ATAGA KADUNA SCAN

AND
POLYTECHNIC
S
DIAGNOSTICS SERVICE

[SIWES
TECHNICAL
REPORT ]

SLT]

Name ： [TOSIN RACHEL

ABIOLA]

Student ID ： [KPT/ CST/ 20/

0612]

CLASS：[ND 2A]
DEPARTMENT:[APPLIED PHYSICS
1 11111
PREFACE

This is a presentation of the practical work done

including work experience scheme (S.I.W.E.S) which
took a duration of four months (23 MAY 2022 to 9th
SEPTEMBER 2022).
It is an effort towards providing an insight on
various tests carried out in the student’s field of study
and giving him/her the opportunity to see how the
knowledge he/she has acquired in school is actually
carried out in the real world
The scope covered by this report is being
presented in a simple manner with the hope that the
information gathered will be up to the expectation. It
comprises of a total of Five 5 chapters each with
different information on the industrial attachment.

2
 DEDICATION

This technical report is dedicated to

ALMIGHTY GOD for his uncountable blessings and
support, to my father Engr. Ezekiel Abiola, my mother
Mrs Abiola, my siblings and my industrial based
supervisor, MRS FATOKUN ISEOLUWA ESTHER for
bringing out the best in me. Also to my able lecturers in
school and my fellow friends and coursemates at school.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My acknowledgement goes to my institution Kaduna

Polytechnic for introducing the SIWES. This program is
of great importance to all students since it enables them
to practically apply what they have been taught in their
classes, make transition from the polytechnic to the
world, to work easier and thus enhance student contact
for later placement after graduation.
Special thanks also to ATAGA SCAN AND
DIAGNOSTICS SERVICE for making me to know all I
need to know during my attachment.
May God continue to guide us amen.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTANCE

Department of Applied Physics,

College of Science and Technology,
School of Science and Technical Education,

Kaduna Polytechnic,
Kaduna State.

Industrial Training FUND (ITF),

Central Administration,
Kaduna State.

Dear Sir,

4
 REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK
EXPERIENCE SIWES (S.I.W.E.S)
In compliance with the recommendation of the authority of
Kaduna polytechnic to write a detailed technical report of the
student industrial work experience scheme carried out from 23th
MAY to 9th September 2022 I, Tosin Abiola, with great pleasure
present a written detailed, technical report of my SIWES
program to your office.

Yours Faithfully,
Tosin Abiola.

5
TABLE OF CONTENT

Title…………………………………………………….. i
Preface………………………………………………….. ii
Dedication………………………………………………. iii
Acknowledgement……………………………………….. iv
Table of content………………………………………….. v

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction………………………………………………8
1.1 Definition of SIWES………………………………………9
1.2 Objectives of SIWES…………………………………….10
CHAPTER TWO
ORGANIZATION
BACKGROUND ... ………………………………………...11
Laboratory rule and regulation………………………………12
Laboratory Equipment and material…………………………13
CHAPTER THREE
WHAT I LEARNT ……………………14.
I. Method of Blood Sample Collection……………………15.
II. Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate( ESR)………………….16
III.Malaria parasites Test (M.P)…………………………….17
IV. Widal Test( Typhoid Fever)……………………………..18.
V. Random Blood Sugar( RBS)……………………………19
VI.Blood Grouping…………………………………………20.
VII. Pregnancy test on blood sample
…………………………………………………….21
VIII. Hepatitis B…………………………………………22
IX. Hepatitis C…………………………………………23
X. Pregnancy test on urine sample…………………….. 24

CHAPTER FOUR
PROBLEM ENCOUNTER ……………………25
CHAPTER FIVE

6
RECOMMENTATION AND CONCLUSION ……………26

7
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report is written as a requirement for the completion of the

four (4) months Student Industrial work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) monitored by the Industrial Training Fund(ITF) which
forms part of the approved minimum academic standard in the
various degree/diploma/NCE program for all Nigerian tertiary
institution.
The scheme was established by the Federal Government of Nigeria
in 1974 when there was a growing concern among industrialists
(employers) on the inability of the graduates in our higher
institutions to effectively display their technical know-how when
faced with real practical. The industrialists believed that the
theoretical education in institutions of higher learning was not
responsive enough to meet the needs of the employers of labour. As
a result, the Government decided to integrate employers of labour
and institutions to provide the necessary solution to this problem.
Thereby the SIWES programme was effected in 1974.

8
1.1 DEFINITION OF SIWES

The term “SIWES” refers to student industrial

work experience scheme. This is defined as an
accepted skill training program that teaches the
young graduate from any tertiary institution
nationwide the basic technical know-how a student is
likely to encounter after school.
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) is aimed at exposing students to
professional work methods, machines, equipment and
ways of safeguarding the work area and workers in
industries and other organisations.
It seeks to bridge the gap between theory and
practice of engineering technology, sciences and
other professional educational programmes in the
Nigerian Tertiary Institutions.

9
 1.2 OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE
The main objectives of the scheme are to:
i. Expose students to work methods and techniques in
handling equipment and machinery that may not
available in their institutions.

ii. Prepare students for the work situation they are

likely to meet after graduation.

iii. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their

theoretical knowledge in real work situations,
thereby bridging the gap between higher education
and actual practice.

iv. Provide an avenue for students in Nigeria's tertiary

institutions to acquire industrial skills and
experience in their course of study.

v. It helps students make the transition from their

institutions to the world and also enhances students'
contact for later job placement after graduation.

vi. Prepare students for future challenges they would

encounter after the completion of their programmes.

vii. To set up a kind of familiarization medium between

the students undertaking training and the
industrialist.

viii. Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the

entire education process of preparing graduates for
employment in the industry.

10
 CHAPTER TWO

1.3 ORGANIZATION BACKGROUND

ATAGA SCAN AND DIAGONSTIC SERVICES is located in

plot 23/25, Amfalah House Gwari Avenue Kaduna South,
Nigeria. It is a leading diagnostics services provider that offers
dedicated health services to patients. The diagnostics centre
comprises of a laboratory Department, a laboratory testing
section and many more.

The laboratory Department with the following:

Scan machine: Sometimes called a Sonogram, the scan
machine is an equipment that uses high-frequency sound waves
to create an image of part of the inside of the body.

X-ray: is a common imaging test that’s been used for decades. It

helps doctors to view the inside of the body without having to
make an incision.

Laboratory testing ( chemistry) Section: is the department for

statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of
observation are taken from a larger population.

Receptionist/ collection section: This is the unit where patients

are received and attended to based on the investigation written
on their laboratory request form by the doctor. Activities such as
the collection of clinical specimens and issuing of laboratory
result forms are carried out in this section.

Laboratory rules and regulations

1. No operating of phone

2. Laboratory coat must be worn with cover shoes, and

hand gloves

11
3. No eating and drinking in the laboratory

4. All containers and samples must be clearly labelled

with the content’s name, collection date and name of the
individual that collected it.

1.4 LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL

1 MICROSCOPE 2 TEST TUBE RACK 3 CENTRIFUGE

MACHINE 4 REFRIGERATOR 5 SYRINGE 6 EDTA
BOTTLE

12
 CHAPTER THREE

1.5 WHAT I LEARNT SO FAR

TITLE: Method of blood sample collection

AIM : To get blood from a patient
THEORY: The method of blood sample collection are
Venipuncture sampling, arterial sampling and fingerstick
sampling and the method is either with a syringe or lancet.
MATERIAL: Dry cottonwood, Lancet, Tourniquet, Spirit/
Alcohol swab, Needle and EDTA container

PROCEDURE Fingerstick sampling ( Lancets)

1 Allow the patient to seat down.
2 Position the patient so that the hand can be easily
accessible.
3 The fingertip of the finger should be cleaned with alcohol,
and allow the finger to dry.
4 Using a sterile lancet, puncture the fingertip in the fleshy
part of the finger.
5 After wiping away the first drop of blood.
6 Then allow another large drop of blood to form and touch
the microtainer capillary collection.
PROCEDURE Venipuncture Sampling ( syringe)
1 Ensure that the patient is in a comfortable position
2 Lay the arm of the patient on the table and apply the
tourniquet to select the suitable vein of the patient
3 Disinfect the selected site for puncture using the alcohol
swab
4 Assemble the needle and syringe
5 Immediately the needle enters, the vein blood flows
back into the syringe
6 Using the left hand slightly pull back the piston till the
required amount of blood is obtained into the syringe
7 Then remove the tourniquet, ask the patient to open the
fist and place the cotton swab over the needle and wound.

13
 8 And carefully remove the needle from the patient and
gently expel the blood into the appropriate container and take
them for testing with label on it

OBSERVATION
In the capillary method, it was observed that it is better suited
than venipuncture in a certain situation whereby the test requires
much blood.

PRECAUTION
a) To ensure Laboratory coat and hand gloves are worn.
b) To ensure swap was used to clean the surface of the hand to
kill the germ.

14
 1.6 ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
(ESR):
INTRODUCTION
The ESR test measures the rate at which the red blood cells
or erythrocytes in a sample of blood settle at the bottom, This
process is called Sedimentation. ESR have two types of test
which is the Westergren method and the Wintrobe method.
MATERIALS: Anticoagulated blood, Westergren Stand,
Westergren pipette, Rubber bulbs, Timer, Glass tube, Pasteur
pipette
PROCEDURE:

1 4ml of venous blood was withdrawn into an EDTA

bottle.
2 Blood was then transferred to a vertical test- tube in which
the red blood cells will slowly settle at the bottom.
3 The blood will be drawn into a tube up to the 0 mark with
the help of a rubber bulb.
4 The tube was left undisturbed for 1 hour, and the result
was read.

OBSERVATION:
In the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, it was observed that the
test show how fast red blood cell falls in a test tube and it
measures how quickly erythrocytes settle at the bottom of a test
tube which contains a blood sample.
PRECAUTION:
a. Westergren pipette must be clean and dry.
b. Dilute the blood sample just before setting up the ESR.

15
 1.7 MALARIA PARASITES( M.P)

AIM: To detect malaria parasites, using the peripheral blood

smear
THEORY: Malaria parasites can be identified by examining
under the microscope, a drop of the patient blood spread out as a
blood smear on a microscope slide.

MATERIAL: A marker pen, a lancet, a glass slide, The buffer,

A pipette and an Alcohol swab

PROCEDURE:

1 A drop of patient blood was dropped on an identified part of

the strip, and a buffer solution was added.
2 The surface should be kept flat to allow the blood to flow
through
3 After 15 minutes the result was checked

OBSERVATION
   In the malaria parasites, it was observed that a double line
indicates a positive result, while a single line indicates a
negative result. 

PRECAUTION

a To ensure that hand gloves are worn to prevent accidental cuts

or injury from the glass slide during washing
b Dispose the sharp instrument and other material contaminated
with blood carefully to avoid injury.

16
 1.8 WIDAL TEST

AIM: To detect the presence of serum antibodies salmonella

Typhi and paratyphi to diagnose enteric fever

THEORY: The Widal test is an agglutination test which detects

the presence of serum agglutinating ( H and O). in patient serum
with typhoid and paratyphoid fever A, B and C and it measures
agglutinating antibody levels against O and H antigens

MATERIAL: Widal kits, White tile, A dropper, blood serum,

Stopwatch, Antigens, Steerer stick.

1. The patient blood sample was obtained and transferred in an

EDTA bottle, with the sample spun in a centrifuge machine for
some minutes to separate the blood plasma and the whole blood
2. A drop of patient serum was added on a clean tile (2 portions)
using a dropper and also Widal reagent was added to each
portion(Salmonella typhi H and O)respectively
3. Each portion was mixed and carefully rocked, for some
minutes
4. After 2 minutes the rate of agglutination was observed and
recorded

OBSERVATION:
The Widal test Agglutination was observed within a minute
while negative test no Agglutination

PRECAUTION:
1 To handle the sample as potentially infectious and reagent with
care to avoid contact with eye, mouth and skin.

17
 1.9 RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR(RBS)
AIM: To determine the concentration of glucose in the blood

THEORY: Random blood glucose or Random blood sugar

measures a person's blood glucose level at any given point,
Blood glucose is also known as blood sugar.

MATERIAL: A meter, test strip, a little lancet, quality control

and lancet devices.

PROCEDURE:
1. A lancet was used to prick the left thumb of the patient and a
drop of blood was dropped on the check strip which has been
inserted on the glucometer and the result was interpreted

OBSERVATION:
It was observed that a fasting blood of less than
100mg/l( 5,6mmol/l) is considered to be normal while a fasting
blood sugar of more than 100mg/dl is considered to be
abnormal.

PRECAUTION:
1 Wash hands thoroughly before blood sampling.
2 Disinfect the finger with an alcohol.

18
 2.0 BLOOD GROUPING

AIM: To understand the basic concept of the A,B O blood group

system and to determine the blood group and type.

THEORY: Blood groups are mainly determined by the presence

or absence of antigens and antibodies on the surface of the red
blood cell or erythrocytes

DETERMINATION OF THE BLOOD GROUP AND

TYPES
The four major blood groups are A, B, AB and O and they are
also classified
Group A - Antigen A and Antibody B
Group B - Antigen B and Antibody A
Group AB - Antigen A and B and no antibody
Group O - No Antigens and A and B Antibodies
Which is also classified into eight(8) different blood types
consisting RhD Positive (+) and RhD negative (-)

MATERIAL: Tooth pick, blood sample, Alcohol swabs,

Lancet, clean glass slide, sterile cotton ball, Biohazard disposal
container, Monoclonal antibodies( Anti A, B and D)

PRODECURE: A lancet was used to prick the left thumb of the

patient and three drops of blood were dropped on a white tile, to
the first portion, Antiserum A was added and to the second
Antiserum B was added to the third portion Antiserum D was
also added. Each portion was then smeared and rocked. The
presence of agglutination confirmed the blood group.

OBSERVATION: It was observed when an individual’s blood

is mixed with Anti A reagent then the individual is said to have a
blood group A
 When an individual’s blood is mixed with Anti B reagent
then the individual is said to have a blood group
 When an individual’s blood is mixed with Anti-A and Anti-B

19
 reagents then the individual is said to have a blood group AB
 When an individual’s blood is mixed with Anti-A and Anti-B
reagents then the individual is said to have a blood group O

PRECAUTION:
1 Discard the alcohol swabs, lancet, cotton ball and toothpick
after their use.
2 Wear nitrile gloves on both hands during the entire lab except
when doing puncture

20
 2.1 PREGNANCY TEST( PT) USING BLOOD
SAMPLE
AIM: To know if a female is pregnant

THEORY: blood pregnancy test is usually a quantitative blood

test that shows how much human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
is in the blood. The pregnancy is of two types which are urine
and blood using a pregnancy test kit and scanning with
ultrasonography. HCG is a hormone produced by the placenta
and is usually only present in a woman’s body when she is
pregnant.

MATERIAL: HCG strip, blood sample, centrifuge machine,

disposal dropper.

PROCEDURE
The patient serum was collected and dropped on the pt strip up
to the marked line, it was placed on a flat surface to dry for 5
minutes, and the result was observed.

OBSERVATION:
In the pregnancy test, it was observed that a pregnancy blood
test is more sensitive than a urine test and can offer more
information
And also after the result, it was observed by the appearance of
the line, a double line indicates positive while a single line
indicates negative

PRECAUTION:
1. Reagent should be at room temperature.
2. Don’t interchange the cap of the bottle.

21
 2.2 HBSAG( Hepatitis B Surface Antigen)
AIM: To detect the actual presence of the hepatitis B virus
( called the” surface antigens”) in the blood.

THEORY: Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection called by the

hepatitis B virus( HBV).
It can detect high levels in serum during acute infection, The
presence of HBsAg indicates the person is infectious.

MATERIAL: Hepatitis B test strip, centrifuge machine,

dropping pipette, stop-watch.

PROCEDURE:
The patient’s blood was collected and placed in a centrifuge to
spin to obtain its serum, HBSAG strip was dipped in the serum
up to a marked line and was allowed to move through the strip,
then the result was observed.

OBSERVATION:
In the hepatitis B text, it was observed that the test was
determined by the appearance of the line double line indicates a
positive line, a single line indicates a negative and if no
appearance then the strip was invalid. i.e. If the normal result is
negative or non-reactive, meaning that no hepatitis B surface
was found, but if the test is positive or reactive, it may mean
there is.

PRECAUTION:
1 Do not pipette by mouth.
2 The use of disposable gloves and personal protective
equipment is strongly recommended

22
 2.3 HEPATITIS C

AIM: To detect viral hepatitis infection

THEORY: A blood test called an HCV antibody test is used to

find out if the person has been infected with it.
Hepatitis C is a condition in which infection with the hepatitis c
virus (HCV) causes inflammation and potential damage to the
liver.

MATERIAL: Test cassette, dessicient, Hepatitis C test strip,

centrifuge machine, dropping pipette, stop- watch.

PROCEDURE:
The blood sample was collected and kept for a few minutes to
allow it to settle, the serum was then dropped on a hepatitis c
strip, the presence of a double line confirmed a positive result
but a single line on the strip confirmed a negative result,
however, if there is no appearance, then the strip is invalid.

OBSERVATION:
In the hepatitis c test, it was observed that a positive result
means the person has the hepatitis c virus while a negative result
means that the body has cleared the virus without treatment.

PRECAUTION:
1 The use of disposable gloves and personal protective
equipment is strongly recommended.
2 Do not pipette by mouth.

23
 2.4 PREGNANCY TEST USING URINE SAMPLE
AIM: To know if a female is pregnant

THEORY: A urine pregnancy test is usually a qualitative urine

test. A qualitative HCG test gives a positive or negative result
depending on the presence or absence of HCG in the sample and
can be done using either a blood or urine sample.

MATERIAL: Test cassette, Desiccant, Hepatitis C test strip,

centrifuge machine, dropping pipette, stop-watch.

PROCEDURE:
1 Open the sealed pouch and remove the strip,
2 Place the test strip vertically (straight) into the urine sample,
make sure the arrow is pointing down
3 Do not allow the urine surface to go above the maximum level
line on the test strip, then leave the strip in the urine for at least
8 seconds
4 Remove the pregnancy test strip and place it on a dry flat
surface, wait for the coloured bands to appear depending on the
concentration of HCG result observed, double lines indicate
positive lines while single lines indicate negative line

OBSERVATION:
In the pregnancy test, it was observed that a pregnancy urine test
is more sensitive than a blood test.

PRECAUTION:
1 Don’t interchange the cap of the bottle.
2 Urine samples and used test devices are potentially infectious.

24
 CHAPTER FOUR

2.5 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

1 Transportation: Transportation is one of the major challenges I
faced, the reason being that my place of residence is quite a
distance from my place of placement

2 The business of the organization such as patients coming for a

blood test, urine test and collection of test results tends to slow
down the learning/ training but it has quite been a wonderful
experience

25
 CHAPTER FIVE

2.6 RECOMMENDATION AND

CONCLUSION

If the organization can employ more staff and provide safety

equipment to prevent health hazards.
Also, some employers need to be encouraged to provide
meaningful training for students by allowing them to handle
equipment and machinery while on SIWES.
And students should be well-prepared through meaningful
orientation programmes by institutions before embarking on
SIWES.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion as a student of Science

Laboratory Technology and at my SIWES with ATAGA SCAN
AND DIAGNOSTICS SERVICES.
I have been able to obtain the most relevant and effective
practical (SIWES) for a duration of four months having been
exposed to practicals on how to run various kinds of laboratory
tests and I was also opportune to apply my knowledge in real
work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and
practicals and also the programme has been highly enlightening,
beneficial, interesting, successful, the objective of which the
scheme was undergone was however achieved.

26
27