CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDENT INDUSTRAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES)

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) has been designed to expose

student to practical industrial knowledge relevant to their various fields of study. This has

helped in bridging the gap between the university community and the universal world of

professionalism . The industrial training fund (ITF) in collaboration with institution of learning

in Nigeria have been charged by the government of Nigeria to expose students to a more self-

reliant and professionally oriented training for the betterment of the nation’s lot. Therefore,

the fourth year (400 level) students of Obafemi Awolowo University are sent for a period of

six months to acquire practical knowledge in the industry related to their course of study.

1.2 BACKGROUND OF SIWES

As a result of the technological development around the world, there is need to introduce a

new dimension to the quality of education obtained in the country given that economic

development in any country is strongly a function of its technological development. A crucial

analysis of human resource development literature shows that a positive correlation exists

between a country of economic and technological development and its level of involvement

in human resource development through all means within reach.

Nigeria, being a developing country does not need to be reminded the vital role of practical

education to her development. This recognition brought about the establishment of the

industrial training fund (ITF) by decree 47 of 1971 constitution to transform the Nigerian

economy through industrial training of students. This was also aimed at changing the status of

the nation from a consuming nation to a manufacturing one. Furthermore, a section 2 of the
1
decree stipulate that “the fund may be utilized to promote and encourage the acquisition of

skills in industries or commerce with a view of generating a pool of indigenous trained

manpower, sufficient to meet the need of the economy.

In lieu with the vision of the government through the National University

Commission (NUC), the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), otherwise

referred to as industrial training (IT), was organized for the Nigerian Tertiary Students as part

of their requisites to fulfill the award of Bachelor’s Degree according to their various field of

study.

By integrating leadership development activities into the Industrial Training

experience, they hope to encourage students to actively engage in non-profit management as

a professional career objective. However, the effectiveness of the SIWES experience will have

varying outcomes based upon the individual student, the work assignment, and the supervisor/

mentor requirements. It is vital that each internship position description includes specific,

written learning objectives to ensure leadership skill development is incorporated.

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The objective of initiating the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme cuts across the

nation, school, Government, and the student. These objectives which are continuously being

expanded include:

i. To provide an avenue for students in institution of higher learning to acquire industrial skills

and experience during their courses of study.

ii. To prepare students for industrial work situations that they are likely to meet after

graduation.

iii. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
2
machinery that may not be available in their institutions.

iv. To make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance students

contacts for later job placements.

v. To provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real

work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.

vi. To enlist and strengthen employer’s involvement in the entire educational process through

SIWES.

vii. To expose student to work methods and techniques in handling equipment they do not have

access to in their institutions.

viii. To Acquiring professional ethics and etiquettes.

1.4 PARTICIPANTS IN SIWES

The major participants in the SIWES are listed below:

1. The Federal Government

2. The Industrial Training Fund

3. The Coordinating Agency

4. The Institutions (Universities)

5. The Students

6. The Emplo

3
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 BRIEF HISTROY OF INTEGRITY FARMS LIMITED

Integrity Farms is the trading name for integrity United Nigeria Limited, an agro allied

company incorporated in 2015. Integrity farms limited is a vegetable growing farm that

manufacture and market vegetable products which is a vital sector of any economy. They are

specialized in growing verities of vegetables such as sweet peppers and hot peppers in a

complete housed system (greenhouse system). It is an incorporated food producing and

marketing company committed to high quality food products, meeting statuary and regulatory

standards and customers’ satisfaction through continual improvement of its quality

management system.

It is located in a vast green field environment at Simawa village in Sagamu local

government area in Ogun State. It became operational towards the end of 2018 and

commercial sales resumed by February 2019. Over the year, Integrity Farms Limited has built

trust of the vast consumers of the vegetables and has a very wide range of vegetable products.

Their primary intention amongst others is to cater for the shortage of food supply in Nigeria

and to ensure unseasonal supply of vegetable foods to consumers.

4
Figure 2.1: Integrity Farms Logo

5
Integrity Farms Limited is committed to giving the best for the value of the products by

using the latest agricultural facilities, agricultural products and modern technologies to aid

agricultural practice. It is manned by a seasoned agronomist and maintained to a very high

standard, hygienically clean and ambient environment producing fresh vegetables to

consumers every week. Integrity Farms Limited is well equipped with the state-of-act plant

and irrigation system facilities from the best tech manufactural around the world. Based on the

good reception for the existing vegetable products of the company by Nigerian consumers, the

management expanded the plant capacity to satisfy consumers demand.

2.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE ESTABLISHMENT

2.2.1 VISION OF INTEGRITY FARMS LIMITED

To be a first-choice greenhouse farm, noted for fresh produce and quality output; stamping the

DNA of excellence in care for nature and environment.

2.2.2 VALVES OF INTEGRITY FARMS LIMITED

i. Integrity - We always say and represent the truth

ii. Teamwork - The people we engage are trained to provide collectively as a team, high

quality service with utmost professionalism repeatedly

iii. High quality produce - We produce and sell safe and uncontaminated products

iv. Clean and hygienic farming environment - We minimize any negative impact on the

environment. We do not put the health or safety of anyone at unnecessary risk. We sell

products that are safe.

v. Respect - We respect our customers, our business partners, and our colleagues. We do not

act in a way that harms any person or community

6
2.2.3 GOALS OF INTEGRITY FARMS LIMITED

1. To provide good quality and affordable food and vegetables to our local communities

and the nation at large.

2. To maintain a hygienically clean farming environment that can be referred to as

kitchens’ extension.

2.3 ORGANISATION STRUTURE

The company comprises of a minimum of 30 staffs rendering different level of services.

There are at least 15 professionals that makes research on improvement of the farm

operations. Integrity Farms is no different with its top most official being the managing

director, directly under him is the farm manager and then comes four key officials which are

the sales manager, maintenance manager, field manager and the operation manager.

Fig 2.2 show the organogram of Integrity Farms Limited.

2.4 DEPARTMENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN THE ESTABLISHMENT

There are various departments in the establishment to diversify functionality to obtain

optimum results based on their respective areas of specialization. The department in the

establishment include :

1) The Production Department

2) The Irrigation Department

3) The Maintenance Department

4) The Research and Development Department

7
5) The Sales Department

The Production Department: this department consist of the agronomists, kit operators

etc. and they are in charge of the production flow of the factory. Monthly production target for

each of their vegetables are known and the production cycle is stated.

The Irrigation Department: this department is in charge of channeling water from one

place to another across greenhouses and field section. They are also in charge of regulating

irrigation intervals, irrigation scheduling and calculate water needed at a specified rate.

The Maintenance Department: this department is in charge of inspection of all machinery

either mechanical or electrical to examine their conditions and to check for needed repairs,

adjustment or a complete change of material during operations. This ensures safe and efficient

operation of equipment and machinery and to avoid sudden breakdown.

The Research and Development Department: this department is in charge of innovative

activities and developing new products and improving existing products. They make

research on yield productivity of products which the result determines the next cycle

development, possible diseases and its preventive cure.

The Sales Department: this department is in charge of advertising, price regulation and

developing market channels, they receive the consumers want and bring feedbacks to the

establishment for production of satisfactions, they are known as the money making zone of

the establishment.

8
Figure 2.2 : Organization chart

9
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 GREENHOUSE SYSTEM OF FARMING

In some temperate regions where the climatic conditions are extremely adverse and specific

crops can’t be grown, man has developed methods of growing some high value crop

continuously by providing protection from excessive wind, precipitation, cold, extreme

temperature, insects and diseases which is called a greenhouse technology. Greenhouse vary

from small hobby types, to ranges which cover several acres in one enclosure, they are built to

permit the off season production of plants. The basic purpose of greenhouse structure is to

provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment is favorable to plant growth can be

created.

10
Plate 3.1: Tunnel greenhouse at Integrity Farms

11
This type of greenhouse shown above is a UV stabilized polyethylene film used as cladding

material. A solarig is a premier greenhouse covering design for all types of cultivation, it is

made from high quality coated woven poly to the highest standards. Added strength makes it

hail and tear resistant. Move over, a unique additive blocks harmful UV light and reduces the

spread of fungal disease (botrytis) and deters insects (aphids) from entering the house. An anti-

drip additive prevents water droplets from falling onto plants. Solar excellent light diffusion

improves slight transmission and eliminate shadows, and the infrared additive keeps

temperature higher during cold nights and cooler during the daytime.

12
Plate 3.2: Sweet pepper greenhouse at Integrity Farms

13
3.1.1. FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF GREENHOUSE

Regardless of the type of greenhouse or its uses, every greenhouse must meet certain functional

requirements which includes:

Strength

All greenhouse must be designed to withstand the loads which will be imposed on it without

failure or deformation. The primary load they must be able to withstand are the wind load and

precipitation load and the secondary load to be considered is the crop load. Some vegetable

crop such as tomatoes, bell peppers also get support from the structure and all this must be

considered while designing a greenhouse.

Wind load

In designing a greenhouse wind speed should also be considered. The wind speed used in

design of crop production buildings should have a wind resistance of 80km/h.

Foundations

This is also considered due to wind load, the house must be able to carry loads imposed upon

the structure to the ground by the foundation and footings. The foundation should therefore

resist uplift, overturning due to wind and downward acting loads of the crops and the dead

loads of the structure itself.

Crop loads

Some vegetable crops which includes tomatoes, bell peppers (sweet peppers), chili pepper (hot

pepper) needs support. The heavy crop loads are tied with string to the greenhouse frame then

additional strength is required on the roof frame.

14
Maximum light transmission

Light transmission channels across the greenhouse should be considered to overcome crop

growth problem during off-season production period. The house must be built strictly by the

orientation of sunlight.

Roof slope

This affects the run-off of precipitation from the top roof of the greenhouse. The roof of the

greenhouse should have a minimum slope of 28° to get a free flow of water.

Heat and ventilation

Greenhouse generally is a controlled environment for crops, during sunny days, air is heated

outside it should not come in directly on the plants to avoid damaging their growth and during

cold days the house heat should be regulated. A fan and a heater can be used in greenhouses to

regulate the temperature. If it’s a natural cooling and heating method the house should be

constructed to enhance the performance of heat and ventilation of the house.

15
Plate 3.3: Single tunnel greenhouse at Integrity Farms

16
3.1.2 ADVANTAGES OF GREENHOUSE OVER OPEN FIELD

1. Crop yield is higher than that of open field cultivation depending on the type of crop,

and environmental control facilities.

2. Ideally suitable for vegetables and flower crops.

3. Best for off-season production of vegetables and fruit crops.

4. Disease free and genetically superior transplants can be produced continuously.

5. Water requirement of crops is very limited and easy to control.

6. Maintenance of stock plants, cultivating grafted plant-lets and micro propagated plant-

let

7. Production of quality produce free of blemishes.

8. Most useful in monitoring and controlling the instability of various ecological system.

17
Plate 3.4: Open field and greenhouse crops

18
3.2 IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Irrigation is the process of slow application of water or the artificial application of water either

on the surface of the soil or sub-surface for the growth of agricultural crops. It involves

planning and designing a water supply system for agricultural purpose. Irrigation systems are

designed depending on certain conditions and various places as required.

3.2.1 IRRIGATION USED (DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM)

Drip irrigation is also known as “trickle irrigation”, water is applied to each plant separately in

small, frequent, precise quantities through dripper emitters. It is the most advanced irrigation

method with the highest application efficiency. The water is delivered continuously in drops at

the same point and moves into the soil and wets the root zone vertically by gravity and laterally

by capillary action where the planted area is only partially wetted. It is most suited for

horticulture crops, vegetables etc. and finds applicability in hard rocks areas where

groundwater is scarce and helps in optimization of the limited water resources.

3.2.2 MERIT AND DEMERIT OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

3.2.2.1 Merit

1. Prevents overwatering.

2. Conserves water supply.

3. Results in less weeding and reduces weeding time.

4. Eliminates hours of hand watering.

5. It can be fully automated with a timer.

6. Can be used in any environment such as gardens, greenhouses and fields.

7. Its adaptability to harsh topographical and soil conditions.

19
3.2.2.2 Demerit

1. Clogging of emitters

2. Water management

3. Restricted root zone

3.2.3 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1. Mainline: this are pipes that goes from the water source to the control valves. Mainline

pipe may be made of galvanized steel, copper, PVC, heavy wall polyethylene. PVC

should be buried or protected because it is damaged by sunlight.

2. Sub-mains: this carries water from the main-line to serve a particular area.it may

include pressure regulators, control valves and filters.

3. Lateral: this pipes are located between a control valve and the drip tube, they are made

of PVC, PEX or polyethylene, carrying water from the sub-mains. They are often used

when multiple drip tubes are needed, such as when the irrigated area is too large for a

single drip line.

4. Drip line: this are tube laid on the ground surface between the plants, the emitters are

either installed on the drip line or built-in emitters spaced every 6, 9, or 12 inches. It

can be used in containers, garden, fields and greenhouses bed.

5. Valves: manually or automatically operated control valves are used to turn the water

on and off. Automatic control valves are wired to a controller. Ball type of valve are

used basically on fields. There are two types of valve which are

a) Isolation valve: are manually operated valves used for infrequent shut-off of the

water. They are located at the water source so the water can be shut off for repairs.

20
 b) Control valve: are valves that turn on and off the water to individual circuits or

areas of the yard that are irrigated separate from one another. It can be automatically

or manually operated.

6. Backflow Preventer: this is a device that prevents the irrigation system water from

being siphoned back into the water source.

7. Emitters: this are device that controls how fast the water drips out onto the soil and

they can be connected to the tubing or inside the tubing. They deliver water at a slow

consistent rate, usually 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 gallons per hours

8. Filters: this are device that prevent dirt and debris from clogging the emitters. A disk

filter should be used near the point of connection at the water source as a primary filter

to filter high level of algae or other organic matter and a screen filter should be used at

each drip valve as a secondary level of protection in case any debris enters the irrigation

system downstream of the primary filter.

9. Pressure Regulator: most drip systems operate at low pressure, usually less than 20

PSI. Pressure regulators reduce incoming water pressure to the ideal pressure and keeps

it at a constant level for the drip system. This device only reduces pressure, it doesn’t

increase water pressure, so if you don’t have enough water pressure this device may not

be used.

10. Air Vent: they are used to prevent air from being sucked into the emitters when the

system is turned off. When the drip system is turned off the water in the pipes drains to

the lowest point out of the emitters. As the water drains out it is replaced with air that

is sucked into the tube which may contain dirt, and possibly clog the emitting points.

11. Water meters: this provide information regarding water application that is essential

for irrigation scheduling, and for monitoring of dripper clogging. Propeller meters are

mostly used for agricultural applications.

21
12. Flush Valve or End Cap: are attached to the end of each irrigation line so that dirt and

debris can be flushed out of the irrigation system. At least irrigation system should be

flushed once a week to avoid constant clogging of system.

13. Fittings: this includes tees, couplings, ells and adapters. They are plastic connectors

used to attach the drip tube to other tubes, to control valves and pipes. They are different

sizes and the right fittings should be used for the right pipe or control valve.

14. Barb type fittings: this are inserted into the drip tube which are easier watertight

connection without using tools or glue. Barb fittings are also of different sizes so the

right size should be used for the right tube achieve a watertight connection.

22
Plate 3.5: Connection from the irrigation tank to the greenhouse

23
15. Pumps: in most irrigation applications, centrifugal pumps are used. A centrifugal pump

is a 3 rotodynamic pump that adds energy to the water using a rotating impeller. It may

be either a horizontal-shaft or vertical-shaft (submersed pumps).

a) Horizontal pumps: this type of pumps has a vertical impeller connected to

a horizontal drive shaft and it requires priming. They are less costly, less

maintenance and easy to install, and frequently used to pump water from

surface water source.

24
Figure 3.1: Surface pump

25
b) Vertical-shaft (submersed pumps): this type are self-priming pumps

because both pump and motor suspended in the water. They are frequently

used for ground water source.

26
Plate 3.6: Submersible pump

27
3.2.4 DRIP IRRIGATION INSTALLATION

Before installing a well drip irrigation system a design must be followed. Always sketch,

measure and plan a design before installation to determine the best options for the situation.

Once the water supply and system components are known they can then be put together as

every situation is different so, evaluate to see if you can deliver required water amount to end

points.

28
Figure 3.2: Schematic layout of an automated drip irrigation system (Visio professional)

29
3.2.4.1 Installation Tips

Before rolling out the mainline, the pipes should be warmed in the sun to make it more pliable.

Mainlines are best advised to be buried underground to prevent them from environmental

hazards.

Mulching should be considered when using a drip irrigation system to increase the tubing

lifespan and helps protect it from environmental hazards.

Once the mainline and supply lines are installed, it is recommended to flush the piping with

clean water for at least a minute before installing the emitters to remove any debris in the lines.

A backflow preventer device should be used to protect domestic water and municipal water

supply from contamination.

30
Figure 3.3: Integrity Farms Greenhouse irrigation system layout (Visio professional

31
3.2.5 DRIP IRRIGATION MAINTENANCE

For optimum performance, drip irrigation system requires routine system maintenance. The

nature of agricultural water sources, fertilizer injection practices, natural limitations of filtration

equipment and the general agricultural growing environment makes maintenance a priority.

Aside from making equipment adjustments or repairs during the process of maintenance the

following should also be done

1. Flushing the system: when operating a new system for the first time flush the

piping (main line, sub-main line and lateral), flush the drip lines at least once a week

to avoid clogging of emitters which may lead to plant wilting if not noticed on time.

2. Clean the filters: both screen and disc filters should be cleaned regularly to clear

out any collected particulate or organic matter. Clogging filters can reduce pressure

to the system thereby lowering the water application rate or flow rate.

32
Plate 3.7: Filter cleaning process at Integrity Farms

33
3.3 CROPS PRACTISED

3.3.1 SWEET PEPPERS

Sweet peppers, also called bell peppers belongs to the species Capsicum annuum, cultivars of

these plants produce fruits in different colors and shapes. Usually the colors range from red to

yellow and orange, but more exotic colors include purple and lime green. The fruit is also

frequently consumed in its unripe form when the fruit is still green. Sweet peppers grow bests

between 21°C and 25°C, when temperature fall below 18°C or exceed 27°C for extended

periods, growth and yield are usually decreased. Sweet peppers can tolerate daytime

temperatures over 30°C, as long as night temperatures are within 21-24°C. Sweet peppers are

photoperiod and humidity-insensitive (day length and relative humidity do not affect flowering

or fruit set) (Dhaliwal, Sharma, Jindal, Dhaliwal, &Gaikwad, 2017). Fruit that is formed during

high temperature above 35°C condition is normally deformed. Sweet peppers are also very

sensitive to sunscald (Coertze&Kistner, 1994a) while fruit color development is hastened by

temperature above 21°C (Bosland&Votava, 2000).

34
Figure 3.4: Sweet peppers in different colors

35
They grow best in a loam or silty-loam soil with good water holding capacity. But they can

grow on many soil types, as long as the soil is well drained. Soil pH should be between 6.0 and

7.0. There are several factors that influence the growth and yield of sweet peppers, some of

which include temperature, relative humidity, day length, photoperiod etc. (Go, Jc, &Martey,

2017). Along with other factors which affect the per unit area production like nutrition, cultivar,

growing system and soil fertility, plant density has its significance. In some of the regions

where the climatic conditions are extremely adverse and no crops can be grown, greenhouse

technology is best advised to provide a favorable environment condition to the plant.

Greenhouse is rather preferred to protect the plants from adverse climatic conditions such as

wind, cold, precipitation, excessive radiation, extreme temperature, insects and diseases (Go et

al., 2017). According to (Wilshire Collin, 2007) greenhouse increases crop yield by as much

as 4 to 10 times compared with plants grown under open field conditions.

36
Table 3.1: Food classification for sweet peppers

Nutritional value Quantity

Carbohydrates 4.64g

Sugars 2.4g

Dietary fiber 1.8g

Fat 0.17g

Protein 0.86g

Water 93.9g

37
Table 3.2: Mineral classification for sweet peppers

Minerals Quantity %DV+

Calcium 10mg 1%

Iron 0.34mg 3%

Magnesium 10mg 3%

Manganese 0.122mg 6%

Phosphorus 20mg 3%

Potassium 175mg 4%

Sodium 3mg 0%

38
Table 3.3: Vitamin classification for sweet peppers

Vitamins Quantity %DV+

Vitamin A 18 g 2%

Beta-Carotene 208 g 2%

Thiamine (B1) 0.057mg 5%

Riboflavin (B2) 0.028mg 2%

Niacin (B3) 0.48mg 3%

Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.099mg 2%

Vitamin B6 0.224mg 17%

Folate (B9) 10 g 3%

Vitamin C 80.4mg 97%

Vitamin E 0.37mg 2%

39
3.3.2 HOT PEPPER (HABANERO)

Hot peppers, Capsicum chinense, are members of the genus Capsicum. Several varieties of hot

peppers include the Scotch Bonnet, Habanero and the West Indies Red and Yellow.

Hot peppers generally are warm season vegetable, but can also be grown under a wide range

of temperatures from 15 – 32 and moisture conditions. Hot peppers can withstand higher

temperatures than sweet peppers. Excess rainfall and temperatures between 32–35 cause

severe loss of blossoms.

40
Figure 3.5: Habaneros in different colors

41
Habaneros are high yielding varieties and are very adaptable to local tropical conditions. They

vary enormously in size and shape according to the variety, ranging from berries ¼ inch in

diameter and pods of up to 5 inches long, the pods are green at immaturity and range from red,

orange and yellow at maturity. Habaneros have a distinct ‘apricot like’ fruit aroma and can hold

their flavor, heat and aroma during storage.

42
Plate 3.8: Fruit at ripening stage

43
For the development of the pepper plant, a relative humidity between 65 – 85% is considered

optimal. High relative humidity levels negatively influence pollen release and distribution on

the stigma. High humidity creates a favorable environment for the development of several

foliar diseases. Conversely, low relative humidity may cause infertility which leads to small,

deformed or flat fruit. At relatively low humidity and high temperature, evaporation rate from

the leaves is rapid. If the root system is unable to supply the water volume required, it may lead

to partial wilting of the growth tip and increase the incidence of blossom end rot.

44
Table 3.4: Nutritional values classification for habanero

Nutritional values Quantity

Carbohydrates 8.8g

Sugars 5.3g

Dietary fiber 1.5g

Fat 0.4g

Protein 1.9g

Water 88g

45
Table 3.5: Vitamin classification for habanero

Vitamins Quantity %DV+

Vitamin A 48 g 6%

Vitamin B6 0.51mg 39%

Vitamin C 144mg 73%

46
Table 3.6: Mineral classification for habanero

Minerals Quantity %DV+

Iron 1mg 8%

Magnesium 23mg 6%

Potassium 322mg 7%

47
3.3.3. TOMATOES

Tomato, Solanum lycopersicumis a nutrient-dense super food that offers benefit to a range of

bodily systems. Its nutritional content supports healthful skin, weightless and heart health.

Tomatoes are loaded with a substance called lycopene. It gives them their bright red color and

helps protect them from the ultraviolent rays of sun. it can also protect the cells from damage.

Tomatoes also have potassium, Vitamin B and E, and other nutrients.

Tomato is used for preventing cancer of the breast, bladder, cervix, colon and rectum, stomach,

lung, ovaries, pancreas, and prostate. It is also used to prevent diabetes, diseases of the heart

and blood vessels (Cardiovascular disease), cataracts, and asthma.

3.3.3.1 HEALTH BENEFITS OF TOMATOES

1. Tomatoes are great source of vitamins

2. Protect heart health

3. Improves vision

4. Boost digestive health

5. Helps with diabetes management

6. Guard skin health

7. Protect against cancer

48
3.4 CYCLE PROCEDURES

3.4.1. Raising of nursery

Nurseries are mostly raised in a mini greenhouse protected from direct radiation of the sun.

The temperature required for optimum germination of seed varies from 25 - 28 Healthy seeds

should be used to guarantee good germination. Healthy treated seeds were gotten from standard

agricultural processing firms such as Dizengoff Nigeria and Afriagri Limited. Germination

varies depending on variety, seed quality, and soil mixture. Pepper seeds germinate within 6 -

10 days; tomatoes germinate 3-4 days, they grow slowly at their initial stage. A very high level

of soil fertility is required for the profitable production of a sweet and hot pepper crop. The

quality and quantity of pepper fruits are of crucial importance and are greatly influenced by the

fertility and nutrient levels of the soil at nursery raising stage.

49
Plate 3.9: Nurseries raised in the nursery house

50
It’s preferred to use a well-drained soil which depth is at least 600mm. coco peat soil which

was produced from grinded coconut coir are used for the raising of nurseries, potty soil can

also be used to raise nurseries. Coco peat and potty soil are well drained soil which are best

suitable to raise nurseries. Seedling trays are probably the most efficient way of producing

seedlings. Seedling trays consist of different sizes such as model 98, 128, 200 etc. cells per

seed tray. The seed trays are filled with the soil (coco peat/ potty soil) to a particular depth and

seeds are sown in the seed trays one per cell of the tray. A 20-20-20 N-P-K bonus fertilizer is

then used to irrigate the nursery throughout it stay during nursery period before the transplant

period. Irrigation method includes the knapsack sprayer method or the overhead sprinkler

method. Nurseries of sweet peppers and hot pepper (Habanero) should stay in nursery house

for minimum of 4 weeks and maximum of 5 weeks (28 days to

35days) after which should be ready for transplant.

51
Plate 3.10: Three weeks old nurseries at nursery house

52
3.4.2. Bed preparation

After two weeks of raising the nursery the terminated greenhouse is then prepared for new

season of crops. A soil test is then used to determine fertilizer and liming requirements. Peppers

grow best at soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0, soil can also be adjusted to near neutral for maximum

yield. Soils should be well ploughed to depths of 30cm (12”), and 90cm in width. After beds

have been made following the standard measurement in the greenhouse manure should be

added to the soil and mixed on each bed. Addition of natural manure or organic matter to the

soil assist the plants in early establishment and development.

53
 30 30 30 40cm 30 30 30
90cm 90cm

Figure 3.6: Bed measurement

54
Plate 3.11: Bed preparation at Integrity Farms

55
3.4.3. Irrigation system

Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to agricultural crops. After bed preparation in the

greenhouse, the irrigation system is determined. Drip irrigation system is mostly used in

greenhouse for effective supply of water across the house. Drip irrigation system is designed

following the greenhouse standards and required measurements. The right components are used

and installed according to the layout and after which it is tested before final installation. Its

gravity fed from a tank of 1000liters on a tower 1.5m high, to increase the head. Irrigation

frequency and water quantity is determined by soil type, age of crop, soil salinity and prevailing

weather factors. Saline soils require more water due to leaching factor. During hot season more

watering is given to counteract the effect of evapotranspiration. Young plants are quite

sensitive to water stress. Regular irrigation with small water quantities in a day for the first one

week after transplanting is recommended. Water stress is helpful to encourage deep rooting,

the harder the plant search for water around the deeper the root becomes.

56
Plate 3.12: Drip irrigation installation and test

57
3.4.4. Soil treatment

Before transplant, the soil and the greenhouse environment should be treated to fight and

prevent insects and other harmful micro-organism from damaging the newly transplanted

crops. Several treatments such as fungi treatment, soil pest treatment, soil micro-organism

treatment, wilting treatment, soil end rot treatment etc. should be done before transplanting.

Fungicide is sprayed using the 15liters knapsank sprayer to attack or prevent soil fungi.

Insecticides are also used on insects, pyrenex a soil chemical from Dizengoff Nigeria is used

on soil pest such as millipedes, centipedes, snails, nematodes, vine weevil etc. 250ml of

pyrenex can be added directly to the irrigation tank and discharged by drip irrigation system or

can be sprayed with a 15liters knapsack sprayer. Soil treatment can be done before or after

creating the planting spot

58
Plate 3.13 soil undergoing soil treatment process

59
3.4.5. Soil requirements

The amount of fertilizer to be applied depends on soil fertility, fertilizer recovery rate, soil

organic matter, soil mineralization of Nitrogen (N), and soil leaching of Nitrogen. A soil test

is highly recommended to determine the available N-P-K (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, potassium).

The amount to be applied can then be calculated based on target yield and adjusted for residual

nutrients. Recommendations for supplemental organic matter, fertilizer, lime and manure

should be based on a soil test and a nutrient management plan. Nutrient management plans

balance the crop requirements and nutrient availability, with the aim to optimize crop yield and

minimize ground-water contamination, while improving soil productivity. Peppers respond to

a good fertilization program with a continuous supply of plant nutrients but not a highly fertile

soil. The following are required to enhance crop nutrient:

1. Manure – dry poultry manure is used and may be applied which fertilizer rates must

be adjusted.

2. Lime - may be applied to maintain the soil pH in the range 6.0 to 6.8.

3. Nitrogen - nitrogen is usually partly broadcast pre-plant along with the needed

phosphorus. After some fruit is set, nitrogen can be side-dressed. Nitrogen is important

for sweet pepper plant growth and reproduction.

4. Phosphorus - a starter solution high in phosphorus should be used at the time of

transplanting. Band the phosphorus if mechanically possible.

5. Potash – an impure combination of potassium carbonate and potassium salt. Peppers

do not have a high requirement for potash. It would be best to broadcast and incorporate,

before planting if needed.

6. Magnesium - a deficiency may occur if soil levels are low. Apply dolomitic lime prior

to planting or apply foliar applications of magnesium sulphate.

60
 7. Sulfur - apply gypsum if a deficiency is anticipated. This usually occurs on sandy soils

low in organic matter where manures are not used. Gypsum is also a good source of

calcium.

In greenhouses or tunnel houses and fields fertilizer may be fed through Drip/trickle irrigation

systems for effective application around the soil surface.

3.4.6. Transplanting

Before seedlings are collected from the nursery, land preparation should be completed and

irrigation systems should be in place. Transplant seedlings at 4-5 weeks old or when they are

at the 4-5 true leaf stage. Transplanting should preferably be done in the evenings when

temperatures are low or it is cooler, to avoid excess transpiration. Use healthy, properly

hardened seedlings. Bury plant roots firmly into the soil, but not more than half the height of

the seedling. Apply irrigation to the field/greenhouse or at the base of the plants soon after

transplanting to establish good root-to-soil contact. If plastic mulch is used it must be placed

on beds before transplanting. Seedlings must be hardened off before leaving the nursery. This

is done by making sure that excessive nitrogen and irrigation is kept to a minimum. Two to

five days before collecting the seedlings, the trays must be placed in a position where more

sunlight is available to the plants. We transplant two rows per bed. beds are 40 cm apart, with

30 cm between plants within rows, for a plant population density of 950 plants per greenhouse.

61
Plate 3.14: Nurseries transplanted in the greenhouse

62
3.4.7. Fertilizer application

The amount of fertilizer to apply depends on soil fertility, fertilizer recovery rate, soil organic

matter, soil mineralization of Nitrogen, and soil leaching of Nitrogen. A soil test is highly

recommended to determine the available N, P, and K. The amount to be applied can then be

calculated based on your target yield and adjusted for residual nutrients.

1. POLYFEED/NPK

This fertilizer is applied together with irrigation water at the rate of 0.5gms/1 liter of water

starting after transplanting, for the first 4 weeks. Increase application to 1gm/1liter of water,

from the 4th week onwards. This fertilizer is soluble in the water and is applied through drip

irrigation. When applying through drip irrigation, it’s important to premix in a bucket to

dissolve completely before pouring it into the fertilizer tank.

2. MULTI- K (Potassium Nitrate)

Are applied from the 4th week of transplanting at the rate of 1gms/1liter of water with drip

irrigation system. It is applied at least once per week by irrigating after premixing in a bucket

before pouring into the main irrigation tank. This rate should be maintained throughout the

crop cycle. The application frequency should be at least once a week. During crops flowing

and fruiting use more of multi k than polyfeed, i.e. two weeks with multi k followed by a week

with polyfeed.

3. Haifa Cal. (Calcium Nitrate)

The crops need to be top dressed after 3 to 4 weeks of transplanting using haifa cal. At the rate

of 5-10gms per plant in a ring band form around the plant and has to be covered with the soil

after application. If it is split application of 5gms/plant, the reapplication of the same rate will

be after 5th month of transplanting.

63
Figure 3.7: Bonus, Haifa Cal and Multi-k fertilizers from Haifa group

64
3.4.8. Staking and Trellising

Staking helps plant to grow vertically while trellising support the plant to grow horizontally.

This provides good aeration under the laid stems, easy fertilizer application, weeding and

avoids the fruits from touching the ground. Most sweet pepper varieties require staking to

prevent lodging, particularly when they have a heavy load of fruits. A month after transplanting

the plants are supported with a twine attached to an overhead trellising system due to the

brittleness of their stems. The plant should be manually directed as it grows upward. Avoid

yellow colored plastic lines for they attract insect pests. Staking is almost a daily task to be

done to prevent stems and branches breakage.

65
Plate 3.15: Staking and trellising at greenhouse after a month of transplant

66
3.4.9. Weed control

Perennial weeds must be controlled before planting. In the field pre-plant incorporated

herbicides may be applied to effectively control annual grasses and some broadleaved weeds.

There are only a few available herbicides which provide fair weed control for use on peppers

after transplanting and pre-emergence to annual weeds. These materials control annual grasses

but only a small spectrum of annual broadleaf weeds. Cultivating and hoeing are necessary to

control weed escapes from herbicide treatments. Black plastic mulch can be used in the field

and tunnel houses to control weeds.

3.4.10. Pest control

Controlling pest can be achieved by monitoring the crop by applying insecticides when

necessary and by growing varieties and crop which are resistant to pests. Integrated pest

management (IPM) should be followed as much as possible. IPM can have many components,

including good hygiene, field scouting, mechanical control, cultural practices, biological

control, and chemical control.

67
Plate 3.16: Thrips on flowers

68
Table 3.7: Pest and their Effect on crops

Pest Effects

Aphids discolors foliage, curls leaves, and damages developing

buds

Thrips Sucks the leaves & leave some pimple blotches.

Whitefly Feeds on leaves causing them to yellow and curl

Crickets and mice Can damage seedlings if unattended at storage time

Red spider mite downward curling of leaves, giving an inverted spoon shape

Cutworms Eats the stems or starting from the roots

Snails Feeds on leaves and fruits

69
3.4.10.1 Method of controlling pest

Pest can be controlled in different method such as the chemical control, biological control,

cultural practice and mechanical control. Ways of controlling pest includes:

1. Insecticide: are a type of pesticide that is used to specifically target and kill insects.

Most insecticide are sprayed with knapsack sprayer in different ratio as highly required. There

are basically three types of insecticides which are the

1. Contact type: this type of insecticide attacks and kills insect immediately as it touches

the insect. It a touch and die type of chemical for insect. So it must be sprayed during

the insect working hour, which is around sun raise period.

2. Systemic type: this type of insecticide kills insect at a certain interval of days and won’t

stop killing till its interval of days is completed.

3. Biological type: this insecticide does not kill them instantly but reduce their life span

and end their reproduction productivity till they are all out of site.

4. Contact systemic type: this insecticide consists of both contact and systemic operation.

When spayed it kills instantly at contact with insect and still continues to kill within it

systemic interval.

2. Sticky cards: are glue based traps frequently used in pest control to catch and monitor

insects and other pests. Typically, sticky cards consist of a sticky glue layer mounted on a piece

of cardboard that is folded into a tent structure to protect the sticky surface.

70
Plate 3.17: Sticky cards used for trapping greenhouse insects

71
 3. Purchase and use only certified seeds or seeds collected from high yielding diseasefree

plants.

4. Rogue and destroy diseased plants as soon as they are observed.

5. Practice crop rotation

3.4.11. Diseases control

This helps you to see diseases out break before they contaminate the whole field. Fungicides

and other disease chemicals are used in controlling them. All chemical products were applied

by spray with Knapsack sprayer in the doses recommended by the manufacturers.

Verticillum Wilt (fungus)

Characteristics: Caused by a soil-borne organism that can survive in the soil for many years.

Lower leaves yellow and wither, eventually whole plant may wilt and die.

Control: Grow seedlings in sterilized soil. Treat seed with fungicide. Avoid fields recently

planted to pepper, tomato, potato or strawberry (a four-year rotation). Do not plant before soil

temperature has reached 16 C. Use resistant cultivars.

Bacterial Spot (bacterium)

Characteristics: Caused by a bacterium this disease affects both leaves and fruit. Leaf spots

are up to 0.5 cm, gray-brown and often drop out causing leaves to look ragged. Fruit spots are

raised and scab like. The disease is carried on the seed and spreads rapidly with continued wet

weather.

Control: Sow hot water treated seed. Grow seedlings in sterilized soil and flats. On the first

appearance of the disease, make several applications of fixed copper at label rates.

Infected plants should not be set in the field.

72
Plate 3.18: Bacterium effect on crops

73
3.4.12. Defoliation

This is the stripping of leaves from a plant, which are mostly removal of big lower leaves. The

basic advantage of this technique is to reduce nutrients sharing by unnecessary leaves and allow

plant to use available nutrients for flowers production. After defoliating it is advisable to spray

fungicides to prevent disease from affecting wounds on plant from the cut spot.

74
Plate 3.19: Defoliated hot pepper

75
3.4.13. Harvest

Sweet peppers should be harvested when fruits reach full size (depending on variety, market,

and environment). The fruits at the first and second nodes will be larger than subsequent fruits.

Harvesting can be done up to 6 months after planting. The first matured fruit can be expected

approximately 70-80 day after transplanting depending on the variety. Factors such as

nutrients, climate, temperatures, management and logistics play an important role in the general

holding ability of peppers.

Both sweet pepper and hot pepper will be green in this stage and only once fully matured will

turn color to its genetic background. There are various colors on the market available, but the

main ones would be red, yellow and orange. Colored peppers are normally harvested at color

break stage. This will give sufficient time to get the product to the desired market depending

on the distance etc. Coloring of the fruit will start around the side mostly exposed to the sun.

Fruit at this stage should be stored at 16-21°C. The use of field bags is not recommended as

peppers are hollow and can be easily crushed. Field crates or shallow boxes should be used.

76
Plate 3.20: Harvested sweet peppers of different colors

77
3.4.15. Termination

This is the final process involved in plant cycle, which is the ending of a particular plant season.

It includes uprooting and clearing the crops on field or greenhouse out of the house.

78
Plate 3.21: Termination process at Integrity Farms

79
3.5 Physiological Disorders

3.5.1 Blossom-End Rot

This is a common disorder of greenhouse pepper; the disorder is associated with a number of

environmental stress triggers as well as a calcium deficiency. Any condition which causes

water stress or a reduction in transpiration, and resultant movement of nutrients through the

plants can bring on the symptoms. Lack of water, fluctuating water conditions, from dry to wet

to dry, etc., damage to the root system and high EC in the root zone can cause blossom-end rot.

Symptoms of blossom-end rot begin as soft spots on the fruit, which develop into sunken,

brownish to tan lesions with a very distinct border between affected and healthy tissue. Control

is obtained by avoiding conditions of moisture stress or conditions of reduced transpiration in

the crop; ensure that the plants receive adequate water and that vapour pressure deficit (VPD)

targets are met. Weekly foliar applications of calcium nitrate can have a significant impact on

reducing the occurrence.

80
Plate 3.22: Blossom end-rot effect on sweet pepper

81
3.5.2 Sunscald

The symptoms of sunscald on the pepper fruit are very similar to those for blossomend rot.

Soft, tan coloured sunken lesions develop on fruit that is exposed to direct sunlight. It is

important to adjust pruning practices to ensure that all fruit is shaded from direct sunlight.

Applying shading to the greenhouse during the summer months will also help reduce the

incidence of sunscald. Temperatures of exposed fruit can often be 10 °C higher than shaded

fruit, reaching over 35 °C during the midday, even when air temperatures in the greenhouse

are maintained below 27 °C. Fruit temperatures over 35 °C should be avoided.

82
Plate 3.23: Sunscald effect on habaneros and sweet pepper

83
3.5.3 Fruit Cracks

This condition is characterized by the appearance of very fine, superficial cracks on the surface

of the pepper fruit, which gives a rough texture to the fruit. The development of these cracks is

associated with sudden changes in the growth rate of the individual fruit. The appearance of

fruit cracks can follow periods of high relative humidity (over 85%), changes from hot, sunny

weather to cool, cloudy weather or vice versa. Maintaining a consistent, optimized growing

environment is the best way to prevent the development of fruit cracks.

84
Plate 3.24: Fruit crack on sweet pepper

85
3.5.4 Fruit Splitting

The development of large cracks in the fruit is a direct response to high root pressure. Factors

that contribute to the development of high root pressure directly impact on fruit splitting. Adjust

the timing of the last watering in the day so as not to water too late.

Eliminate any night-watering cycles.

3.5.5 Fruit Spots

The appearance of small, white dots below the surface of the pepper fruit is associated with

excess calcium levels in the fruit and the subsequent formation of calcium oxalate crystals.

Conditions that pro- mote high root pressure will also favour the development of fruit spots.

3.5.6 Internal Growths in The Fruit

The development of growths within the pepper usually appear early in the cropping cycle,

generally at the first fruit set. This results from abnormal tissue development in the honey gland

of the fruit.

3.6 MULCHING SYSTEM OF FARMING

Mulching is the process of covering the soil/ground to make more favourable conditions for

plant growth ,development and efficient crop production .Mulch technical alter means‘

covering of soil’. plastic mulches are completely impermeable to water ;it therefore prevents

direct evaporation of moisture from the soil and thus limits the water losses and soil erosion

over the surface.

86
Plate 3.25: Mulching system farming process

87
3.6.1 Advantages of plastic mulching

1 .It is completely impermeable to water.

2 .I t prevents the direct evaporation of moisture form the soil and thus limits the water

losses and conserves moisture.

3. By evaporation suppression, it prevents the rise of water containing salts.

4. Mulch can facilitate fertilizer placement and reduce the loss of plant nutrient through

leaching.

5. Mulches can also provide a barrier to soil pathogens.

6. Opaque mulches prevent germination of annual weeds from receiving light.

7. Reflective mulches will repel certain insects.

8. Mulches maintain a warm temperature even during nighttime which enables seeds to

germinate quickly and for young plants to rapidly establish a strong root growth system.

9. Under mulch, the soil structure is maintained during cropping period.

88
 CHAPTER FOUR

TECHNICAL ANALYSIS

4.1 IRRIGATION SCHEDULING

Irrigation scheduling is the key to preventing root intrusion. By maintaining a consistent

and healthy level of moisture in the soil, roots will exhibit strong and consistent growth

and will not need to seek out new sources of water. In drip irrigation, the soil volume in

the root zone is only partly wetted and the availability of moisture restricted. The soil

moisture depletion should not exceed 40 percent of the soil available moisture in the late

growing stage of vegetables. In other to obtain higher yields, the common practice is to

irrigate every day. Proper irrigation scheduling can be arranged by using tensiometers to

indicate the soil moisture tension in the root zone. If no regular operating schedule has been

prepared, the controller may be programmed using recommended times listed

89
Table 4.1: Irrigation scheduling

Plant type Climate Period

High Water Use Plant Arid 25-55 min/day

Semi-arid 25-45 min/day

Sub-humid 25-40 min/day

humid 15-25 min/day

Medium Water Use Plant Arid 20-35min/day

Semi-arid 15-30min/day

Sub-humid 15-25min/day

humid 10-15min/day

Low Water Use Plant Arid 10-15min/day

Semi-arid 8-12min/day

Sub-humid 6-11min/day

humid 5-6min/day

90
4.2 WATER ANALYSIS

The quality of water refers to the concentration of chemical substances dissolved and

suspended in the water, as well as the physical and biological properties of the water.

Analyze the water used in the irrigation system and water quality should be determined. A

water analysis is necessary in order to select an appropriate type of filtration system, to

prescribe a suitable maintenance program, to select the type of dripper lines and to

prescribe an appropriate nutrition plan. For agriculture, water quality is defined according

to the following criteria:

1. Agronomic water quality: this is the extent to which water is compatible with the type

of soil with the crops.

2. Water quality for irrigation: this is the extent to which it causes or induce clogging of

the irrigation system.

3. Water analysis is recommended for irrigation water at least once a growing season

because it is not controllable; it verse with time for a variety of reasons. This means

that different treatments are required at different times in order to ensure that water

quality is suitable for the irrigation system.

Water samples should be taken and test analysis on the following parameters: Electrical

conductivity(EC), level of acidity or alkalinity(pH), Calcium(Ca), Magnesium(Mg),

Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Bicarbonate(HCO3), Carbonate(CO3), Iron(Fe), Boron(B),

Manganese(Mn), Chloride(Cl), Sulfate(SO4), Phosphate(PO4), Nitrogen-ammonium(N-

NO4), Nitrogen-nitrate(N-NO3), Total suspended solid(TSS), Total dissolved solids(TDS),

Turbidity, Algae and ChlorophyII, Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD), Chemical oxygen

demand(COD) and Volatile suspended solid(VSS).

91
4.3 GRAVITY FED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

With gravity-fed systems, the volume of available water and flow rate take a back seat to

pressure. All the water in the world is no good if you can’t get it to flow evenly throughout

your system and the only way to gain pressure in a gravity-fed system is by elevating your

water source. For each 2.3’ of elevation, approximately 1 PSI is gained, meaning the 10’

of elevation is 4.34 PSI (10/2.3 = 4.34 PSI). Using a low pressure source to supply a drip

irrigation system may require using products outside of the manufacturer’s specifications.

This means lower flow rates, smaller zones, and fewer emitters. If the flow rate of a

particular system is not satisfied, the pressure of the system can be adjusted by:

1. Elevating the tank.

2. Isolating into smaller sections.

3. Connecting to municipal water supply.

4.3.1. Water Requirement

Calculate the daily water ration to be returned to the crop by tracking daily additions and

losses of water and balancing them. The losses are due to crop water use and leach

(percolation) requirements. The objective of water budgeting is to maintain soil moisture

near the optimum level by keeping track of crop water use and then irrigating to replace

the water used .

92
Table 4.2: Milliliters of water per minutes required

5(min/ 10(min/m 15(min/m 20(min/m 25(min/m 30(min/m 35(min/m 40(min/

m) l) l) l) l) l) l) m

90 150 215 260 330 400 470 510

85 145 215 235 310 400 470 510

90 150 225 260 330 400 470 510

75 135 200 235 305 380 420 480

75 135 210 240 300 370 420 480

90 150 225 260 330 400 470 510

75 135 210 250 320 390 460 500

75 135 210 250 320 390 460 500

75 135 210 250 320 390 460 500

93
 CHAPTER FIVE

RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 RECOMMENDATION

In light of the industrial training, I would like to make the following Recommendations

To ITF:

1. ITF should ensure the regular visitation of the ITF officers to Supervising Agencies

Institutions, Employers and students on attachment.

2. The log-book issued to students at attachment by institutions must be checked and

signed by the institutions and ITF Supervisors responsible during supervision.

3. ITF should be providing insurance cover to students on attachment and improve on

paying Students and supervisor’s allowances for motivation.

To the School:

1. More thorough supervision should be put in place by the organizers to be able to detect

any student who have actually used the period of SIWES for another thing entirely and

proper punishment should be levy up against such student.

2. The organizers of SIWES programme should endeavor to assist students who are less

privilege to securing a relevant place for their industrial attachment in order to curb the

act of students doing their industrial training in irrelevant places where they cannot have

any practical experience related to their field of study.

To the students:

94
 1. Student should explore the opportunity of SIWES in place of attachment as applicable

2. to their interest and field of study. Prospective students should search for industrial

training placement where they would contribute and gain practical experience.

3. All industrial training students should be strong and humble to learn and acquire skills

from the professionals and nonprofessionals in the industries.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The industrial work experience scheme has indeed helped me to understand the process

involve in greenhouse management, crop management, and has acquaint me with the

industrial work environment.

As a student of agricultural and environmental engineering, I have been able to obtain the

most relevant and effective practical industrial training and experience in the duration of

24 weeks. Furthermore, an awareness of the general work place has been developed in me

and I have acquired important behavior and interpersonal skills with the opportunity given

me to get a feel of the work environment and exposure as a student to the responsibility

and ethics of a food scientist.

Finally, I will like to state that the SIWES programme is a very relevant and necessary

programme for all students that must be take advantage of by every student for each

student’s professional development prior to graduation.

95
 RERFREENCES

Bosland, P. and Votava, E. (2000) Peppers: Vegetable and Spice Capsicums. Cambridge:

CABI Publishing

Dhaliwal, M. S., Sharma, S. P., Jindal, S. K., Dhaliwal, L. K., & Gaikwad, A. K. (2017).

Growth and yield of bell pepper as influenced by growing environment , mulch , and

planting date. Journal of Crop Improvement, 31(6), 830846.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2017.1391146

Go, N., Jc, N., & Martey, A. (2017). Growth , Yield and Consumer Acceptance of Sweet

Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L .) as Influenced by Open Field and Greenhouse

Production Systems, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-0354.1000216

Wiltshire Colin (2007) Greenhouse operation handbook. Ministry of Agriculture Food

and Crops Department, Graeme Hall, Barbados.

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