A TECHNICAL REPORT ON STUDENT

INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT
HISTORY OF BRAIN PHOSPHORYLATIONSHIP
SCIENTIFIC SOLUTION SERVICES.

SUBMITTED TO
THE SIWES COORDINATOR
DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY
FACULTY OF APPLIED NATURAL SCIENCES
ENUGU STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
ENUGU STATE

BY
ACHUSIM CHINOMSO ELIZABETH
2017030182216
COURSE CODE: BCH 390

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF A

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE (B.SC) IN APPLIED
BIOCHEMISTRY,
ENUGU STATE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, ENUGU STATE

JUNE, 2021
 DEDICATION

This industrial training report is copiously dedicated to God Almighty for his
unquantifiable and immeasurable mercies and protection upon my life
especially during the period of my industrial training experience.
I also appreciate my parents Mr/Mrs Achusim for their direction, protection and
support.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My appreciation goes to the industrial Training Fund for their foresight in

putting this program in place. I am grateful to Jacio Environmental Limited
services for providing me with the necessary skills to be exposed in my field.
I also want to say a big thank you to my industry-based supervisors and my able
colleagues for making my stay at Jacio Environmental Limited an exciting and
blissful one. To my parents and siblings thank you all for your moral and
financial support. I cannot wish for a better family.
I am deeply indebted to God almighty, the giver of all wisdom, knowledge and
understanding, without whom I would have achieved nothing at all.
Finally, to my Institution based supervisor for his support and to my other
friends and colleagues. Thank you all, I am highly grateful.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

List of Figures

CHAPTER ONE

1.1The Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

1.2 Functions of the ITF

1.3 The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)

1.4 Objective of SIWES

1.5 Importance of SIWES

CHAPTER TWO

Brief History of the Organization

Organogram of the Organization.
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Equipments
3.1 Safe Working Practices In A Laboratory

3.2 Reception Section

3.3 Sample Bay Section

3.4 Water Section

o 3.41 Dissolved Oxygen

o 3.42 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
o 3.43 Portability Test

3.5 Soil Section

o 3.51 Nitrate
 o 3.52 Phosphate

3.6 Extraction And Digestion Section

o 3.61 Determination of Trace metal in solid sample

3.7 Microbiology Section

o 3.71 Culture Media
3.8 Instrumentation Section
o 3.81 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
3.9 Chemical Bay Section
3.91 Relevance of The Siwes Experience to Your Current Course of Study

CHAPTER 4
4.0 Problems and Solutions Encountered During I.T
4.1 Problems encountered
4.2 Solutions to the problems
CHAPTER 5
5.1 Recommendations
5.2 Conclusion
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)

The Industrial Training Fund was established by Decree No. 47 of 8th October,
1971, with the aim of “promoting and encouraging the acquisition of skills in
industry and commerce with a view to generating a pool of indigenous
manpower sufficient to meet the needs of the economy”(ITF, 2010). This was
the first of the three Manpower Training and Development Agencies created by
the Fedhjjeral Military Government during the Second National Development
Plan period (1970 – 1974).

After the establishment of agency, ITF rose to its challenges by organizing

programs that could among other things, expose students of Nigerian
Universities and Polytechnics to practical experience in their course of study
and provide a means through which students could meet as well as interact with
industrial personnel.

Based on the foregoing, the student work experience programme which

basically prepares students for the world of work has become an innovative
phenomenon in the process of manpower development and training in Nigeria,
hence, the introduction of the Students
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) into the educational training
system

1.2 FUNCTIONS OF ITF

Key functions of ITF include:

• Encouraging greater involvement of employers, particularly small

employers, in the organization and development of training programmes and
 facilities including the establishment of Group Training Schemes and
Centres in certain areas of economic activity;
• Building of training facilities of its own, in identified areas of national need;

• Organizing research and studies into training as a support to other activities

of the Fund;

• Establishing uniform Nation al Vocational Apprenticeship Training

Scheme in the country;
• Seeking to harmonize ITF’s non-formal training programmes with the
curricula of formal educational institutions;
• Bearing a proportion of the direct cost of on-the-job and off-the-job training
of Nigerian employees. (ITF, 2010)

1.3 STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES)

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a Skill Training

Programme designed to prepare and expose students of Nigerian University to
the industrial work situation they are likely to encounter after graduation. The
need for the establishment of the scheme aroused when there was a growing
concern among industrialists that graduates of institutions of higher learning
lacked adequate practical background required for employment in industries.
Therefore, the employers were of the opinion that the theoretical education in
higher institutions was not responsive to the needs of employers of labour.
As mentioned above, SIWES programme was designed to complement
classroom teaching in the course of studies and to acquaint students with the
skills needed in the industries after graduation. It is an effort to bridge the gap
existing between theory and practice of engineering and technology, science,
Agriculture, Medical, Management and other professional educational programs
in Nigerian institutions. The scheme is funded by the Federal Government of
Nigeria and jointly coordinated by the National Universities Commission
(NUC) and Industrial Training Fund (ITF).

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF SIWES

• To provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real

work situation, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.
• To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment
and machinery that may not be available in their institutions.
• To make transition from university to the world of work easier and thus
enhance students contact for later job placement after graduation.
• To enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational
process of preparing university graduates for employment in industries.
• To prepare students for the work situation they are to meet after graduation
(ITF, 2010)

1.5 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES

SIWES have a lot of importance among which are:

• It exposes students to real life situation, thus supplementing the theoretical

lesson.

• It helps to improve the quality of skilled manpower of the students.

• It gives students practical knowledge of course of study.

• It provides a forum for industries to evaluate prospective employers and

gives feedback to institutions.
• It establishes a close collaboration between institutions and industries, a
factor which is essential for preparing student for the workforce.
• CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Brief Description Of Firm Jacio Environmental Limited(JEL):
JACIO ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITED (JEL) operates a global proactive
occupational health, safety, and environmental compliance program that ensure
consistent conformity with local regulatory requirements throughout Nigeria
and the world at large.

JACIO ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITED (JEL) is a private owned company with

registration number RC1346232. JEL is an environmental firm which provides
analytical services for the oil shale and mineral exploration industries.
JEL is registered with Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) of the federal
republic of Nigeria, Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), National Oil
Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA) and Federal Ministry of
Environment (FMENv).

2.2 Organogram Of Jacio Environmental Limited (Jel)

Fig 2.1

CHAPTER THREE

EQUIPMENTS, REAGENTS AND THEIR PREPARATION

3.0 EQUIPMENTS

Microscope

Fig 3.1 Microscope

A microscope is an optical instrument having a magnification lens or a

combination of lenses for inspecting objects too small to be seen distinctly and
in detail by the unaided eyes. It is used in the pathology laboratory for
examination of stained blood film, stool, urine etc.
Triple Beam Balance
Fig 3.2
This is an instrument used to measure mass very precisely.
The device has reading error of +/_ 0.05gram. The name refers to the three
beams including the middle beam which is the largest size, the front beam
which is the medium size, and the far beam which is the smallest size.
The difference in size of the beams indicates the difference in weights and
reading scale that each beam carries.
The triple beam balance can be used to measure mass directly from the objects,
find mass by difference for liquid, and measure out a substance.
Spectrophotometer

Fig 3.3
A spectrophotometer is used to measure either the amount of light reflected
from a sample object or the amount of light that is absorbed by the sample
object. It is an instrument used to measure the intensity of wavelength in a
spectrum of light compared with the intensity of light from a standard source. It
is used in pathology laboratory to measure the absorbance of calcium, glucose,
cholesterol, uric acid and other chemistry tests.
Centrifuge
Fig 3.4
A centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment, driven by a motor, spins liquid
samples at high speed. There are various types of centrifuge depending on the
size and the sample capacity. Like all other centrifuges, laboratory centrifuges
work by the sedimentation principle where the centripetal acceleration is used to
separate substances of greater and lesser density. It is usually used to separate
serum or plasma from red cells in a blood sample etc.
Incubator

Fig 3.5

An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or

cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other
conditions such as the carbondioxide and oxygen content of the atmosphere
inside. Incubators are essential for a lot of experimental work in cell biology,
microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial as
well as eukaryotic cells.
Electrophoresis equipment
Fig 3.6
This is one of the most important equipments used by molecular biologists. It
migrates a charged molecule through a restrictive matrix, or gel, drawn by an
electrical force. To mention but a few applications, deoxyribonucleic
acid(DNA) electrophoresis is used to map the order of restriction fragments
within chromosomes to analyze DNA variation within a population by
restriction fragment length polymorphisms and to determine the nucleotide-
sequence of a piece of DNA.
Laboratory Refrigerator

Fig 3.7
Laboratory refrigerators are used to cool samples or specimens for preservation.
They include refrigerator units for storing blood plasma and other blood
products, as well as reagents, vaccines and other medical and pharmaceutical
supplies. They differ from standard refrigerators used in homes and restaurants
because they need to be totally hygienic and completely reliable. Laboratory
refrigerators need to maintain a consistent temperature in order to minimize the
risk of bacterial contamination and explosions of volatile materials.
Automated biochemistry analyzer
Fig 3.8

This is used to measure different chemicals and other characteristics in a

number of biological samples quickly, with minimal human assistance. These
measured properties of blood and other fluids are useful in the diagnosis of
diseases. Samples can be processed singly, in batches, or continuously. The type
of tests required includes enzyme levels (such as many of the liver function
tests), ion levels (e.g.sodium and potassium) and other chemicals (such as
glucose, serm albumin, or creatinine).
Full blood count analyzer

Fig 3.9

Full blood count analyzer also known as complete blood count analyzer is
laboratory equipment that gives information about the cells in a patient’s blood
such as the cell count for each type and the concentrations of various proteins
and minerals. The type of test required include white blood cell, red blood cell,
hemoglobin, platelet and packed cell volume count etc.
Petri dish
Fig 3.10

Petri dish is used to make agar plates for microbiology studies. It is also used
for eukaryotic cell culture in a liquid medium or on solid agar. Empty Petri dish
may be used other day-to-day laboratory practices such as drying fluids in oven
and carrying or storing samples.

Conical flask

Fig 3.11
Conical flasks are vessels which fall into the category of laboratory equipments
known as glass wares. They can be used for making solutions or for holding,
containing, collecting, or sometimes volumetrically measuring chemicals,
samples, solutions, etc for chemical reactions or other processes such as mixing,
heating, cooling, dissolving, precipitation, boiling (as in distillation) or analysis.
Graduating/measuring cylinder.
This is a common piece of laboratory equipment used to measure the volume of
liquid. They are generally more accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and
beakers but they are not used to perform volumetric analysis. Graduated
cylinders are sometimes used to measure the volume of a solid indirectly by
measuring the displacement of a liquid.
Vacutainer blood collection tubes
Fig 3.11
This is a sterile glass or plastic tube with a closure that is evacuated to create a
vacuum inside the tube facilitating the draw of predetermined volume of liquid.
They are most commonly used to collect blood samples in venipuncture and as
serum separator tubes. The substance contained in a vacutainer may include
anticoagulants (Ethylenediaminetatraacetic acid EDTA, Sodium citrate, or
heparin) or a gel with intermediate density between blood cells and blood
plasma.
Bunsen burner

Fig 3.12
This is a common piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas
flame which is used for heating, sterilization and combustion.
Other laboratory equipment include; syringe and needles, test tubes,
microhematocrit reader, micropipette, microhematocrit centrifuge, kidney dish,
ESR stand, and universal bottle (for collecting urine, stool, sputum and semen
samples).
Genotype Electrophoresis Machine
 Fig 3.1

Reflotron Machine

Fig 3.2

Accu – check
 Fig 3.3

Centrifuge Machine

Fig 3.4

Autoclave

Fig 3.5
Fig 3.6 Incubator

Thermostatic Drying Oven

FACS Count Machine (CD4 Machine)

Fig 2.9: FACS Count Machine (CD4 Machine)

3.1 SAFE WORKING PRACTICES IN A LABORATORY

The following are some of the important points which apply when working with
infectious materials:
1. Never mouth-pipette. Use safe measuring and dispensing devices.

2. Do not eat, drink, smoke, store food, or apply cosmetics in the working area
of the laboratory.

3. Use an aseptic technique when handling specimens and cultures.

4. Always wash your hands after handling an infectious material in the

laboratory, when leaving the laboratory and before attending to patients. Cover
any open wound with a water proof dressing.

5. Wear appropriate protective clothing when working in the laboratory. Ensure

it is decontaminated and laundered correctly.

6. Wear protective gloves and when indicated a face mask, for all procedures
involving direct contact with infectious materials. When wearing gloves, the
hands should be washed with the gloves on, particularly before doing ant
clerical work.

7. Centrifuge safely to avoid creating aerosols. Know what to do should a

breakage occur when centrifuging.

8. Avoid practices which could result in needle stick injury.

9. Do not use chipped or cracked glassware and always deal with a breakage
immediately and safely.

10. Avoid spillages by using racks to hold containers, work neatly and keep the
bench surface free of any unnecessary materials.

11. Decontaminate working surfaces at the end of each day’s work and
following any spillage of any infectious fluid.
12. Report to the laboratory officer in charge, any spillage or other accident
involving exposure to infectious material.

13. Know how to decontaminate specimens and other infectious materials.

14. Use and control an autoclave correctly.

15. Dispose laboratory waste safely.

Jacio Environmental Limited (JEL) Laboratory is divided into five (5)

main units, these are:
 Reception
 Sample Bay
 Water Section
 Medical microbiology/parasitology unit
 Chemical pathology unit
 Soil/Sedimentation Section
 Extraction and digestion section
 Instrumentation room
 Chemical bay

3.2 RECEPTION SECTION

AT THE RECEPTION
The receptionist on seat, collects samples from patients waiting to be transferred
to the laboratory, put bills on the patient’s cards depending on the kind of tests
to be done, register the patients cards and then also register results before they
are given out to patient, they also give out universal, anticoagulant bottles to
patient and give them necessary instructions on how to collect into the bottles
that is being given to them. Some of the laboratory materials are stored in the
reception. Listed below are a few steps to follow when dispatching
microbiological specimens:
1. Keep a register of all specimens dispatched. Record the name, number, and
ward or health centre of the patient, type of specimen, investigation required,
date of dispatch, and the method of sending the specimen. When the report is
received back from the microbiology laboratory, record the date of the receipt in
the register.

2. Check the specimen container is free from cracks, and the cap is leak-proof.

3. Use sufficient packaging material to protect a specimen especially when the

container is a glass tube. When the specimen is fluid use sufficient absorbent
material to absorb it should a leakage or breakage occur.

4. Mark all specimens that may contain highly infectious organisms.

3.3 SAMPLE BAY SECTION

This the section where all samples collected are stored and sampled.

How to retrieve samples and log in samples:

 Create new sample profile.

 Assign a Sample ID, Department, Description, and the "Sampled By"
name.

Other activities in the SAMPLE BAY section includes:

Waste Disposal

Cleaning and waste disposal services in a laboratory requires strict adherence to

applicable policies and procedures. It is a joint effort between laboratory
personnel, Building Services personnel and Environmental Health and Safety
personnel. Our goal is to provide cleaning and waste disposal services for
laboratories, develop procedures that everyone understands and will follow and
through this process avoid the hazards to personnel conducting these services.
Laboratory Waste Disposal Procedure:

Make sure the materials placed in the municipal waste are suitable for this type
of disposal, especially:

 Do not place any liquids in the municipal waste.

 Do not dispose of chemical waste, including stock containers with unused

product, in the municipal waste.

 Empty or rinsed containers must be free of any hazardous residue and be

marked "empty."

 All sharps must be in an appropriate, puncture-resistant container to

prevent injuries.

 If a material can be mistaken as a hazardous, radioactive, or biological

waste, but is not, it must be identified as non-hazardous.

Personal protective equipment in the laboratory:

Eye Protection:

 Safety glasses or chemical goggles must be donned before entering any

wet bench lab, including cell culture labs. This applies to lab visitors, GT
maintenance and custodial workers as well as staff and students.

 Safety glasses must meet the ANSI Z87.1 - 2010 standard for impact
resistance and have side shields for splash protection

 Chemical goggles may be required for certain processes where safety

glasses are deemed inadequate
 Safety glasses or goggles must be worn over prescription glasses.  Safety
glasses worn over prescription glasses must be of a type intended for this
 purpose (Often referred to as Over the Glass Safety Glasses).  Regular
prescription glasses will not provide adequate protection in this case.

 Prescription safety glasses are acceptable as long as they have side shields
for splash protection. (Check with your department to see if they fund
such purchases.)  Side shields must also meet the Z87.1 standard for
impact resistance and be non-vented.

 Safety glasses or goggles are required all labs where soldering or

machining/grinding occurs.

Lab Coats

 Shall be donned before handling chemicals, biologicals, or unsealed

radiological sources.

 Shall cover the wearer to the knees

 Lab Coat fabric of poly-cotton blends are acceptable. Exceptions include:

o Labs were open flames are used (such as alcohol burners)- lab coat
must be made of 100% cotton or flame resistant material.
o Labs where pyrophoric materials are handled- lab coat must be of
flame resistant materials.

Face Protection

 Face shields worn over safety glasses may be required for certain
processes as determined by the Principal Investigator (PI) and/or GT
EHS.

 Face shields must always be worn over safety glasses or

goggles, not instead of safety glasses or goggles
  Processes involving high pressure reactors (>30 PSI) or pneumatic lines
(>30 PSI), high pressure air lines, machining operations, and some
cryogenic procedures require the use of face shields over safety glasses.

Hand Protection

Chemically Resistant Gloves

Gloves, especially, should be chosen carefully:  They must be resistant to

the chemicals being used but also not put the wearer at risk because of loss
of dexterity, risk of ergonomic injury (such as increased muscle strain from
gloves that are too heavy or stiff for pipetting, handling small objects, etc.),
or increased risk of being caught in rotating equipment from gloves that are
too loose on the user’s hands.

Respiratory Protection

Respirators are a last resort when it comes to protecting people in the

workplace. 

What is a respirator?

A respirator is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhalation of

harmful substances. When chosen correctly and used properly, respirators
can protect the wearer from harmful gases, mists, vapors, fumes, and fine
particulates.  Respirators fall into the following two general classifications,
according to mode of operation:

3.4 WATER SECTION

Water Quality Assessment

AIM:

 To measure concentration of the constituents in quantity for

characterization of water for different uses.
  Of the various parameters in potable water few are objectionable even
when present in very small quantity.
 Others if only present in unusual quantities as to relegate the water from
the potable to the unusable class.
 The analyst familiar with water quality characterization will often select
parameters to be measured based on experience and intuition.

Key Factors:

 Sampling
 Proper Labeling
 Selection of Parameters
 Reporting the values
 Precision and accuracy of method selected
 Preservation

3.41 Dissolved Oxygen:

 All living organisms depend upon oxygen to maintain the

metabolic processes that produce energy for growth and
reproduction
 Dissolved oxygen is important in precipitation and dissolution of
inorganic substances in water

Need:
 To assess quality of raw water
 To check on pollution
 Determination of biological changes by aerobic or anaerobic organisms
 D.O. is the basis of BOD test to evaluate pollution potential of wastes
 All aerobic biological wastewater treatment processes
 Important factor in corrosion.
Methodology:
The Winkler method with Azide modification:

Principle
 Oxygen present in sample oxidizes the divalent manganous to its higher
valency which precipitates as a brown hydrates oxide after addition of
NaOH and KI.
 Upon acidification, manganese reverts to divalent state and liberates
Iodine from KI equivalent to D.O. content in the sample
 The liberated Iodine is titrated against standard (N/40) solution of Sodium
thiosulphate using starch as an indicator.

Procedure:
 Collect sample in BOD bottle
 2 ml MnSO4+ 2 ml Alkali iodide-azide+close stopper.
 Mix well + allow the ppt to settle.
 Add 2 ml concentrated H2SO4 + mix well till ppt dissolves
 Take 203 ml (Correspond to 200 ml) sample in a conical flask+titrate
against Sodium thiosulphate (0.025 N) till pale yellow colour + starch +
titrate till blue to colourless.

Calculation:
 1 ml of 0.025N Na2S2O3 = 0.2 mg of O2
 D.O. in mg/l =(0.2 x 1000) x ml of thiosulphate 200

Result: D.O. mg/l

Interferences:
 Ferrous ion
 Ferric ion
 Nitrite
  Microbial mass
 High suspended solids

To reduce interferences, modification in the estimation procedures are

suggested:
 Alsterberge azide : Nitrite, higher concentration of ferric ions
 Redeal Stewart : Ferrous ion
 Alum / Flocculation : High suspended solids
 Copper Sulphate Sulfamic acid flocculation : Biological flocs
 Alkaline Hypochlorite : Complex of sulphur compound.

3.42 Biochemical Oxygen Demand:

A bioassay test, involving measurement of oxygen consumed by micro-

organisms while stabilizing biologically decomposable organic matter under
aerobic conditions.
Need:
 To determine the pollution load of waste water.
 The degree of pollution in water sources.
 Self purification capacity of sources.
 Designing of treatment facilities.
 Efficiency of waste water treatment methods.

Methodology:

Principle:
 The BOD test is based upon determinations of dissolved oxygen.
 It can be measured directly.
 In general, a dilution procedure is applied.

Determination of D.O.
i) Samples and
ii) Blank, on initial and after 5 days
  2 ml MnSO4 + 2 ml Alkali-iodide-azide+stopper immediately.
 Mix well + allow the ppt. to settle.
 Add 2 ml concentrated H2 SO4 + mix well till ppt. dissolve.
 Take 203 ml (correspond to 200 ml) sample in a conical flask.
 Titrate against sodium thiosulphate (0.025 N) till pale
 yellow colour + starch solution + blue colour + titrate till colourless.
Observations:
D0 = D.O. in sample on 0th day
D1= D.O. in sample on 5th day
C0 = D.O. in Blank on 0th day
C1 = D.O. in Blank on 5th day
C0 – C1 = D.O. depletion in dilution water alone
D0 – D1 = D.O. depletion in sample + dilution water
(D0 - D1) - (C0 – C1) = D.O. depletion due to microbes

Calculation:
1 ml of 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate = 0.2 mg of Oxygen D.O. in mg/l = (0.2 x
1000) x ml of thiosulphate 200 B.O.D. in mg/l (D0-D1) – (C0-C1) mg x
Decimal fraction of sample used.
Interferences:
 Ferrous ion
 Ferric ion
 Nitrate
 Microbial mass
 High suspended solids
 Lack of nutrients in dilution water
i) Lack of acclimated seed organisms
ii) Presence of heavy metals
iii) Presence of toxic materials
3.43 PORTABILITY TEST:
 i. During its traverse water picks up impurities in varying amounts
ii. Gases from atmosphere
iii. Inorganic and organic salts from top soil and geological strata
iv. During its traverse water get contaminated by inorganic and organic salts
sometimes beyond desirable limits
Colour:

 Coloured water is not acceptable for drinking (Aesthetic as well as

toxicity reasons).
 Industrial wastewater require colour removal before discharge into water
courses
Definition:
 The term colour means true colour that is the colour of water from which
turbidity has been removed. True colour of water is due to dissolved
material
 Apparent colour is due to suspended matter as well as due to substances
on solution removed by filtration
Unit for Measurement of colour:
• Unit for colour measurement is based on platinum cobalt scale

Methods for Colour Measurement:

Visual Comparison Method:
• Colour of the sample is determined by visual comparison with known
concentration of coloured colutions prepared by diluting stock platinum cobalt
solution..
• OR properly calibrated glass coloured disk is used for comparison.
• This method is useful for potable water and water in which colour is due to
naturally occuring materials
• This method is not applicable to most highly coloured industrial wastewater
Spectrophotometric Method
• This method is applicable to potable and waste both domestic and industrial
• In this method light absorbed or transmitted is measured at dominant
wavelength of a particular hue of sample
• Spectrophotometer should have an effective operating range from 400 to
700nm before measurement remove turbidity either by filtration or by
centrifuging
• Colour hues for dominant wavelengths ranges are

pH = - log10 [H+] = log10 1/[H+] OR [H+] = 10-pH

This method has advantage because all states of acidity and alkalinity of
solutions with respect to hydrogen and hyroxide ions can be expressed by
a series of positive numbers between 0 to 14
[ H+] (10o) 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 10-12
10-13 10-14
pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

pOH 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
[OH-]10-14 10-13 10-12 10-1110-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2
10-1 10-0
• Chemical reactions depend on pH
• Water Supply and Waste Water Treatment
• Water Softening ,Precipitation., Coagulation, Disinfection, Corrosion Control,
Alkalinity and CO2 Measurement and fluoride activity
• Electrometric method - Using pH meter and electrodes
• e.m.f. produced in glass electrode system varies linearly with pH
• pH meter is calibrated potentiometrically with electrode system using standard
buffers having assigned values so that pH = - log10 [H+]

3.5 SOIL SECTION

Environmental impact Assessment:

3.51 NITRATE:

Nitrate concentration in soil is a good indicator of available nitrogen to plants.

The required soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) for specific crops varies from crop
to crop but in general, a concentration range of 10-50 mg/kg is desired.

Introduction:

Soil testing has been used effectively over the years in determining the
availability of nutrients for plants. Nitrogen is one of these essential nutrients,
which is converted to amino acids and then utilized in producing necessary
enzymes and structural parts of the plant.  

The LAQUA twin Nitrate Ion meter can be used to measure NO3-N
concentration in soil samples. It is an easy-to- use pocket-sized meter that
provides quick results for on-site testing, thus eliminating the need to transport
samples to a laboratory for colorimetric or chromatography analysis performed
by trained analyst.

Method:

Sample Collection And Preparation

1. Collect dry soil samples and pass through a 2mm sieve.

2. Prepare soil extract by mixing soil and water or extractant in 1:5 ratio
(e.g., 5g soil and 25mL water or extractant). Shake for 1 minute. Allow
the sample to settle for 5 minutes or filter it using filter paper and funnel.

Calibration
Calibrate the LAQUAtwin Nitrate Ion meter using two NO3-N calibration
standards according to manufacturer’s instructions. Make sure that the meter
measurement unit is set to ppm NO3-N.

Sample Measurement

1. Place some drops of unused water or extractant into the sensor.

2. Record the reading as the blank. Blank is only required once for each
batch of samples.
3. Rinse the sensor with water and blot it dry with tissue.
4. Place some drops of clear liquid taken from the top layer of soil extract
(or filtrate, if filtered sample).
5. Record the reading once stabilized.
6. After each sample, rinse the sensor with water and blot it dry with tissue.

Results and Benefits:

To express the results in NO3-N mg/kg in soil, use the formula: NO3-N mg/kg
in soil = (soil extract reading - method blank) ppm NO3-N × 5. If a different
ratio is used in soil extract, substitute ‘5’ with the appropriate ratio.

Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) measures the amount of available nitrogen in the soil

that can be absorbed immediately by plants. The amount required in the soil for
specific crops varies from crop to crop, but in general the levels should not fall
below 10 mg/kg and should not exceed 50 mg/kg. However, nitrate varies with
soil water and so levels can fluctuate widely depending on soil water movement.

3.52 PHOSPHATE:

PHOSPHATE PRECIPITATION AND DISSOLUTION

Phosphate precipitation is a process in which phosphorus reacts with another

substance to form a solid mineral.
In contrast, dissolution of phosphate minerals occurs when the mineral dissolves
and releases phosphorus.

Precipitation and dissolution reactions greatly influence the availability of

phosphate in the soil.

 Phosphate minerals can dissolve over time to replenish the phosphate in

the soil solution. This reaction increases the availability of phosphorus.
 On the other hand, phosphate minerals form by removing phosphate from
soil solution. This reaction decreases the availability of phosphorus.
 However, both precipitation and dissolution are very slow processes.

Solubility of Phosphate Minerals

The solubility of phosphate minerals is very dependent upon soil pH.

 The soil pH for optimum phosphorus availability is 6.5

 At high or neutral pH, phosphate reacts with calcium to form minerals,
such as apatite.
 Under acidic conditions, phosphorus may react with aluminum and iron
to form minerals, such as strengite and varescite.

MINERALIZATION AND IMMOBILIZATION OF

PHOSPHATE

In an average soil, approximately 50% of total phosphorus is organic. Thus, soil

organic phosphorus is a very important aspect of the P cycle.

The various sources of organic phosphorus include:

 Phytin
 Nucleic acids
 Phospholipids
3.6 EXTRACTION AND DIGESTION SECTION

3.61 Determination of Trace metal in solid sample:

Determining very small quantities of potentially toxic elemental impurities such

as lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel
(Ni), zinc (Zn) etc. requires highly sensitive analytical equipment. The metals in
a sample are typically measured in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion
(ppb) or even parts per trillion (ppt), depending on the complexity of the sample
(i.e. the sample matrix) and the analytical technique used. Common analytical
methods used for trace metal analysis include atomic absorption spectroscopy
(AAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Almost all analytical methods require the preparation of a series of calibration

reference standard solutions of varying concentrations. After putting the
calibration solutions through the same analytical procedure as the sample, the
results are plotted to produce a 'calibration curve'. This provides a basis for
comparison of the results from the analysis of the sample. The reference
standards used to create the calibration standard solutions must be highly pure
and free from elemental impurities as this may influence the result of the trace
metal analysis of the sample.

1.    Calibration Standard Preparation

It is essential to use highly pure metals or chemicals to prepare the stock

solution. Alternatively, high quality stock solutions can be purchased. Different
metals require different preparation methods. Working standard solutions are
prepared by diluting the stock solution with an appropriate solvent until the
desired concentration is achieved, in accordance with the detection limits of the
analyzing equipment. Depending on the stability of the stock solution, working
standards are often prepared only as and when needed. When creating multi-
element stock standard solutions, it is important to pay attention to the
compatibility and stability of all the elements.

2.    Sample Preparation

The sample preparation method varies according to the sample matrix and the
analytical method used. However, most trace metal analysis procedures require
the sample to be in liquid form. This may require sample treatment or digestion
depending on the complexity of the sample, e.g. digestion by microwave
method. Acid digestion is typically used to ensure the trace metal elements are
completely dissolved.

 Prepare a stock solution of the sample Depending on the analytical

method, some sample solutions can be prepared directly without requiring
preparation of a stock solution.
 Dilute the stock sample solution the concentration needs to be suitable for
the detection limits of the analytical equipment. It may require several
runs to determine an appropriate dilution.

3.    Sample Analysis Using the Selected Analytical Method

Using the example of the Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) analytical method,
metal atoms in the sample solution are converted to metal ions. The different
metal ions are separated and detected using optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-
OES) or by plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

4.    Data Analysis and Calculations

The ions detected in the analysis procedure are compared to the calibration
curves enabling trace metals and heavy metals to be identified and quantified.

5.    Results and Report

3.7 MICROBIOLOGY SECTION

3.71 CULTURE MEDIA
A culture medium is any nutrient, liquid or solid material that can support the
growth of microorganisms. The most important requirement of a culture
medium is its ability to allow a detectable growth from a minute incubate within
the shortest period of incubation.
PREPARATION OF MEDIA
1. A weighing balance was kept on a fiat table and its scale was adjusted to
zero.
2. A thin foil was placed on the balance and it’s weight was noted.
3. The agar base powder was collected and placed on the foil using a spatula
until the required quantity was obtained.
4. The dehydrated agar medium was then tranferred into a clean dry
graduated conical flask
5. A corresponding volume of distilled water was measured using the
measuring cylinder and was transferred into the conical flask containing
each agar.
6. The mixture was stirred gently to mix using
7. The mouth of the conical flask was corked and placed in an autoclave.
8. The mixture was sterilized at 121°c for l5mins.
9. After autoclaving, the mixture w allowed to cool
STOOL CULTURE
This was used for the diagnosis of intestinal tract infection caused by especially
enteric pathogens such as salmonella enteritidis, shigella dysenteria.
AIM: To detect the presence of enteric pathogens in stool sample.
MATERIALS: Wire loop, Bunsen burner, stool sample and agar plates
(salmonella-shigella agar, bload agar and macConkey Agar plates)
incubator.
PROCEDURE
1. The wire loop was flamed to red hot in Bunsen flame and allowed to
cool.
2. Using the flame sterilized wire ioop, stool sample was introduced on the
agar plates (macConkey agar, SS agar and blood agar).
3. The wire loop was flamed again to red hot, allowed to cool and the
inoculum was streaked out on the agar plates.
4. The culture plates were incubated at 37°c for 24hours.
5. The incubated plates were inspected for colonial growth after 24 hours of
incubation at 37°c
RESULTS
Bacteria such as salmonella enteritidis, shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia
Coil as in the case of infantile gastroenteritis may be isolated.
Sensitivity test was performed for the effective antibiotics to which the
bacterial isolate was sensitive.

3.8 INSTRUMENTATION SECTION

3.81 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and atomic emission
spectroscopy (AES) is a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative
determination of chemical elements using the absorption of optical radiation
(light) by free atoms in the gaseous state. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is
based on absorption of light by free metallic ions.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry analyzes the concentration of elements in
a liquid sample based on energy absorbed from certain wavelengths of light
(usually 190 to 900 nm). Atomic absorption spectrophotometers typically
include a flame burner to atomize the sample (most commonly a hollow cathode
lamp), a monochromator, and a photon detector. Depending on the model, some
atomic absorption spectrometers are equipped with a turret or fixed lamp socket
that can hold multiple lamps (up to eight) to reduce downtime between samples
or allow for sequential analysis.
Typical sensitivity for an atomic absorption spectrometer using a flame burner
is in the parts per million range. For trace analysis, a graphite furnace can be
used in place of a flame burner to increase the sensitivity by several orders of
magnitude (in the parts per billion range). Atomic absorption
spectrophotometers are used in many industries including environmental
testing, metal analysis, semiconductor manufacturing, petroleum and chemical
production, and in pharmaceuticals, for example.

FIG 3.1: Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy instrument

3.9 CHEMICAL BAY SECTION

This is a section of the laboratory that deals with the storage of chemicals.

3.91 RELEVANCE OF THE SIWES EXPERIENCE TO YOUR

CURRENT COURSE OF STUDY:
 It exposed me to work methods, techniques in handling equipments that
are not available in school.
 I learnt almost all the practical aspects involved in medical microbiology
and also microbiology in general.
 I got to know about and learnt the use of the laboratory equipment.
 I learnt to obey all laboratory rules for my safety and that of the patients.
 I learnt to relate properly with other co-workers.
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED DURING THE
PROGRAMME
Life they say is not a bed of roses and whatsoever that has advantages
also have its disadvantages. In as much as the SIWES programme is a
wonderful programme which has been designed to help the students have a
practical knowledge of their various courses of study, it is note-worthy to
also mention some of the problems encountered during the programme.
1. Problems of Securing a Place of Attachment
Securing a place of attachment for industrial training programme was a very
big challenge to me. This is due to the fact that there are very limited
establishment that accepts students undergoing industrial training. While I
was searching for a place of attachments, I got to find out most of the
establishments that accepts students had already taken the maximum
number of students needed, while others would just reject the request giving
one reason or the other.
2. Working Time
As an IT student working in Jacio Environment, I was meant to work for
twelve (12) hours in a day, six days in a week (i.e. Mondays to Saturdays)
and sometimes on Sundays. I barely had time to attend to my personal
needs. Not just that IT students had to work all day, but also, the work load
was quite much. Most times IT students would be asked to work overtime
even without any incentive attached to it and students have no option but to
comply every given instructions.
3. Finance
Stipends given to me during my industrial training programme is nothing to
write home about. The stipend was so little that it could not even cover up
for my daily transportation fair not to even mention my feeding fee;
therefore, making me spent more from my personal savings. Despite the fact
that the stipend was little, it was delayed. Most students ended their
 programme without receiving their complete stipend due to late payment
from firm.
4. Inaccessible Machines
In Jacio Environment Limited, industrial training students were not
opportune to access most of the automated analyzers, e.g. the full blood
count (FBC) machine and the electrophoresis machine (for detecting the
genotype of human beings) ; Instead , we were been told to watch and learn
which does not assist us in learning better going with the saying “practice
makes perfect” and not “watching makes perfect”. One of the objectives of
SIWES is to expose students to work methods and techniques in handling
equipments and machineries that may not be available in their universities,
thus, the above stated objective of SIWES is not been fulfilled completely.
The difficulties encountered during the programme among others include;
 Inadequate monitoring of students on industrial training;
 Lack of cooperation and support from organization;
 Delay in release of fund for supervision and student’s industrial training
allowances;
 Student’s reports were not corrected.
4.2 SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
 There should be formal training and orientation for the students under
their care.
 There should be appreciative measure on the part of the company because
a student will work when he/she is appreciated even if not monetary.
 Monthly defense of what the student has learnt should be done.
 Quality orientation programmes should be organized for all intending
I.T. students and should be made compulsory (it should be on
departmental/faculty levels due to the significance of each
disciplines).
 Many I.T students roam about because of lack of placement. The
institution should liaise (departmentally) with some
industries/organizations who will always be ready to assist.
 Each I.T students should be allowed to defend their reports of SIWES
programme instead of group defense.
 Visiting of the students by the institution should be taken with all
seriousness.
 CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
My six (6) months Industrial Training at Jacio Laboratories I.T PLACE was
a huge success and a great time of acquisition of knowledge and skills.
Through my training I was able to appreciate my chosen course of study
even more, because I had the opportunity to blend the theoretical knowledge
acquired from school with the practical hands-on application of knowledge
gained here to perform very important tasks that contributed in a way to my
productivity in the company. My training here has given me a broader view
to the importance and relevance of Applied Biochemistry in the immediate
society and the world as a whole, as I now look forward to impacting it
positively after graduation. I have also been able to improve my
communication and presentation skills and thereby developed good
relationship with my fellow colleagues at work. I have also been able to
appreciate the connection between my course of study and other disciplines
in producing a successful result.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS:
 School should provide a place of attachment for student.
 Allowances should be paid to students during their programme just
like NYSC and not after. This would help them a great deal to handle
some financial problems during their training course.
 Supervisor should always visit student monthly in their various places
of attachment.