll l, hurricane
karasUJ..fis - senlingdown, condition, statc
lwut1U1 - buming heat
1huel/a - hurricanc, squall
thue//&Jts - stormy
kaut1U1 - bum ing heat
lips - so uthwest "'in d
/J1bros - boisterous
Uull.onotas - the south wind whicb cleared the weather
me10�1on - literally, after 1he o�ron; thefall season.
ntnemia - stillness ofthe air, calm

76
niphews - falling snow, soowstonn
notia - damp or wet weather
Mltn - snuth wind
ombros - thunder�stonn
omir:h/i - fog
opQra - the part of the year between the rising of Sirius and Arcturus:
late summer, or autumn, but distinct from pthirWp6ron or me.so­
p6ron (both names for fall).
par:hne - fro�I
peris1asis - circumS1ances or vccring around?
poi!ilos - Literally, many-<:olorcd; mcrophorically, changeable
pnigw - stifling
prodr()nV)i - literally. running before: the winds before the Etesian
winds
pul:tws - Lit. close, coru;tant, or fTcquent
huews - rain
hueria - riliny wcather
swstrophl onembn - whirlwinds
tarochlXJls - uncertain, confused, disordered
phthinop<Jron - literally. the waning of the op6m: the fall season
r:lr<llauz - hail
r:heimbn - stormy wcathcr
r:he1"merios - winlry
r:hdidQn - swallow(thc bird)
psllkns - dri7.zlc
pswr:hru - thc.:okl
psur:hros - cold

77
 Appendix Vil
The Modera DesignatioD!l of Ptolemy's 30 Stan

Bright star of Lyra • . • . • Vega. Alpha Lyrac

Arct1.1ru.� . . . . . . Alpha BOOtes
Heart of Leo . . Regulus, Alpha Lennis
Tail of Leo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Denobola. Beta Leonis
Bright star of Hyades Aldebaran . Alpha Tauri
Procyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AlphaCanis Minoris
Following shoulder of Orion . Betelgeuse. Alpha Orionis
Spica !Yirginis] . . Alpha Virginis
Common to Eridanus and foot uf Orion Rigel. Beta Orionis
Dog-star . . . Sirius. Alpha Cani.� Maioris
Bright star southem halfofthc Pisces
Fomalhaut, Alpha Piscis Australis
. . . . . . . . . . . . Acamar, Theta Eridani
Canopus . Alpha Carinac
Right fort: frog ofCeni.aur's OOof Toliman. Alpha Centauri
Bright star of Pcrscus i n Ptolcrny
. . . . EilherAlpha Pcrsei or Algol, Beta Pcrsei
following shoulder of Auriga . . Menkalinam, Beta Aurigae
Bright star of CygmL� . . . Deneb Adige. Alpha Cygni
Bright star of Corona . . . . . . . Alphecca. Alpha Coronae Borealis
Head of the preceding Twin Cutor, Alpha Geminorurn
Head of Ille following Twin . . . . . . . . . Pollux, Beta Ocminorum
Star common 10 Pcguus arid Andromeda
Alpheratz.. Alpha Andromed<te
Bright star of Aquila . Altair, Alpha Aquilae
Star in 1.hc preceding shoulder of Orion . Bellaui�. Gamma Oriunis
Brighi star ofHydnt . . . . . . . . Alphard, Alpha Hydrac
Bright star of rnlrthem claw of Scorpio N. Scale, Beta Librae
Middle star of belt of Orion Alnilam. Epsilon Orionis
. . . . Alpha Scorpii
Star down on kn« of Sagittarius . Rukbat. Alpba Sagittarii
Capella . Alpha Aurigae
Bright siar of southem clawof the Scorpion S. Scalt:, Alpha Llbrac

For more infonnation sec Appendix II of Anonymous of :l79 A.O.

Tr�(.ltist Qll lht Brighi Fixed Stars.

78
 L
The Golden HindPress