SIWES REPORT @ HONEYGOLD HOSPITAL & MATERNITY 2022/ND/SLT/127

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was official designed by
the Federal Government of Nigeria in partnership with Industrial Training Fund
(ITF) with the sole aim improving the quality of student ability.

The SIWES Programme is very important to complement student hypothetical

thought with practical experience which give the student an exposure to first
hand information and field work and prepare student for future challenges.

1.1 HISTORY OF SIWES

The government’s decree no 47 of 8th October, 1971 as amended in 1990

highlighted the capacity building of human resources in industry, commerce and
government through training and retraining of workers in order to effectively
provide the needed high quality goods and services in a dynamic as ours. This
decree led to the establishment of Industrial Trust (ITF) in 1973/1974.

The growing concern among our industrialists that graduates of our institutions of
higher learning, lack adequate practical background studies preparatory for
employment in industries, led to the formation of Student Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (SIWES) by ITF in 1993/1994.

ITF has one of its functions; to work as cooperative entity with Industry and
commerce where students in institution of higher learning can undertake mid-
career work experience attachment in industries which are compatible with
student area of study.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

The following are some of the objectives of SIWES.

1. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to test their interest in a particular
career before permanent commitments are made.
2. SIWES student will develop skills in the application of theory to practical work
situations.

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3. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to test their aptitude for a particular
career before permanent commitments are made.
4. SIWES students will develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their
careers.
5. SIWES will aid students in adjusting from college to full-time employment.
6. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive to
effective interpersonal relationships.
7. SIWES will increase a student’s sense of responsibility.
8. SIWES students will be prepared to enter into full-time employment in their area
of specialization upon graduation.
9. SIWES students will acquire good work habits.
10. SIWES students will develop employment record/reference that will enhance
employment opportunities.
11. SIWES will provide students the opportunity to understand informal
organizational interrelationship.
12. SIWES will reduce student dropouts.
13. SIWES students will be able to outline at least five specific goals with several staff
members by comparing performance with job duties and develop a draft plan with
staff to accomplish performances needs, supervision plan and rewards.
14. SIWES students will be able to develop a draft agency or project budget and will
be able to identity methods of obtaining revenue to support the budget.
15. SIWES students will be able to provide tools to use in prioritizing tasks of an
assigned project and create with staff a tentative schedule for completion based on
these tasks.
16. SIWES students will be able to develop a model policy that gives current front-
line leaders the permission and expectation to work with other staff on conflict
resolution and explain how this works to current front line leaders.
17. SIWES students will be able to describe different skills leaders can use to foster
commitment and collaboration with both internal and external constituents.

The four month students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) which
is a requirement for the completion of my course of study, Science Laboratory
Technology was undertaken at Honey Gold Hospital & Maternity, Oworo, Felele,
Lokoja, Kogi State.

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1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF SIWES
It is generally accepted that SIWES program has various significance on student as
a whole as well as having good impact on the student learning trait through the
whole institution.
The following are the advantages of SIWES to students.
 SIWES program is part of the government for the award of National Diploma for
science students in all polytechnic.
 It expose student to non-academic experience in order to set on for future
purpose.
 It produces and acquired students to different industrial equipment in the
profession and their uses.
 It provides students the opportunity exploit their already acquired potential
toward their profession.
Participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award
of Diploma and Degree certificate in specific disciplines in most institutions of
higher learning in the country, in accordance with the education policy of
government.
Operators: The ITF, the coordinating agencies (NUC, NCCE, NBTE), employers of
labour and the institutions.
Funding: The Federal Government of Nigeria
Beneficiaries: Undergraduate students of the following; Agriculture, Engineering,
Technology, Environmental, Science, Education, Medical Science and Pure and
Applied Sciences.
Duration: Four months for Polytechnic and colleges of Education, and six months
for the universities.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE REPORT

The objectives of the SIWES report are;

 To make through explanation of the work done during my four month industrial
training.
 To fulfill the requirement for national diploma in computer science.
 To contribute to the body of knowledge and to enhance the
understanding of the writer about a similar or same job.

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1.5 THE LOGBOOK
The logbook issued to student on attachment by the institution was used to
record all daily activities that took place during the period of attachment, and it
was checked and endorse by the industry based/institution based supervisors and
ITF during supervision.
1.6 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION
The Honey Gold Clinic And Maternity is a Private hospital, located at Oworo,
Lokoja Local Government, Kogi State. It was established on 7/12/2006, and
operates on 24 hours basis.
The Honey Gold Clinic And Maternity is Licensed hospital by the Nigeria Ministry
of Health, with facility code 22/12/1/2/2/0009 and registered as Secondary Health
Care Centre.
Services Offered: Gastroenterology,Nephrology,Family Medicine, General Surgery,
Radiology, Antenatal Care (ANC), Immunization, HIV/ AIDS Services, Family
Planning, Accidents and Emergency, Nutrition, Health Education and Community
Mobilization, Scanning, No, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Fertility/Assisted Reproductive
Techniques and it has Facility Level: Honey Gold Clinic And Maternity is a
Secondary Health Care Centre located at Oworo, Felele, Lokoja, Kogi, Nigeria

1.6.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 ASSIGNMENT CARRIED OUT DURING SIWES PERIOD
In the course of the SIWES scheme we I was introduced to the organization and
given Induction course/Training about the activities of the firm.
2.1 EQUIPMENT USE IN THE LABORATORY
The following are the instrument used at Honey Gold Maternity and Hospital:
1. Laboratory Coat: This is an overall wear mainly made of Colton material to prevent
the spilling of chemicals and dangerous samples on the body.
2. Hand Gloves: These are protective rubber like covering worn on the hands. Each
glove has a separate sketch for each finger.
3. Tourniquet: This is a belt- like material usually tied around the upper arm to make
vein visible before blood sample collection.
4. Methylated Swab: This is a little quantity of cotton wool soaked in methylated
spirit. It is use to clean the area from which blood sample will be taken.
5. Spot Plaster: This is used for covering the point when the blood sample is been
drawn out.
6. Bunsen Burner: This is a portable tube gas burner used to sterilized objects such as
inoculating loop.
7. Syringe and Needle: This is used to collect blood sample from patient.
8. Centrifuge: This is used to spin samples to separate it constituents e.g. blood based
on their different densities.
9. Slide: This is a rectangular shape glass in which specimen or samples are placed to
be viewed under the microscope.
10. Incubator: it is an apparatus for maintaining the complete growth or maturation
of living organisms.
11. Pipetete: This is used for the collection of capillary blood measuring of various
blood, serum, urine and other blood fluids.
12. Weighing Balance: This is used for weighing reagents and culture media before
preparation.

2.1.1 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND THEIR USES

 Microscope: A microscope is an optical instrument having a magnification lens or

a combination of lenses for inspecting objects too small to be seen distinctly and in

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detail by the unaided eyes. It is used in the pathology laboratory for examination of
stained blood film, stool, urine etc.

Figure 2.1: A Microscope Machine

 Centrifuge: A centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment, driven by a motor,

spins liquid samples at high speed. There are various types of centrifuge
depending on the size and the sample capacity. Like all other centrifuges,
laboratory centrifuges work by the sedimentation principle where the centripetal
acceleration is used to separate substances of greater and lesser density. It is
usually used to separate serum or plasma from red cells in a blood sample etc.

Figure 2.2: A Centrifuge

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 Incubator: An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological
cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity
and other conditions such as the carbondioxide and oxygen content of the
atmosphere inside. Incubators are essential for a lot of experimental work in cell
biology, microbiology and molecular biology and are used to culture both bacterial
as well as eukaryotic cells.

Figure 2.3: An incubator

 Electrophoresis Machine: This is one of the most important equipment used by

molecular biologists. It migrate a charged molecule through a restrictive matrix, or
gel, drawn by an electrical force. To mention but a few applications,
deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) electrophoresis is used to map the order of restriction
fragments within chromosomes to analyze DNA variation within a population by
restriction fragment length polymorphisms and to determine the nucleotide-
sequence of a piece of DNA.

Figure 2.4: An electrophoresis machine

 Laboratory Refrigerator: Laboratory refrigerators are used to cool samples or

specimens for preservation. They include refrigerator units for storing blood
plasma and other blood products, as well as reagents, vaccines and other medical
and pharmaceutical supplies. They differ from standard refrigerators used in
homes and restaurants because they need to be totally hygienic and completely
reliable. Laboratory refrigerators need to maintain a consistent temperature in
order to minimize the risk of bacterial contamination and explosions of volatile
materials.
Figure 2.5: A laboratory refrigerator
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 Graduating/measuring cylinder: This is a common piece of laboratory equipment
used to measure the volume of liquid. They are generally more
accurate and precise than laboratory flasks and beakers but they
are not used to perform volumetric analysis. Graduated cylinders
are sometimes used to measure the volume of a solid indirectly by
measuring the displacement of a liquid.
Other pathology laboratory equipment include: syringe and
needles, test tubes, microhematocrit reader, petri-dish,
micropipette, microhematocrit centrifuge, ESR stand, and universal
bottle (for collecting urine, stool, sputum and semen samples).
Figure 2.6: A measuring cylinder

2.2 ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT

Specimen Container: This is a sterilized container used in collecting faecal, urine
and blood specimen.
Materials:
 EDTA bottle (ethylene di-amine tetraacetic acid) for hematology and
microbiology/serology test.
 Lithium heparin for chemistry test.
 Plain bottle for hormonal test.
 Fluoride Oxalate bottle for glucose level test.
 Universal bottle for urine and semen analysis
 Microscope: This is a device use to magnify and view microscopic organisms.
 Hematocrit (Hematospin): This is a machine that is used to spin blood sample
for packed cell volume (PCV)
 Hematocrit Reader: This is used to measure the percentage of the packed cell
volume.
 Test Strips(Hepatitis B Strip, pregnancy strip, PT strip, HIV strip): They are
membranes used in a rapid chromatographic immunoassary for qualitative
detection of anti-bodies in the serum or whole blood to aid diagnosis.
 Reagents: blood group antigens (A, B and D) Widal reaction antigens and
genotype buffer solution.
2.3 PHLEBOTOMY

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Phlebotomists are people trained to draw blood from a patient for clinical or
medical testing, transfusions, donations and researches. Phlebotomists collect
blood primarily by performing venipuncture, (or for collection of minute
quantities of blood, finger sticks). Blood may be collected from infants by means of
heel stick. The duties of a phlebotomist may include properly identifying the
patient, interpreting the tests requested on the requisition, drawing blood into the
correct tubes with the proper additive, accurately explaining the procedure to the
patients, preparing patient accordingly, practicing standard and universal
precaution, performing the skin/vein puncture, withdrawing blood into containers
or tubes, restoring homeostasis of puncture site, instructing patients on puncture-
care, ordering test per the doctor’s requisition, affixing tubes with electronically
printed label and delivering specimens to the laboratory.
Aim:
Phlebotomy is majorly practiced for the collection of blood samples to needed to
carry out various laboratory tests. Phlebotomy that is part of treatment
(therapeutic phlebotomy) is performed to treat polycethemiavera, a condition that
causes an elevated red blood cell volume (hematocrit). Phlebotomy is also
prescribed for patients with disorders that increase the amount of iron in their
blood to dangerous levels such as hemochromatosis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.
Patient with pulmonary edema may undergo phlebotomy procedures to decrease
their blood volume. Phlebotomy is also used to remove blood from the body during
blood donation and for analysis of the substances contained within it.
Preparation:
Patient having their blood drawn for analysis may be asked to discontinue
medications or to avoid food (to fast) for a period of time before the blood test.
Patients donating blood will be asked for a brief medical history, have their blood
pressure taken, and have their hematocrit checked with a finger stick test prior to
donation.

Materials: Syringe and needle, tourniquet, cotton-wool, methylated spirit, and the
appropriate container (EDTA, flourideoxide or lithium heparin bottles) or blood
bag.

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Procedure: Blood is usually taken from a vein on the back of the hand or just below
the elbow. Some blood tests, however, may require blood from the artery.
 Allow the patient to sit comfortably.
 Apply the tourniquet on his/her arm and allow the patient to make a fix.
 Select the prominent vein.
 Disinfect the appropriate site in-out with cotton wool containing methylated spirit
(swob).
 Insert your needle gently at angle 30 (obtuse angle) and withdraw the blood into
the syringe.
 Place a cotton wool at the puncture site and withdraw the needle gently.
 Dispense the sample into the appropriate bottle.
 Gently mix the blood by inversion method/rotary method.
For some tests requiring very small amount of blood for blood analysis, the
technician uses a finger stick. A lancet blade is used to make a small cut in the surface
of the fingertip and a small amount of blood is collected in a narrow glass tube. The
fingertip may be squeezed to get additional blood to surface. The amount of blood
drawn depends on the purpose of the phlebotomy.
After care: After blood is drawn and the needle is removed, pressure is placed on the
puncture site with a cotton ball to stop bleeding and a bandage is applied. It is not
uncommon for a patient to feel dizzy or nauseated during or after phlebotomy. The
patient may be encouraged to rest for a short period once the procedure is completed.
Patients who experience swelling of the puncture site or continue bleeding after
phlebotomy should seek immediate medical treatment.

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Normal results: Normal results include obtaining the needed amount of blood with
the minimum of discomfort to the patient.
2.4.1 Malaria Parasite Test
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused
by eukaryotic protists of the genus plasmodium. The disease results from the
multiplication of plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that
typically include fever and headache, in severe cases progressing to coma and death.
It is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions, including much of sub-
Saharan Africa, Asia and America. Five species of plasmodium can infect and be
transmitted by humans. Severe disease is largely caused by Plasmodium falciparum
while the disease caused by Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium
malariae is generally a milder disease that is rarely fatal. Plasmodium knowlesi is a
zoonosis that causes malaria in macaques but can also infect humans.

2.4.2 Test for Malaria Parasite

The various species of malaria parasite can be determined in the laboratory with the
use of blood film. The blood film can be made in two ways namely: Thin blood film
and Thick blood film
Leishman stain is mostly used in the determination of Plasmodium falciparum while
Geimsa and field stain is used to determine the other species. The main say of malaria
diagnosis has been the microscopic examination of blood. Although blood is the
sample most frequently used to make a diagnosis both saliva and urine has been
investigated as alternative less invasive specimens.
Materials: Clean grease free slide, pasteur pipette, anticoagulated blood sample,
staining rack, applicator stick, microscope, giemsa stain, dry cotton wool.

Procedure:
 A drop of well mixed anticoagulated blood sample was dropped on a clean grease
free slide.
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 The blood was smeared to about 0.5mm/d with the aid of an applicator stick to
make a smear.
 Allow the smear to air-dry.
 The smear was placed on a staining rack and stained with giemsa stain for 15
minutes (diluting stain ratio).
 Rinse in water and wipe the excess water from the side to the back of the slide
with the use of dry cotton wool.
 Place on a draining rack to air-dry.
 To view under microscope, add a drop of immersion oil on the stained slide, place
on the stage of the microscope and view using ×100 objective lens resolution
power.
NB: All dry smears like TB examination, malaria parasite are viewed using ×100
resolution power of the microscope while wet preparations like stool microscopy,
HVS microscopy uses ×10 and ×40.

2.5 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a type of blood test that measures how
quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube that contains a
blood sample. It is a common hematology test, and is a non-specific measure of
inflammation. The ESR is governed by the balance between the pro-sedimentation
factor, mainly fibrinogen, and those factors resisting sedimentation, namely the
negative charge of the erythrocyte (zete potentials).
When an inflammatory process is present, the high proportion of the fibrinogen in
the red blood cells from stacks called ‘rouleaux’, which settle faster, due to their
increased density.
There are three stages in erythrocyte sedimentation, namely;
Stage 1: Rouleaux formation – first 10 minutes
Stage 2: sedimentation or settling stage – 40 minutes
Stage 3: packing stage – 10 minutes (sedimentation slows and cells start to pack at the
bottom of the tube).
Principle: When an anticoagulant is added to a whole blood, properly mixed and
placed in a vertical tube, erythrocyte tends to settle towards the bottom leaving clear
plasma on the top. The rate of sedimentation of red blood cells at a given interval of
time is celled Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.

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Materials: ESR tube, sodium citrate, tube rack, timer, anticoagulated blood sample
micropipette.
Procedure (Western-green):
 Prepare ratio 1:4 of anticoagulant and anticoagulated blood sample.
 Pipette 0.4ml of sodium citrate (anticoagulant) into the ESR tube.
 Add 1.6ml of anticoagulated blood sample into the test tube.
 Mix the anticoagulant with the blood and insert your western-green pipette into
the tube.
 Draw the blood to zero mark of the western-green pipette and avoid air bubbles.
 Allow the tube to position vertically (on non-vibrating working bench) on the tube
rack.
 Set your timer to an hour and read the result after 1 hour.
Result:
Take a reading at 15 minutes interval for an hour and after 1 hour, measure and
read your result starting from the 0-mark on the ESR tube down to the buffy coat
(which is the segment between plasma and the red blood cell consisting of white
blood cell and the platelets) and read your result in mm/hr.
2.6 How To Carry Out Pregnancy Test

Performing a pregnancy test at home is a straightforward process. There are

different types of pregnancy tests available, but the most common is the urine-
based test. Here's a general guide on how to carry out a home pregnancy test:

1. Choose the Right Test: Purchase a reliable and reputable home pregnancy test kit
from a pharmacy or supermarket. Consider well-known brands for accuracy.

2. Read the Instructions: Carefully read the instructions provided with the pregnancy
test kit. Different kits may have slightly different procedures.

3. Timing: The best time to take a pregnancy test is usually in the morning when the
concentration of the pregnancy hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is

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highest in the urine. However, many tests claim to be sensitive enough to use at
any time of the day.

4. Collecting Urine: Collect a urine sample in a clean, dry container. Some pregnancy
tests include a cup for collecting urine.

5. Prepare the Test: Remove the pregnancy test device from its packaging just before
you plan to use it. Keep it away from moisture and contaminants.

6. Perform the Test: Follow the instructions provided with the test kit. Typically, you'll
either dip the test stick into the collected urine or use a dropper to apply a few
drops to a designated area on the test.

7. Wait for Results: Allow the test to develop for the specified amount of time (usually
a few minutes). Avoid interpreting the results before or after the recommended
time frame, as it could lead to inaccurate results.

8. Interpret Results: Check the test results based on the instructions. Results are often
displayed as lines, symbols, or words. A positive result usually indicates the
presence of hCG, suggesting pregnancy.

9. Results: For confirmation or if you have any doubts about the results, consider
repeating the test after a few days or consult with a healthcare professional for a
blood test, which is more sensitive and can provide accurate results earlier in
pregnancy.

It's important to note that home pregnancy tests are generally accurate, but they
can produce false negatives if taken too early or if the instructions are not followed
correctly. If you have concerns about pregnancy or the test results, consult with a
healthcare provider for further guidance.

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE SCHEME

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Aside the practical experience that training avails me, several problems and
challenges were also encountered and observed. Below are some of the problems:

1. Challenges that I was confronted with at the helpdesk were mainly centered on
poor inter-personal relationship between the SIWES students. This was put in
check via the intervention of our superior through discussion and meeting. Also,
when users call in, some of them are either rude and talk impolitely, or most do
not try and be patient and understanding with some of the users.
2. Lack of allowance to SIWES students throughout the four months Technical
Training to supplement our transport fee to and fro the place of attachment.
3. One of the major points in SIWES was that we were divided into groups and
given project topics on which we were to source for materials either from the
internet or libraries after we are to deliver a presentation and this really afforded
us the opportunity to gain things which the staff(s) will not be able to teach us
due to the nature of their job.
4. Inadequate facilities to promote my learning aid and to fortify my knowledge.
5. Lack of adequate staff to assist in carrying out myriad activities and services of
the establishment in order to make the acquisition of knowledge more effective.
6. There is this believe by parent that as a SIWES student we are receiving money or
allowances that limiting them from providing financial needs for us.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 RECOMMENDATION

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Modern Technology such as I.C.T facilities should be implemented in the carryout
activities for student undergoing their Industrial Training Scheme.

ITF should consider the payment of SIWES students so as to make the training easy
for them. Because a student cannot be carrying out his/her Student Industrial
Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) effectively without financial support.

Also, I suggest ITF should liaise with some companies where they will take up
students for Industrial Training. This will help students who find it difficult to find
attachments or who end up in companies where they do nothing.

4.2 CONCLUSION

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) that was setup by the
Government afforded me great lot of benefits and which to state that the Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme is one of the great achievements of the
Nigerian government towards Tertiary Education System. Hence efforts should be
exercised to ensure its continuity.

APPENDIX
SKETCHES, IMAGES AND DRAWINGS

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