CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(SIWES)

BACKGROUND
At the earlier stages of introduction of science and technology courses in
Nigerian Schools, students were graduating from their respective institutions
with little technical knowledge or working experience. It was in a bid to correct
this anomaly that students enrolled in science and technological related courses
were mandated to widen their horizon so as to enable them have technical
knowledge or working experience before graduation.
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established by
the Federal Government through the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1973 so
as to enable students of tertiary institution acquire technical knowledge before
the completion of their programs in their respective institutions. The scheme
was designed to expose students to industrial environments and enable them
develop occupational competencies so that they can readily contribute their
quota to national economic and technological developments after graduation.
The main goal behind establishment of the scheme was to help students develop
occupational competencies so that they can readily contribute their quota to
national, economic and technological development. The major benefit accruing
to students who participate conscientiously in Students Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (SIWES) are the skills and competencies they acquire. The
relevant production skills remain a part of the recipients of industrial training as
life-long assets which cannot be taken away from them. This is because the
knowledge and skills acquired through training are internalized and become
relevant when required to perform certain job functions.

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1.2 OBJECTIVES
The Training Funds Policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which established SIWES
outlined the objectives and these are:
1. To provide an avenue for students in higher institutions of learning to
acquire industrial skills and experiences during their course of study
2. To prepare students for industrial work situations that they are likely to meet
after graduation.
3. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment
and machinery that may not be available in their institutions.
4. To make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance
students’ contacts for later job placements.
5. To provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational
knowledge in real work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory
and practice.
6. To enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the educational process
and prepare students for employment in industry and commerce (Information
and Guideline for SIWES, 2002).

1.3 BODIES INVOLVED IN THE MANAGEMENT

The bodies involved are: The Federal Government, Industrial Training Fund
(ITF). Other supervising agents are: National University Commission (NUC),
National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) and National Council for
colleges of Education (NCE)
 The functions of these agencies above include among others to:
 Ensure adequate funding of the scheme;
 Establish SIWES and accredit SIWES unit in the approved institutions;
 Formulate policies and guideline for participating bodies and institutions
as well as appointing SIWES coordinators and supporting staff;

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  Supervise students at their places of attachment and sign their lob-book
and IT forms;
 Vet and process students’ log-book and forward same to ITF Ares office;
 Ensure payment of allowances for the students and supervisors.
Therefore the success or otherwise of the SIWES depends on the efficiency of
the Ministries, ITF, Institutions, Employers of labour and the general public
involved in articulation and management of the program, Thus the evaluation of
SIWES in tertiary institutions in meeting up with the needs for the
establishment of the program is necessary.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 BACKGROUND OF THE ESTABLISHMENT

The establishment being a poultry farm majors on the rearing of chicken for the
sole aim of egg and meat production. It occupies a land mass of about 2 acres.
The establishment has a total flock capacity of 5,000 commercial layers and
1,000 broilers. It has a staff strength of 7 including skilled and unskilled
workers, having specific areas of assignment.
THE CEO/GENERAL SUPERVISOR
He is the sole owner. He is directly responsible for the financing of the farm. He
is charged with the duty of overseeing farm activities and effective management
of farm finance and other funds spent on the farm. He oversees the daily reports
from different sections, and hence, takes decisions based on the gathered
reports.
THE FEED MILL SUPERVISOR
She is charged with overseeing activities at the feed mill. She supervises the
production of feed and ensures that the feed is mixed appropriately based on the
feed formulation. It is instructive to note that the farm management only mixes
feed for the broiler chickens alone, but purchase other feeds from outside the
farm for the layer chickens. She however is to make requisition of feed
ingredients before the exhaustion of those already stored. Consequently, she
reconciles the available credit of the total production of the feed and ensures all
outstanding debts from the supplied feed are received before dispatching
another batch. This is to ensure self-sustainability of the feed mill. She is also in
charge of the coming in and going out of the layers’ feed.
OTHER MEMBERS OF STAFF
The other members of staff include: attendants (pen and feed mill attendants),
the driver and security guards. Each of these members of staff have their
designated duties which is known to them and is judiciously carried out.

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2.1 THE FARM LOCATION AND BRIEF HISTORY
Faas farm is located at Animu road behind Adolak petrol Station Akiriboto,
Gbongan. It was established in 2011 and the initial location was Wasinmi,
before it was later moved to Gbongan. The company started the poultry farm
with deep litter system and advanced to battery cage.
It is a profit oriented organization which was established eleven years ago, the
company tries to meet the demand of the meat and egg consuming public and
has an aim to aid good nutrition by ensuring families procure products for their
children at an affordable rate.
The farm practices two types of method in rearing its birds, the battery cage and
the deep liters system of management.
The Battery Cage: Depending on the quality, the battery cage can
accommodate between three birds per cell for the locally fabricated cage and
four birds per cell for the imported. This variation however puts the farmer on a
very difficult decision making side. It is true that the locally fabricated cage will
consume more space as compared to the imported one. But the cost of purchase
is one more thing to worry about. For the same amount of cells, the imported
cages cost twice as much as the locally fabricated ones, but whichever one is
used, the cage pen has greater advantage over the floor rearing pens (deep-litter
system).
Deep Liter : these are for broiler chickens, and it does not involve any specialty
in its design except that the sides of the building has to be raised at least 2 feets
from the ground level to prevent the escape of liters into the surrounding of the
pen. More importantly, the pen faces the right direction which is the East-West
hemisphere as this caters for the rising and setting of the sun.

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2.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Due to the lack of much capital, the farm set up could not afford to hire
additional staff (despite the fact that they are crucially needed). Each
department/unit does not have a head; instead, there is a central head in person
of the CEO/General Supervisor who presides over the farm’s entire operation.

2.3 THE LIVESTOCK TYPE, STRENGTH, AND EMPLOYMENT

SIZE OF THE FARM
As earlier mentioned, Faas farm and Agro-allied service houses 5,000
commercial layers and 1,000 broilers. The number of professional workers
numbered 2 while the unskilled numbered 5 to exclude the security.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 NATURE OF WORK, ACTIVITIES, SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE
GAINED DURING SIWES TRAINING.
Faas farm operation is divided into four (4) departments/units:
1. Layers Unit/ Egg Department
2. Feed Mill Unit
3. Sales and Marketing Department
4. Broilers Unit/ Department

The description of the various departments which I was exposed to during my

four months industrial training period are highlighted below as well as the
experience gained.

3.1 Layers’ Department/Unit

The Layers department is the largest unit of the farm. It consists of four pens
housing 5,000 layers stocks. The raising method used is battery cage system of
layers management. Each compartment of the cage accommodates four beds
attached to the cage “cell” is drinker and feeders, these are troughs four feed and
nipple line for water.
Layers’ facilities and operations:
1. Battery Cages
2. Chicken coop
3. Basket, bowl, knife and scoop
4. Broom and sponges
5. Wheelbarrow, shovel and rakes
6. Egg trays and crates
7. Vaccination kits and other appliance.

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Layers rearing management is a more tedious operation of the farm being one of
the daily productive units. Therefore, management of the layers is considered
important and demand careful handling and supervision.

Daily Layers’ Routine Managements are:

1. Watering: Fresh water is supplied to the birds regularly to ensure its

availability daily. This is done by adding to the volume (topping) whenever dry
or low in volume.
2. Feeding: Good feed quality is required for good production. The feed must not
contain any liquid before serving it to the bird so as not to get spoilt.
3. Egg Collection: Eggs are collected continuously and as soon as laid to avoid
peaking and egg eating a trait developed by layers due to the following:
a. Access to egg which is common to deep liter system of management
b. Lack of some ingredients in their feeds.
4. Daily Records keeping: Daily records as numbers of bags served per pen,
number of mortality per pen, number of eggs for the day’s production per pen
are kept for assessment.
5. Sanitary Practices: As important for every poultry management practice,
layers attendants’ first assignment in the day is removal of mortality, culling of
the sick birds to prevent infestation of disease. While other sanitary measures
include sweeping, disinfecting and environmental sanitation.

3.2 Layers occasional Management practice.

1. Vaccination: successful vaccination results in healthy birds, therefore improved
results in terms of percentage production. For this reason, the vaccination
process is a very crucial one, its precepts must be strictly adhered to. All steps
should be aptly followed with compromise.
Materials required for the vaccination process are the vaccine, buckets, scoops,
drums etc.

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 Vaccination should be carried out early enough in the morning at least before
sunrise; all preparation should have been set. In order for the birds to earnestly
drink the vaccine completely, they must be starved for at least two (2) hours.
Hence the vaccination process begins this way:
Step1: All water entries to the drinkers should be locked and birds should not
be allowed access to water. This should be done at around 7pm or latest 8pm
prior to the vaccination day.
Step 2: In the early hours of morning, the normal feed ration should be serve.
Step3: All drinkers should be washed, rinsed and suspended to free them from
dirt and sometimes drugs applied prior to vaccination.
Step4: Mixing of the vaccine
a. The vaccine should be mixed in a big container (black drum is best), big
enough to contain the total amount of water required to sufficiently cater for
the total bird population in one pen.
b. The quantity of water consumable per bird is dependent on its age. Based on
this, the total quantity of water required for the whole flock is calculated. A
bucket of known volume should be used to measure clean water a direct
water source such as borehole in to the container.

It should be noted that, sick birds should not be vaccinated, they should rather
be given drugs, vaccinating a sick birds will kill the bird, administration of drug
is rather done.

2. Debeaking: This should be done to prevent the birds from causing harms to one
another or breaking the eggs. The machine that is used in this process is called a
debeaking machine.
3. Washing of the Feeder and the Drinker: this essential for increase in
production of the birds and for the healthy living of the birds.

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 3.3 TYPES OF RECORD KEEPING IN LAYERS
1. Population Record: This provides column for pen number, age and population
on a daily basis.
2. Mortality Record: This provides column for pen number, mortality today,
mortality yesterday and production today compared with production yesterday.
3. Production at glance: this is a summary record of layers. It denotes pen
number, production yesterday in crates, production today in crates and the name
of the supervisor.
4. Layers daily first hand record and reference data book: This provides the
following information; pen, 1stpicking, 2nd picking, 3rd picking, 4th picking, 5th
picking and the total production for the day.
5. Feed Record: This provides column for pen number and number of bags of
feeds served (25kg) on a daily basis.
6. Comprehensive weekly report: this denotes the date, age in week, initial
population, addition mortality, mortality to date, culls, culling to date, net
population, production in crates, percentage production, feed consumed,
remarks and documents.
3.4 SALES AND MARKETING DEPARTMENT
This department deals with the buying and selling that goes on within the farm
and the record of everything that is moving in and out of the farm, aswell as the
distribution of eggs to various customers.
Broilers Department: The broilers department takes care of young chicken of
either sex which are rear primarily for meat purpose and marketed at age of 6-
8weeks.The broilers department makes use of deep liter system and the
advantage of using deep liter is that it is economical, it is comfortable and safe
to birds, built up litter supplies vitamin B12 and Riboflavin to the birds.
Points to be considered when adopting deep litter systems for broilers:
1. Deep litter system should always be kept dry
2. Only right numbers of birds should be housed
3. The house should be well ventilated
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 4. The time starting the deep litter system should be the dry period of the year
as it allows sufficient time, (At least two months) for bacteria action.
5. Placement of water should be given due attention to keep litters dry.

FEED MILL DEPARTMENT

The feed mill department of fresh field farms is a recent development. This is
the unit where poultry feeds for broilers are formulated, computed and milled
into mashes. The feed mill is considered the backbone of the farm because here
is the “life wire” for the entire farm. The milling compartment is located at the
entrance of the farm for ease of offloading of raw materials from the trucks.

Three categories in which poultry feed components can be grouped are:

1. Feed Additives: These are essential material added up to form the main feed
or other feed ingredients to preserve the quality and flavour of the feed.
Examples include: Carotenoids, pigments, flavouring agents.
2. Feed Concentrates: These are very high in protein, mixed with grain
(maize) in poultry feeds as feed concentrates to supply protein requirement.
3. Feed Premixes: Usually two or more micro-nutrients mixed in small
quantity with formulated feed as required. Examples include: vitamin
premixes to supply vitamin requirements of the birds.

THE SOURCES OF FOOD SUBSTANCES IN POULTRY FEEDS

ENERGY Maize and Wheat, compound as granulated

maize and wheat offal.
PROTEIN Soya meal and \fish meal.
MINERALS Limestone, bone meal, and industrial salt
AMINO ACID Methionine is one of essential amino acid,
important mostly in layers mash to improve
feed utilization efficiency, egg size and
prevent accumulation of excess fat deposit.

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VITAMIN Feed premixes added.
PRESERVATIVE AND FLAVOURING Carotenoid and floromycin

3.5 EFFECTS OF FEED ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF

FARMS
The quality of the feed is a strong determinant of growth and egg production of
poultry. The size, quality of shell, albumen and yolk of eggs are strongly
dependent on feed quality and components. For example:
1. Size of Eggs: The marginal deficiency of protein in layers’ diet results in the
production of smaller size eggs while adequate protein and essential amino
acid in feed gives larger size of eggs.
2. Quality of Shell: The shape and thickness of egg shell is a factor of
limestone quantity and proportion in feed.
3. Quality of Albumen: The colour of egg albumen depend on the riboflavin
content in the diet.
4. Quality of yolk: The proportion of yellow maize, the caretenoid pigment
consumed in feed is used in yolk formation.

THE FOMULATED COMPOSITION OF FEED INGRIDIENTS IN USE ON

FAAS FARM

INGREDIENTS AND CHICK MASH GROWERS MASH

ADDITIVES (Kg/tonne) (Kg/tonne)
1. Industrial Salt 2.5 2.5
2. Feed Premix 2.5 2.5
3 Fish Meal 5 5
4 Soya meal 200 200
5 Maize 450 400
6 Wheat offal 219 345
7 Limestone - 25

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8 Bone Meal 40 20
9 Methionine 1.6 0.5
10 Carophyll 0.02 0.02
11 Florom Yam 0.1 0.1

3.6 POULTRY EQUIPMENTS EXPOSED TO ON THE FARM

1. WATER EQUIPMENT
 PAN AND JAR TYPE
This type of waterer is circular in nature, having two compartments i.e. jar for
filling water and pan for delivering water.
 WATER BASIN MADE OF PLASTIC/WOOD/GI WITH GRILL

Basin of different diameters are available (10”, 12” and 16” diameter).

A separate grill is available to prevent the entry of birds inside the water.
 BELL TYPE AUTOMATIC WATERER
These are made of high-impact plastic in a bell shape usually suspended from
separate pipeline for the purpose.
This type of waterers has control over the water flow and maintains the required
water level always, also there will be a continous flow of water so as to ensure
water available for the birds throughout the day.
Height at which the water is available can be easily adjusted by simple clamp
mechanism and rate of flow water is adjustable by a valve (spring-mounted).
Plastic drinkers will be brightly colored (red, blue) and hence are expected to
attract layers, especially chicks to water.
No. of bell-drinkers=1.3*(circumference÷ Drinker space).
 NIPPLE DRINKER
It can be used in deep-litter and in cage system.

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 When used in deep-litter system, it is attached with cup under the nipple to
prevent wetting of litter material. These drinkers look like a nipple and water
drops comes out when they are pressed.
They can be used for all types and classes of birds, but most commonly used in
laying cages.
One nipple drinkers in each cage housing 3 layers is sufficient.
 MANUAL DRINKER
In case of chicks during first week of brooding, manual drinkers are popularly
used.
They also referred as “fountain drinkers” because water comes out of the holes
like that in case of a fountain, the main advantage of manual drinkers is the ease
of giving vitamins and other probiotics/medicines/vaccines through water
Manual drinkers with stand made of high-impact plastic in bright colours (red or
blue) are available.
Arrangement of drinkers at an equal distance of 0.6m between any two feeders
and a drinker.

2. FEEDING EQUIPMENTS
Feeders are equipments used in feeding poultry birds. The food is deposited in the
feeder and the birds feed from it. The amount of feeders provided for a poultry
farm should be according to amount of birds available. It is important that you
always keep the feeders clean to ensure the health safety of the birds.
 LINEAR FEEDER
Different sizes of linear feeder with guards are available.
No of linear feeders= (2* Length of the feeder) ÷ Feeder space with all
measurements in cm.
Linear feeders are usually made of Galvanized Iron. However it can as well be
made out of any locally available material like wood, bamboo, etc.
Provisions for stability and adjustment in height at which the feeder stands have
to be made in its design. Birds can stand on their side of the linear feeder.
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 Total feeder space available =2* length.
 CIRCULAR FEEDER
These are semi-automatic feeders and can hold 5 to 7kg feed in its cone at a
time. The feed is slowly delivered to the bottom by gravity. It can be attached
with feed grills to prevent wastage and these are made of high plastic and usually
suspended from roof/roof-truss or from separate pipeline for the purpose.
These are also called ‘hanging feeders’
3. INCUBATOR
This is an instrument used in hatching eggs. Egg hatchery with an incubator can be
described as means of hatching of eggs in an unnatural way. These means can be
employed when there are many eggs to be hatched.
4. CHICK BOX
The chick box is an equipment where the poultry birds are kept for egg laying. It
has a roll away egg tray attached to it so that when eggs are laid, they roll away and
the birds will not trample on the eggs. This particular equipment help in preventing
egg damage.
5. FLY TRAP
Fly trap is an equipment used in controlling the number of flies around a poultry
farm. It helps to reduce the number of flies in the poultry.
6. POULTRY PLUCKER RUBBER FINGER
This is an equipment applied to chicken dressing machine. These rubber fingers are
fixed to the bottom and side plate of the dressing machine in order to produce
many dressed chicken in a short period.
7. EGG TRAY
This is an equipment used in setting the eggs. Just like the name, it is a tray-like
equipment where the eggs are place for sampling.
8. POULTRY INCUBATOR CONTROLLER
Poultry incubator controller is an equipments used for controlling the incubator and
timer counter. It displays the temperature and humidity condition of the incubator.
9. VENTILATION FAN
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 The ventilation fan is an equipments used for ensuring maximum ventilation in the
poultry farm. It is also an equipments used in reducing the temperature of the
poultry farm during a hot weather.
10.LAYING NEST
Laying nest is another equipment that help the birds for laying of eggs. One of the
advantages of this equipment is that it increases the egg productivity of the poultry
birds.
11.EGG SCALE
This is an equipment used in determining the weight of the eggs. It helps the
poultry farmer to know the eggs that are fertile enough for hatchery because it is
assumed that an under-weight egg does not have what it take to form a chick.
OTHER EXAMPLES are Egg Washer, Water Pots and Drinkers, Cages and
Coops, Dressing Machine etcetera.

CHAPTER FOUR
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 4.0 PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED DURING THE SIWES TRAINING
AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
There are quite a number of problems identified on the farm staring from the
management to the staff and staff health, to mortality rate due to diseases
outbreak, and pen orientation.

4.1 PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS

4.1.1 PROBLEM 1: THE MANAGEMENT
The management of the farm is basically handled by the CEO/General
supervisor. He decides what price the product should be sold, to whom it should
be sold, and the quality that must be sold. Due to this, he handles the entire farm
account and all its finances leaving the attendants with little and sometimes
nothing to keep as record. Since no one else but him knows how much the farm
is generating as well as the total expenditure, we are forced to believe funds are
being misappropriated. This assumption is made manifest each time we have
any project that requires finance such as purchase of feeds, payment of staff
salaries, but to name a few.
Suggested Solution:
It was suggested to the CEO/General supervisor that accurate and regular record
keeping of all income and expenditure of whatsoever amount should be done.
This way, it is possible to know where the farm is over-spending and hence cut
down on expenditures so as to have enough finance to embark upon equally
important projects.
PROBLEM 2: STAFF
There are various problems attributed to the staff from their bad work attitude to
poor health conditions. To begin with, the staff attitude to work is sometimes
below expectation. This however was linked to delayed salaries, denial of
benefits/ entitlements.

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a. Delayed Staff Salaries: Once salaries are delayed due to the claim of
insufficient funds by the CEO/General supervisor, the staff develop a
negative attitude towards work.
b. Denial of Benefits/Entitlement: Entitlements such as over-time payments
and off-job assignments (fixing of damages that should have been contracted
out) are not given to the staff. This negatively influences their work
performance thereby becoming nonchalant and inconsiderate. They would
not do more than what they are paid for and would quickly turn down
request for help from the management.
Next is the issue of their health. Attendants who are assigned to the deep
litter system of management battle with respiratory health issues. According
to several researches, ammonia volatilization from poultry litter causes a
build-up of ammonia in the atmosphere of the pen and can contribute to the
formation of fine particulate Matter (PM 2.5) that may cause respiratory
illness in humans (Fierro, 2000) contributing to environmental hazards such
as an increase in the development of atmospheric haze (Simon et al. 1987;
NRC, 2003).
Suggested solution:
A management practice suggested to the CEO/General supervisor that would
enable prompt payment of staff salaries. It was suggested that a certain
amount should be set aside on a daily basis in a separate account of which at
the end of the month would be accruable to the total amount needed to settle
staff salaries. This idea worked for the first one week but did not live to see
the following weeks. If this suggestion had been adhered to till the month
end, the organization would have experienced a new era of ease in terms of
payment of salaries.
It was also suggested to the management that a means of reducing the
ammonia build-up in the pen especially in the dry season should be devised.
The management was advised to make use of superabsorbent Polymers
(SAP) as poultry litter amendment but declined to.
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4.1.2 PROBLEMS OF MORTALITY
This is due to the sudden death of the poultry birds which is as a result of
disease outbreak, pest attack, orientation of the farm, contaminated feeder and
drinker or improper monitoring.
Opined Solution:
Good proper farm sanitation, regular monitoring, regular vaccination and
isolation of the sick birds could help to prevent these problems.
4.1.3 PROBLEMS OF INSECT
Insects such as termites, soldier ants and the likes often attack the poultry pen
due to the maggot in the poultry bird’s waste and at such times attack the
poultry birds.
Suggested solution
Using of a good insecticide such as DD Force to control the insects around the
poultry pen will help to reduce the mortality rate and help to control the insect
population on the farm.

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 CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CHANGING OF PLACE OF ATTACHMENT WUTH REASON
On the 2nd of May 2022, a fatal accident happened, involving one of the
neighbours which claimed the life of the person involved. The community
leader ordered evacuation of the farm CEO/General supervisor’s personal
effects immediately. Some trustworthy villagers were saddled with the
responsibility of temporarily managing the farm. The farm CEO/General
supervisor asked me to relocate to his friend’s farm which he manages and act
as the director. I consented to his advice after receiving an approval from my
institution based supervisor.
5.1 THE FARM LOCATION AND BRIEF HISTORY
OLATEE farm was established about 12years ago. The establishment being a
piggery farm majorly on the rearing of pigs for the sole aim of pork production.
It resides on about 4acres of land. The establishment has a total number of 300
boar, 200 sow and 150 piglets. It however has staff strength of 20 staffs. Amidst
these are skilled and unskilled all having specific areas of assignments.
OLATEE farm can be found at Akinlalu junction, Agbanda village, opposite
Universal Gospel Apostolic Church, Ife-North, Osun State, Nigeria.
The board of controllers:
They are two in number (husband and wife). These people are directly
responsible for the financing of the farm. They are not present here in Nigeria
but have representatives in the person of Mr. Omotara Adewale Alaba who is
also the farm director. They sporadically visit the country and hence the farm to
ensure that activities are ongoing as planned.
5.2 EXPERIENCED GATHERED AT OLATEE PIGGERY FARM
SELECTION OF BREEDS:
 For commercial pig farming upgraded/crossbred or exotic stock in good health
to be selected
 While selecting a gilt or sow, primary aim should be to secure a female that
could produce large survivable litter and which can attain marketable weight at
an age of six months or less.
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 Animal that are ready to be bred should be selected
 Identify the newly purchased animal by giving suitable identification marks( Ear
notching or tattooing)
 Vaccinate the animal against disease
 Keep the animal under observation for a period of about two weeks and then mix
with the other animals.
 Purchase animals in two batches at the interval of three months
 Follow judicious culling and replacement of animals in a heard.
 Cull the old animals after 10-12 farrowing.

IMPORTANT BREEDS OF PIGS

1. Large White Yorkshire

2. Middle White Yorkshire
3. Landrace
4. Duroc

FEEDING MANAGEMENT

 Pigs are monogastric animals that utilize fibrous food only to a limited extent.
Adult pigs can utilize fibrous food better than the young stocks.
 Part of the protein in the diet of pigs should come from animal source such as
meat, fish.etc.
 Pigs should be fed at regular interval
 Fresh feed should be putr only after removal of the previous feed from the feed
trough
 Peg rearing based on commercial pig feed is not economical and hence feeding
based on swill is recommended. On an average, pig require 4-8kg swill per day.
 All categories of pig can be given small quantity of fodder or may be sent to
pasture
 Add libitum feeding using an automatic feeder (which can be fabricated using
200 litre oil drum) may be practiced for weaned pigs to avoid post-weaning
weight depression.
 Brewery waste can be used to feed pigs as well.

CASTRATION OF PIGS

I learnt that there are only two methods of castrating pigs which are surgical
method and immuno-castration method. Immuno-castration method involves the

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 injecting of the protein compounds that works like an immunization to induce anti-
body production against gonadotroping releasing hormone(GnRH) .

During my four months industrial training, my attachment to layers covered more

than the half of the duration of my training. Here, I participated in all management
procedures as attendant (feeding and watering of birds, picking of eggs, cleaning of
the environs of the pen, picking of litters etcetera). I was also trained to supervise
layer routine practice and administration of drugs and vaccines. I was finally
attached to farrowing to feed the management unit where I acted as the recorder.

CONCLUSUION

Throughout my Industrial Work Experience Scheme, I have been able to learn how to
be independent and self-sufficient in poultry farming, and I have also learnt how to
breed or rear pig and manage a piggery farm.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION
In order to improve on the expected result of the students work experience
scheme for the progress in subsequent programmes, I want to offer the
following recommendations to my student Industrial Work Experience Scheme
site, School, Industrial Training funds and the Government:
1. The management of FAAS farm and agro-allied service with OLATEE farm
settlement should try to encourage workers initiatives and contributions, for
this will help a long way in allowing workers to put on their best to enhance
the efficiency of the farm.
2. The management of FAAS farm and agro-allied service with OLATEE farm
settlement should endeavour to see to workers welfare in term of timely
payment of salary to motivate them for best input.
3. If the management of FAAS farm and agro-allied service with OLATEE
farm settlement can create and organize a specific a specific forum for
students on attachment, this will help in discovering students potential and to
appropriately use them effectively.

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4. The industrial Liasion office and student’s Departmental supervisor should
endeavor to regularly visit students on site to solve some irrelevant problems
and for adequate evaluation.
5. The university’s Departments in-charge of student industrial training
program can acquaint themselves to various companies and establishment of
student industrial work experience scheme. This will contribute to the
success of the program as student could be offer placement from school
instead of them seeking for months before finding a suitable organization.
6. Industrial training fund as a body responsible to federal government should
create time to visit the students on-site to evaluate the success of the scheme
7. The federal government should provide industrial and organizations with
incentives to encourage and solicit for their cooperation and contribution to
the program.

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 REFERENCES

https://www.google.com.my/maps/@5.1460357,100.4910029,15z

http://ppkt.eng.usm.my/index.php/ms/profil/staf/seksyen-koroporat

Example of Appropriate Referencing Style

George, L. (2020). Supply Chain Analytics. Retrieved from TechTarget:

https://www.techtarget.com/searcherp/definition/supply-chain-analytics

Crane & Marten (2016) Alternative ownership structures – stronger together. In Business Ethics:
Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the age of Globalization 4th ed. 6:2,
272 – 3. Oxford University Press, 2016

Crane, A., Spence, L., & Matten, D. (2014) Corporate Social Responsibility: readings and cases in a
global context. 2nd ed. London, Routledge

Freeman, E. Harrison, J. Abreu, M. (2015) Stakeholder theory as an ethical approach to effective

management: applying the theory to multiple contexts Revista Brasileira de Gestao de
Negocios 17(55), 858 – 69.

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