A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

PRESENTED BY

AWE KEMISOLA BUKOLA

FPA/ST/21/2-0861

HELD AT

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

JUBILEE, AKOKO, ONDO STATE

A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY

TECHNOLOGY,

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND COMPUTER STUDIES,

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OF ADO EKITI, EKITI STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

ORDINARY NATIONAL DIPLOMA (OND)

APRIL, 2023.
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme’s report was written

by me Awe Kemisola Bukola (matriculation number FPA/ST/21/2-0861) and Submitted to

the Department of Science Laboratory Technology Sciences, School of Science, Federal

Polytechnic Ado-Ekiti, in having met the standard as required by the institution and approved

as to contents and signed by:

B.Dr. E. C. EKE ___________________

SIWES Supervisor Signature/Date

MRS. OLUWASUSI ___________________

SIWES Coordinator Signature/Date

Dr. B.O. AFOLAYAN ___________________

Head of department Signature/Date

 DEDICATION
This industrial training report is copiously dedicated to God Almighty for his unquantifiable

and immeasurable mercies and protection upon my life especially during the period of my

industrial training experience.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge God Almighty again for providing a very friendly and enabling

environment for me to carry-out my industrial training programme.

I also appreciate Dr. Afolayan B.O and other staff of Science Technology of the Federal

Polytechnic Ado, Ekiti for the Knowledge they have pass through my academics career

I am also indeed grateful for the love and support shown to me by my parents Mr. and Mrs.

Awe, financially, morally and for their advices. I will never stop loving you.

May the lord continue to bless you with bountiful folds of good tidings of great joy in Jesus’

name. Amen.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of contents

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE:

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Aim and Objectives of Siwes

1.3 History of Organization

1.4 Aim and Objectives of organization

1.5 Organization Chart

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Laboratory Equipment and Uses

2.2 Laboratory Precautions

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Activities done

3.1 Malaria Test

3.2 Hepatitis B test

3.3 Hepatitis C Test

3.4 Blood grouping

3.5 Genotype

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Summary

4.1 Recommendations

4.2 Conclusion
 ABSTRACT

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme established by the Federal Government of

Nigeria was aimed at exposing students of higher institutions to acquire industrial skills and

practical experiences in their approved courses of study and also to prepare students for the

industrial work situation which they are likely to meet after graduation. This technical report

is based on the experiences gained during my four months of industrial training.

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

STUDENTS` INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

SIWES is the acronym for Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme. It is a skill

development programme that is designed to prepare students of higher institutions of learning

like Universities, Polytechnics, Monotechnics and Colleges of Education for transition from

college environment to the world of work.

 The goal of SIWES is to promote industrialization in Nigeria and an avenue between

the world of learning, industry and work with reference to a field of study such as

engineering, science, agriculture, technology and other professional education

programs. It is also to expose and prepare students in institutions of higher learning

for the industrial work situations which they are to meet after graduation. The scheme

equally helps to familiarize students with work methods and expose them to the

necessary experience to hand equipment and machinery that are not available in their

institutions.

1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

 The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES), provides an avenue to

acquire skills and experience in their approved course of study.

 The objectives of the students’ industrial work experience scheme are:

 To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in the university

 To prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation
  Provision of avenue for students in Nigerian universities to gain industrial skills and

experiences in their course of study

 To help students acquire good work habits.

 To help students develop employment records/references that will enhance

employment opportunities.

 To provide students the opportunity to understand informal organizational

interrelationships.

 To reduce student dropouts.

ESTABLISHMENT ACT

Established in 1971, the Industrial Training Fund has operated consistently and painstakingly

within the context of its enabling laws Decree 47 of 1971 as Amended in the 2011 ITF ACT.

The objective for which the Fund was established has been pursued vigorously and

efficaciously. In the four decades of its existence, the ITF has not only raised training

consciousness in the economy, but has also helped in generating a corps of skilled indigenous

manpower which has been manning and managing various sectors of the national economy.

CORE VALUES

 Commitment

 Loyalty

 Integrity

 Professionalism and creativity

 Efficiency and effectiveness

  Team work

GOVERNING COUNCIL

A Governing Council of thirteen members drawn from the public and private sectors will be

appointed by the Federal Government to manage the Fund.

This is to reflect the co-operative spirit of the enterprise, the need for private employers,

organized labor, and the providers and users of training to co-operate in identifying training

needs and devising training policy and system.

As part of its responsibilities, the ITF provides Direct Training, Vocational and Apprentice

Training, Research and Consultancy Service, Reimbursement of up to 50% Levy paid by

employers of labor registered with it, and administers the Students Industrial Work

Experience Scheme (SIWES). It also provides human resource development information and

training technology service to industry and commerce to enhance their manpower capacity

and in-house training delivery effort.

DIRECTORATES

The Director-General is responsible to the Chairman of the Governing Council of the ITF and

the Minister of Industry Trade & Investment. The Director-General formulates policies and

provides corporate leadership and vision for the ITF. As Chief Executive Officer, he presides

over all Management deliberations of the ITF and directs all administration services. The

Director-General formulates fiscal policies, controls and directs financial transactions of the

ITF in his capacity as Chief Accounting Officer.

VISION

To be the foremost Skills Training Development Organization in Nigeria and one of the best

in the world.
MISSION

To set and regulate standards and offer direct training intervention in industrial and

commercial skills training and development, using a corps of highly competent professional

staff, modern techniques and technology.

1.3 HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION

The Primary Health Care Centre is located at Ikare Akoso, Akoko North Local Government,

Ondo State, it was established in the year 2016, There are other major areas of operation.

These areas include;

 IMAGING: This is one of the sensitive departments of the organization. It includes

Mammogram, Three and Four- Dimensional Forms (3D & 4D) colored ultrasound Scan

and Digital X-RAY.

 DIAGOSTIC LABORATORY: It is headed by a Pathologist, who oversees the affairs of

the Laboratory scientists, Technicians and Phlebotomists.

Other departments found in the organization ranges from The Administrative

Department, Accounting, Front Desk Office, Public Relations Office, Health Maintenance.

1.4 AIM OF THE ORGANISATION

1. To reduce and control of disease

2. To reduce the death rate

3. To promote good health in the environment

 1.5 ORGANIZATION CHAT OF LENS MEDICAL HEALTHCARE

MEDICAL DIRECTOR

DOCTORS H.O.D LABORATORY H.O.D PHARMACY ADMINI-MANAGER

CONSULTANT/ LABORATORY TECHNICIANS ACCOUNTANT

GYNAECOLOGIST ASSISTANTS

NURSES LABORATORY SCIENTIST

 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 SOME LABORATORY EQUIPMENT WITH THEIR USES

i. Microscope: This is an instrument used for viewing object that are too small to be

seen by

the naked

eye
ii. Pipette: It is used for collecting liquid samples, such as serum, urine and distilled

water

iii. Genexpert Machine: It is used for diagnosis of Tuberculosis test

iv. Injection Syringe/Needle: This is used for collection and storage of sample like

serum, aspirate or ascetic fluid.

v. Edta Container: It is a container that contains anticoagulant for storing blood sample

to avoid clothing

vi. Refrigerator: It is used for preservation, cooling of sample, reagent for biochemical

test and also storage of sterile media to prevent dehydration

vii. Incubator: It is used for maintenance of an optimum required temperature for the

growth of microorganism in culture media.

 viii. Test Tube: Used for collection and storage of sample, mixing reagent and

culturing of microorganism

ix. Blood Lancet: It is used to pinch a patient to collect their blood sample

x. Determine Kit: Used in detecting of microorganism in blood

xi. Centrifuge: it is used to hasten the sedimentation or deposition of substance, cells or

cellular materials suspended in liquid or suspension.

2.2 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

A laboratory worker can contribute to the prevention of self-infection and the infections of

others. A good laboratory must take appreciate safety precautions:

a. By wearing laboratory coat, hand glove and nose mask while inside the laboratory.

b. By washing both hands with soaps and water as frequently as possible and always after

handling infection materials and when leaving the laboratory.

 c. By wearing shoes or some other foot wears because, broken infected glasses is not

uncommon on laboratory floors

d. By wearing face shield or other protective device to protect the eyes and face from

splashes

e. No eating, drinking or playing in the laboratory

 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 SECTIONAL ACTIVITIES AND WORK DONE

3.1 Malaria Parasite Test

Malaria parasite test is a test carried out to check for malaria parasite in the blood. Malaria is

a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other mammals caused by parasitic

protozoan (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the plasmodium type.

SYMPTOMS

Malaria causes symptoms that include fever, fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe

cases, it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to

fifteen days after been bitten. If not properly treated, people may have recurrence of the

disease months later. In those who have recently survived the infection, reinfection usually

causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person

has no continuing exposure to malaria parasite.

CAUSES (Life cycle of malaria parasite)

The disease is most commonly transmitted by an infected female Anopheles mosquito. A

mosquito causes infection from a bite. First, sperozites enter the blood stream, and migrate to

the liver. They infect liver cells where they multiply into merozoites, rupture the liver cells

and returns to the blood stream. The merozoites infect red blood cells, where they develop

into ring forms, trophozoites and schizonts that in turn produce further merozoites. Sexual

forms are also produced, which if taken up by a mosquito, will infect the insect and continue

the life cycle.

MATERIALS: slide, spreader slip, pipette, the test sample, Giemsa stain and microscope.

PROCEDURES: Malaria is usually confirmed by the microscopic examination of blood

films or by or by antigen-based rapid diagnostic test (RDT).

For microscopic examination of blood films:

1. A drop of blood is placed on one end of a clean slide, and a spreader slide is used to

disperse the blood over the slide’s length. The aim is to get a region called the

monolayer, where the cells are placed far enough apart to be counted and

differentiated.

2. The slide is allowed to air-dry, after which the blood is fixed to the slide by

immersing it briefly in methanol. The fixation is essential for good staining and

presentation of cellular detail.

3. The slide is stained using Giemsa stain or any other, to distinguish the cells from each

other.

4. The stain is the rinsed off gently in slow running water and allowed to air-dry.

5. After staining, the monolayer is viewed under an electron microscope using 100* oil

immersion objective.

TREATMENT: Malaria is treated with anti-malaria medications; the one used depends on

the type and severity of the disease. Simple and uncomplicated malaria may be treated with

oral medication. The most effective treatment for plasmodium falciparum infection is the use

of artemisinin in combination with other anti-malaria drugs which decreases resistance to any

other single drug component. These additional anti-malarias include: amodiaquine,

lumefantine, metloquine or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.

3.2 Hepatitis B test (HbsAg)

 Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by hepatitis B virus which affects the liver.

It causes both acute and chronic infections. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) is most

frequently used to screen for the presence of the infection. It is the first detectable viral

antigen to appear during infection.

SYMPTOMS

Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid

onset of sickness with vomiting, yellow skin, tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often,

these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result to death. It may

take 30-180 days for symptoms to begin. Most of those with chronic disease have no

symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop.

TRANSMISSION

Transmission of hepatitis B virus results for exposure to infectious blood or body

fluids containing blood. It is 50 to 100 times more infectious than HIV. Possible forms of

transmission include sexual contact, blood transfusion and transfusion with other human

blood products, reuse of contaminated needles and syringes, and vertical transmission from

mother to child (MTCT) during childbirth.

PREVENTION/TREATMENT

Vaccines for the prevention of hepatitis B have been routinely recommended for

infants. Most vaccines are given in three doses over a course of months. All those with a risk

of exposure to body fluids such as blood should be vaccinated, if not already.

Acute hepatitis B infection does not require treatment and most adult clear the

infection spontaneously. On the other hand, treatment of chronic infection may be necessary
to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although, none of the available drugs can

clear the infection but can stop the virus from replicating.

3.3 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) test

Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) that

primarily affects the liver. Hepatitis C testing begins with blood testing to detect the presence

of antibodies to the HCV, using an enzyme immunoassay.

SYMPTOMS

During the initial infection people often have mild or no symptoms. Occasionally a

fever, dark urine, abdominal pain, yellow tinged skin occurs and rarely does acute liver

failure result.

TRANSMISSION

HCV is spread primarily by blood-blood contact associated with intravenous drug use,

poorly sterilized medical equipment, needle-stick injuries in healthcare, and transfusion. It

may also be spread from an infected mother to her baby during birth. It is not spread by

superficial contact.

PREVENTION/TREATMENT

There is no vaccine against hepatitis C. Prevention includes harm reduction efforts

among people who use intravenous drugs and testing donated blood. Chronic infection can be

cured about 90% of the time with the treatments that include the medications sofobuvir or

simeprevir. Those who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may require liver transplant.

3.4 Blood grouping and Rhesus typing

 Blood grouping/typing is a test that tells what specific type of blood you have. The

type of blood you have depends on whether or not there are certain proteins, called antigens,

on your red blood cells. Blood is often grouped according to the ABO blood typing system.

This method breaks blood types into four types, namely,

 Type A

 Type B

 Type AB

 Type O

Rhesus factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of the red blood cells. It is

usually determined along with the blood type of an individual. Rhesus positive is the most

common type.

Ones blood type and Rhesus factor depends on the types that are been passed down to

them from their parents.

DIAGNOSIS

Blood typing and rhesus typing may be used to ensure:

 Ensure compatibility between the blood type of a person who requires a

transfusion of blood or blood component and the ABO and rhesus type of the unit

of blood that would be transfused.

 Determine compatibility between a pregnant woman and her developing baby

(fetus). Rhesus typing is especially important during pregnancy because a mother

and her fetus could be incompatible.

MATERIALS: Anti-sera A, anti-sera B, anti-sera C, white tile, and test sample.

PROCEDURE:

1. A drop of antibody against type A, B and D (for determining the Rhesus factor) is

placed separately on a clean white tile.

2. A drop of the blood sample is placed beside each antibody.

3. The blood sample is the mixed with each of the antibody.

4. The white tile is carefully rocked and checked for agglutination.

NOTE: Agglutination (if blood sticks together) = Positive

No agglutination (if blood does not stick together) = Negative

RESULT:

A B
_ _
_ _
+ _
+ _
_ +
_ +
+ +
+ +
D Result
+ O Rh Positive
_ O Rh Negative
+ A Rh Positive
_ A Rh Negative
+ B Rh Positive
_ B Rh Negative
+ AB Rh Positive
- AB Rh Negative

NOTE: + = agglutination

_ = no agglutination

Rh = rhesus

3.5 Genotyping

Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up

(genotype) of an individual by examining the individual DNA sequence using biological

assay and comparing it to another individual sequence or a reference sequence. It reveals the

alleles an individual has inherited from the parents. Various genotypes include: AA, AS and

SS.

DIAGNOSIS

Genotyping is required or recommended for couples intending to get married; this is

because the genotypes need to be cross-matched so as to avoid having a sickle as child (i.e.

SS). Sickles have little tendency of living long. Therefore, AA can marry AA, AS or SS, AS

can marry AA only, and SS can marry AA only.

PROCEDURE:

1. A buffer paper soaked in genotype buffer is slightly dried by closing two filter papers

on it.

2. The reference blood sample (usually AS) is placed on it and the test blood sample is

placed directly below it.

3. Genotype buffer is poured in the tank in the electrophoresis machine, and the buffer

paper is placed on the filter paper in the machine and allowed for 3-5minutes.

RESULT:

The reference sample (usually AS) disperses into two, one towards the positive pole

and the other towards the negative pole. If the test sample does the same, it implies AS; if the

test sample does not disperse and moves towards the positive pole, it implies AA; and if the

test sample does not disperse and moves towards the negative pole, it implies SS.
3.5 Retroviral screening test (RVST)

Retroviral screening test is used is the diagnosis of the human immuno virus, HIV.

SYMPTOMS

The first HIV symptoms may include swollen glands in the throat, armpit, or groin.

Other early HIV symptoms include slight fever, headaches, fatigue, and muscle aches. These

symptoms may last for only a few weeks. There are usually no HIV symptoms for many

years.

TRANSMISSION

HIV is transmitted in blood, semen, vagina fluids, and breast milk. The most common

ways HIV is spread are by having sexual intercourse with an infected person, sharing sharp

objects, getting HIV-infected fluids into open wounds or sores, etc. Mothers can also pass the

infection to their babies during child birth and breast feeding.

TREATMENT

There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS. But there are treatments for people living with

HIV. HIV patients can take a combination of drugs called “cocktail”. The drugs help to

strengthen the immune system to keep HIV from developing into AIDS or to relieve AIDS

symptoms.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SUMMARY

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an interesting part of study

which helps students to go for industrial attachment and equip them with necessary skills

needed for industrial adaptation. Thus, it enhances ones behavior, knowledge and exposure.

Experience they say is the best teacher, no doubt to say that I have also benefited from this

scheme. During the four months programme, I have been able to put in practice the

theoretical part of my studies. The study also taught me on how to carryout various laboratory

test and its importance. This made me to understand the cause for stigmatization and how to

avoid it.

4.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

The Industry Training Fund (ITF) should organize a programme to enlighten

companies and the general public on the benefit of SIWES programme. ITF should give

general procedure on how students on SIWES should be trained and not for students to be

used in a manner not related to their field of study.

Students yet to embark on SIWES programme should be enlightened on the

challenges in the cooperate world.

I also recommend that ITF should make a provision for the creation of offices in

various states that they do not have offices, because students and staffs might find it difficult

in going to long distances, which will also promote the attitude of students towards the

scheme.

4.2 CONCLUSION
 Practical training in an establishment is an indispensable part of course structure

which exposes student to various techniques and other skills that are related .to their field of

study and famous experience which when not addressed, could render all the theoretical

effort meaningless.

And from what I have undergone, I am sure that Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(SIWES) has achieved its primary objective. As a result of the programme, I am now more

confident to build my future carrier which I have already started with Primary Health Centre,

Ikare Akoko.