1

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

BY

AJAYI DEBORAH FEYISAYO

IPI/22/ND/SL/PEC/008

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

KANMI ALO INTERLINK POLYTECHNIC, IJEBU IJESHA, OSUN STATE

AT

COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH CENTRE, BESIDE PANAPANA, ORE,

ONDO STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA SCIENCE LABORATORY

TECHNOLOGY

SUPERVISOR: MR. OLOWOYEYE

FEBRUARY, 2024
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CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that this report of Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES) was prepared and compiled by AJAYI DEBORAH FEYISAYO
(Matric Number: IPI/22/ND/SLT/PEC/008) from the Department of Science
Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Science, Kanmi Alo Interlink Polytechnic,
Ijebu Ijesha, Osun State, for the successful completion of my four (4) months
Industrial Training undertaken at Comprehensive Health Centre, Behind
Panapana, Ore, Ondo State (Lab Unit).

STUDENT TRAINEE: AJAYI DEBORAH FEYISAYO (Matric Number:

IPI/22/ND/SLT/PEC/008)
SIGNATURE AND DATE: …………………………………………..

POLYTECHNIC-BASED SUPERVISOR: MR ODUNAYO OLOWOYEYE

SIGNATURE AND DATE: …………………………………………..

SIWES COORDINATOR: ENGR. J. A ADELU

SIGNATURE AND DATE: …………………………………………..
 3

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this comprehensive report was compiled by me AJAYI
DEBORAH FEYISAYO and entails precisely what I have done during my SIWES
Industrial Training at Comprehensive Health Centre, Behind Panapana, Ore,
Ondo State (Lab Unit). I withal declare that this report and its content has not
been submitted to this or any other institution of learning for the purpose of
consummating the requisites for the award of any degree. All the citations, sources
of information and research are pellucidly acknowledged by the references
incorporated.
 4

DEDICATION
This industrial training report is copiously dedicated to God Almighty for
his unquantifiable, immeasurable mercies and protection upon my life especially
during the period of my industrial training experience and also to my parents, Mr.
and Mrs. Ajayi, you are forever in my heart.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My immense gratitude again goes to the Almighty and everlasting God, the
beginning and the end, who is the ultimate source of my strength, for His
continuous encouragement and inspiration right from day one.

I’m grateful to the entire Staff of Science Laboratory Technology Department,

Kanmi Alo Interlink Polytechnic, Ijebu Ijesa, Osun State, for making my SIWES
training interesting, educative and worthwhile. My special gratitude goes to my
supervisor, my humble H.O.D., Mr. Olowoyeye for his effort to see that this work
saw the light of the day and I appreciate all amazing lecturers in the department
for their seasoned lectures, to them all, I say be bless, Amen.

My regards to my amazing parents, Mr. and Mrs. Ajayi, who financially

supported my educational pursuit. I say, remain blessed by Almighty Allah and
beloved siblings, I love you all.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION.............................................................................................................1
DECLARATION...............................................................................................................3
DEDICATION..................................................................................................................4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................5
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................8
1.0 Background of Study..............................................................................................8
1.1.0 Brief history of SIWES.......................................................................................8
1.2 Aim of SIWES........................................................................................................9
1.3 Objectives of SIWES..............................................................................................9
1.3 Importance of SIWES to my Course of Study.....................................................10
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................11
COMPANY PROFILE....................................................................................................11
2.0 Brief history of the Establishment........................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................14
SERVICES RENDERED................................................................................................14
3.1 HAEMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT...................................................................14
3.1.1 Malaria Parasite Test....................................................................................14
3.1.2 Blood Grouping and Rhesus Typing (ABO Blood System)........................16
3.1.3 Genotype Test (HB Hemoglobin)................................................................17
3.2 CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT....................................................18
3.2.1 Blood Glucose Tests.....................................................................................19
3.2.2 Urinalysis......................................................................................................21
3.3 SEROLOGY DEPARTMENT.............................................................................22
3.3.5 Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG)...........................................25
CHAPTER FOUR...........................................................................................................26
EXPERIENCE GAINED AND RELEVANCE TO COURSE OF STUDY..................26
CHAPTER FIVE.............................................................................................................28
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..............................................................28
REFERENCES................................................................................................................31
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ABSTRACT
This report is a summary of the experience I acquired during my six months
Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) in Comprehensive Health
Centre, Behind Panapana, Ore, Ondo State (Lab Unit). with highlights majorly
on laboratory services like packed cell volume (PCV), malaria parasite (MP), etc.,
testing different body fluid in the diagnosis of different diseases like malaria,
typhoid, kidney failure etc.
 8

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of Study
Students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is a skill training program
designed to prepare and expose students of higher institution of hearing to the
industrial set-up they are likely to meet after graduation. The need for the
establishment of this scheme duke the growing concern among industrialist and
employers that graduates of higher institution lacked adequate practical
background required for employment in industries.
The scheme is funded by the by the federal government of Nigeria and jointly
coordinated by the national universities commission (NUC) and the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF).

1.1.0 Brief history of SIWES

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) Programme was
established by the ITF in 1973 to solve the problems of inadequate practical skills
by the graduates of Nigerian tertiary institutions, the students’ industrial work
experience scheme (SIWES) has become a necessary pre-condition for the award
of Diploma and Degree certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of
higher learning in the country. The duration of the programme varies from four
months to a year for Colleges of Education and Polytechnics while University
undergraduates undertake the programme for six months.

Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a training programme

designed by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) to enhance one’s smooth transition
from the university to the outside world. Our exposition has bridge the gap
between the university academic work and its real practical application whereby
there is a great opportunity of producing or incorporating the theoretical skills,
knowledge and experience acquired to the real work areas of specialization.

Before the introduction of ITF, graduates of Nigerian universities were noted for
the theoretical excellence. This was widely indicated by the ability of some
 9

industries to employ these fresh graduates without some sort of training. The
Federal Government sensing that this may be the beginning of the death if
employable graduates established the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1971.
Since its establishment, it has worked consistently and painstakingly within the
context of its enabling law i.e. Decree 47 of 1971.

1.1.1 Vision Statement

The vision of the SIWES is to be the leading skills training organization and
Human Capital Development organization in Nigeria and one of the best in
the World.
1.1.2 Mission Statement
To equip students with the necessary practical knowledge and technical
skills for self-employment and effective involvement in Nigeria’s industrial
growth.
1.2 Aim of SIWES
i. The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skills
training programme designed to expose and prepare students of
universities and other tertiary institutions for the Industrial Work
situation they are likely to meet after graduation.
ii. To expose students to work method and techniques in handling
equipment and machinery that may not be available in their institutions.
Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and
enhance students contact for later job placement.

1.3 Objectives of SIWES

i. To prepare students for work situations they are likely to meet after
graduation.
ii. To provide an avenue for students in Nigerian universities to acquire
industrial skills and experience in their course of study.
iii. To enlist and strengthens employers involvement in the entire educational
process of preparing university graduates for employment in industries.
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iv. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical

knowledge in real work situations, thereby closing the gap between
university work and actual practice.
v. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment
and machinery that may not be available in the universities.
vi. To make the transitions from the university to the world of work easier and
thus enhance students contact for later job placement.
vii. Teaches the student on how to interact effectively with other workers and
supervisors under various conditions in the organization.

1.3 Importance of SIWES to my Course of Study

One of the aims and objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) is to expose and prepare students of universities and other tertiary
institutions for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after
graduation and also to provide students with an opportunity to apply their
theoretical knowledge in real work situations, thereby closing the gap between
university work and actual practice and thus is the case with my course of study.

One of the importance of SIWES to my course of study is that it provides me with

the theoretical knowledge of what I have been taught since my 100L days and
hence a great step in achieving what I have started.
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CHAPTER TWO

COMPANY PROFILE
2.0 Brief history of the Establishment
Self reliance economy advancement program health care center is a primary
health centre care system located at Comprehensive health Centre Panapana,
Ore, Ondo State (Lab Unit). It is a primary health institution because it's health
care services are provided by health professionals who generally have first
contact with the patients.
About the ministry.

VISION: "To attain excellence in health service delivery by applying the

best practices at all levels of care".

MISSION: "To deliver qualitative, affordable and equitable healthcare services

to the citizens applying appropriate technology by highly motivated staff"

ORGANIZATION: They develop professional skilled and motivated staff to

provide excellent services, training and research using appropriate technology
through partnership with the private sector and other stakeholders, in an
environment - friendly manner.
2.1 Organization Core Values
 Medical excellence based on knowledge, skills and first rate human
relations
 Passions
 Knowledge based hard work
 Trust
 Persistence
 Imagination
 Timeliness
 Integrity
 Professionalism

2.2 Organization Services

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Laboratory services testing different body fluid in the diagnosis of different

diseases.

2.3 Organization Structure / Organogram of the Establishment

Director

Chief Medical Laboratory Scientist

Laboratory Unit Non-Laboratory Unit

Hematology Chemical Medical Serology Unit

Department Pathology Microbiology
Department Department

Reception Unit Cleaner

Figure 2.1: Organogram of Divine Medical Laboratory Services

2.4 Justification for the Choice of Establishment

Securing a place of attachment for industrial training programme was a very big
challenge to me. This is due to the fact that there are very limited establishment
that accepts students undergoing industrial training. While I was searching for a
place of attachments, I got to find out most of the establishments that accepts
students had already taken the maximum number of students needed, while others
would just reject the request giving one reason or the other and hence, my choice
of the establishment.

LABORATORY EQUIPMENT AND THEIR USES

 Centrifuge: A centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment,
driven by a motor, spins liquid samples at high speed. There are

Figure 2.2: A centrifuge

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various types of centrifuge depending on the size and the sample capacity. Like
all other centrifuges, laboratory centrifuges work by the sedimentation
principle where the centripetal acceleration is used to separate substances of
greater and lesser density. It is usually used to separate serum or plasma from
red cells in a blood sample etc.
 Electrophoresis Machine: This is one of the most important equipment used
by molecular biologists. It migrate a charged molecule through a restrictive
matrix, or gel, drawn by an electrical force. To
mention but a few applications, deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) electrophoresis is used to map the order
of restriction fragments within chromosomes to
analyze DNA variation within a population by
restriction fragment length polymorphisms and to
determine the nucleotide-sequence of a piece of
DNA. Figure 2.3: An electrophoresis machine with tank
 Laboratory Refrigerator:
Laboratory refrigerators are used to cool samples or specimens for
preservation. They include refrigerator units for storing blood plasma and
other blood products, as well as reagents,
vaccines and other medical and pharmaceutical
supplies. They differ from standard
refrigerators used in homes and restaurants
because they need to be totally hygienic and
completely reliable. Laboratory refrigerators
need to maintain a consistent temperature in
order to minimize the risk of bacterial Figure 2.4: A laboratory refrigerator
contamination and explosions of volatile materials.
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CHAPTER THREE

SERVICES RENDERED
3.1 HAEMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Hematology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the
morphology and physiology of blood. It is concerned with the study, diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of diseases related to blood. It includes the study of
etiology. It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its
components such as blood cells, hemoglobin, bone marrow, blood proteins,
platelets, blood vessels, spleen, and the mechanism of coagulation. Such diseases
might include hemophilia, blood clot, other bleeding disorders and blood cancer
such as leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma.
The laboratory work that goes into the study of blood is frequently performed by a
medical technologist or medical laboratory scientist. These laboratory works
includes viewing blood films and bone marrow slides under the microscope,
interpreting various hematological tests results and blood clotting test results.
Various tests carried out in the hematology laboratory includes;
i. Malaria Parasite Test
ii. Blood grouping and Rhesus typing (ABO Blood system)
iii. Genotype Test (HB Hemoglobin)
3.1.1 Malaria Parasite Test
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals
caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus plasmodium. The disease results from
the multiplication of plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing
symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases progressing to
coma and death. It is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions, including
much of sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and America. Five species of plasmodium can
infect and be transmitted by humans. Severe disease is largely caused by
Plasmodium falciparum while the disease caused by Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium
ovale, and Plasmodium malariae is generally a milder disease that is rarely fatal.
Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonosis that causes malaria in macaques but can also
infect humans.
 15

Test for Malaria Parasite

The various species of malaria parasite can be determined in the laboratory with
the use of blood film. The blood film can be made in two ways namely:
• Thin blood film
• Thick blood film
Leishman stain is mostly used in the determination of Plasmodium falciparum
while Geimsa and field stain is used to determine the other species. The main say
of malaria diagnosis has been the microscopic examination of blood. Although
blood is the sample most frequently used to make a diagnosis both saliva and urine
has been investigated as alternative less invasive specimens.
Materials: Clean grease free slide, pasteur pipette, anticoagulated blood sample,
staining rack, applicator stick, microscope, giemsa stain, dry cotton wool.
Procedure:
 A drop of well mixed anticoagulated blood sample was dropped on a clean
grease free slide.
 The blood was smeared to about 0.5mm/d with the aid of an applicator
stick to make a smear.
 Allow the smear to air-dry.
 The smear was placed on a staining rack and stained with giemsa stain for
15 minutes (diluting stain ratio).
 Rinse in water and wipe the excess water from the side to the back of the
slide with the use of dry cotton wool.
 Place on a draining rack to air-dry.
 To view under microscope, add a drop of immersion oil on the stained slide,
place on the stage of the microscope and view using ×100 objective lens
resolution power.

NB: All dry smears like TB examination, malaria parasite are viewed using ×100
resolution power of the microscope while wet preparations like stool microscopy,
HVS microscopy uses ×10 and ×40.
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3.1.2 Blood Grouping and Rhesus Typing (ABO Blood System)

Blood grouping/typing is a test that tells what specific type of blood you have. The
type of blood you have depends on whether or not there are certain proteins,
called antigens, on your red blood cells. Blood is often grouped according to the
ABO blood typing system. This method breaks blood types into four types, namely,
 Type A
 Type B
 Type AB
 Type O
Rhesus factor is an inherited protein found on the surface of the red blood cells. It
is usually determined along with the blood type of an individual. Rhesus positive is
the most common type.
Blood Group A has “A” antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in
the plasma
Blood Group B: has a “B” antigen with anti-A antibodies in the plasma
Blood Group O: has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the
plasma
Blood Group AB: has both “A” and “B” antigens, but no antibodies
Materials: Clean grease free tile, anti-sera A, anti-sera B, anti-sera AB, anti-sera D,
applicator stick, dry cotton wool, pasteur pipette and test sample.
Principle: The antigen in the blood sample reacts with antibody in the serum thus
resulting in agglutination reaction.
Procedure:
 Apply a drop of blood on a clean grease free tile in four portions.
 Add a drop of each anti-serum (A, B, AB and D) into each cavity respectively.
 Mix the blood in the 4 portions separately with the applicator stick.
 Rock gently and observe for agglutination.

Observation:
Table 3.1: Observable results from the blood grouping and rhesus typing
(ABO Blood System)
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Blood type Anti A Anti B Anti AB Anti D Result

+ - + + ‘A’ Rh. ‘D’ positive

(-) Non-agglutination

(+) Agglutination
+ - + - ‘A’ Rh. ‘D’ negative

- + + + ‘B’ Rh. ‘D’ positive

- + + - ‘B’ Rh. ‘D’ negative

+ + + + ‘AB’ Rh. ‘D’ positive

+ + + - ‘AB’ Rh. ‘D’ negative

- - - + ‘O’ Rh. ‘D’ positive

- - - - ‘O’ Rh. ‘D’ negative

3.1.3 Genotype Test (HB Hemoglobin)

Genotyping is the process of determining differences in the genetic make-up
(genotype) of an individual by examining the individual DNA sequence using
biological assay and comparing it to another individual sequence or a reference
sequence. It reveals the alleles an individual has inherited from the parents.
Various genotypes include: AA, AS and SS. Hemoglobin is the protein inside the red
blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen to the tissues and organs.
There are hundreds of different types of hemoglobin which include:
a. Hemoglobin F: this is also known as fetal hemoglobin. It’s a type of
hemoglobin found in growing fetus and newborns which is replaced with
Hemoglobin A soon after birth.
b. Hemoglobin A: This is also known as adult hemoglobin. It is found in healthy
children and adult and thus a common type of hemoglobin.
c. Hemoglobin C, D, E, M and S: these are rare type of abnormal hemoglobin
which is caused by mutations.
Principle:
The red cell hemolysate (red blood cell membranes are destroyed to free the
hemoglobin, Hb molecule for testing) is placed in a cellulose acetate membrane,
 18

which is placed in an Electrophoresis tray with the inoculated hemolysate near the
cathode(-).
Materials: Clean grease free tile, pasteur pipette, dry cotton wool, applicator stick,
lysate, tissue paper, blood sample, cellulose acetate paper, tris buffer,
electrophoresis machine with tank.
Procedure:
 A cellulose acetate paper soaked in genotype buffer is slightly dried by
closing two dry cotton wool on it.
 A drop of anticoagulated blood was applied on a clean grease free tile.
 A drop of lysate was added into the anticoagulated blood and was gently
mixed together.
 With the aid of an applicator stick, the mixed anticoagulant blood was
applied on a cellulose acetate paper on 3 different places with the AS and AC
control on the first, second and the end on the cellulose acetate paper.
 Place the cellulose acetate paper into the electrophoresis machine with tank
and allow for 15 minutes.
Result:
After migration of INS, separation follows. The reference sample (AS) disperses
into two, one towards the positive pole and the other towards the negative pole
and if the test sample does the same, it implies AS. The other reference sample
(AC) disperses into two, one towards the positive pole and the other farther apart
towards the negative pole and if the test sample also does the same, it implies AC.
If the test sample does not disperse and moves towards the positive pole, it implies
AA, if the test sample does not disperse and moves towards the negative pole, it
implies SS and if the test sample does not disperse and moves farther apart
towards the negative pole, it implies CC.

3.2 CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY DEPARTMENT

Chemical pathology (also known as clinical chemistry, clinical biochemistry
or medical biochemistry) is the area of clinical pathology that is generally
concerned with analysis of bodily fluids for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
(not to be confused with medicinal chemistry). The discipline involves the use of
simple chemical tests for various components of blood and urine.
 19

All biochemical tests come under chemical pathology. These are performed on any
kind of body fluid, but mostly on serum or plasma. Tests carried out in this
department include;
i. Blood Glucose Tests
ii. Urinalysis
3.2.1 Blood Glucose Tests
This is a laboratory test used in the estimation of blood sugar level at a
given period of time in order to obtain the average level to see how fast the body
will utilize glucose. In a normal person, blood level is controlled within a narrow
range. In the early morning, after overnight fasting, the blood sugar level is low.
Between the first and second hour after meal (random) blood sugar level rises to
between 3.9-6.1mmol/L. The blood sugar level is brought back to normal at the
end of the second hour after meal. In normal persons, the blood sugar is well
maintained in spite of lack of dietary sources. The blood sugar regulating
mechanism is operated through liver and muscle by the influence of pancreatic
hormones which are insulin and glucagon.
Types of blood glucose tests:
1. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) measures blood glucose after fasting for at least 8
hours. It often is the first test done to check for diabetes.
2. 2-hour postprandial blood sugar (2-hour PP) measures blood glucose
exactly 2 hours after eating a meal.
3. Random blood sugar (RBS) measures blood glucose regardless of when the
person last ate. Several random measurements may be taken throughout the
day. Random testing is useful because glucose levels in healthy people do not
vary widely throughout the day. Blood glucose levels that vary widely may
indicate a problem. This test is also called a casual blood glucose test.
4. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) measures the body's ability to use
glucose. It is used mainly to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes. An oral glucose
tolerance test is a series of blood glucose measurements taken after you drink a
sweet liquid that contains glucose. This test is commonly used to diagnose
diabetes that occurs during pregnancy (gestational diabetes). This test is not
commonly used to diagnose diabetes in a person.
 20

Principle: The principle of this test is based on the measurement of electrical

currents caused by the reaction of glucose with the reagent on the gold electrode of
the stip. The blood sample is drawn into the strip’s reaction chamber through
capillary action and glucose in the blood sample reacts with glucose
dehydrogenase and mediator. This reaction creates electrical current which is
proportional to the glucose concentration in the blood and this concentration is
read in mmol/L equivalence by the glucometer with the aid of the algorithm
programmed in it.
Materials: Spectrophotometer, test tube, micropipette, glucose reagent, dry cotton
wool.
Procedure:
 Arrange three test tubes in a rack labeled Blank (B), Standard (S) and Test
(T).
 Pipette 1000µl of glucose reagent into each of the test tube.
 Add 10µl of distilled water, standard solution and test sample into the test
tube respectively.
 Mix properly and incubate at 37ºC for 10 minutes.
 Read using spectrophotometer at 546nm.
Table 3.2: Procedure for glucose estimation
Blank Standard Test
Glucose reagent 1000µl 1000µl 1000µl
Distilled water 10µl - -
Standard solution - 10µl -
Test sample - - 10µl
Incubate at 37ºc for 10 minutes
Read using spectrophotometer at 546nm

Calculation:
Absorbance of Test × Concentration of Standard (5.55mmol/L)
Absorbance of Standard
 21

Result:
There are different ranges of standard values for the glucose test but however
depending on the type of glucose test carried out which includes;
Fasting blood sugar test: The patient is expected to be on fasting for a period of
10-12hours before test, preferably over the night. It has a standard value which
range between 3.5-6.1mmol/L.
Random blood sugar test: This is carried from the patient the first and second
hour after meal. It has a standard value that ranges between 3.9-8.0mmol/L. it can
also be referred to as post-prandial blood sugar test.

3.2.2 Urinalysis
Urinalysis is a test of the urine. It is a screening test usually used to detect and
manage a wide range of disorders such as urinary tract infections, disease of the
kidney, diabetes, metabolic abnormalities, liver disease, biliary and hepatic
obstructions and haemolytic diseases. A urinalysis involves checking the
appearance, concentration and content of urine. Abnormal urinalysis result may
point to a disease or illness.
1. Macroscopic urinalysis
2. Chemical analysis
Macroscopic Urinalysis: This is the direct visual observation of the urine noting
its colour and clarity or cloudiness.
Chemical Analysis: A urine dipstick is used in this part. Urine dipstick is a narrow
plastic strip which has several squares of different colours attached to it. Each
small square represents the component of a test used to interpret urinalysis. The
entire test strip is dipped in the urine sample and colour changes (which take place
several seconds after dipping) in each square are noted.
Each colour change on the particular square may indicate specific abnormalities in
the urine sample caused by a certain chemical reaction. The reference of the colour
changes is posted on the plastic bottle container of the urine test strips. This makes
for easy and quick interpretation of the urinalysis result by placing the strip next to
the container and comparing each colour change to the reference provided. The
squares on the dipstick represent the following components in the urine:
 22

1. Blood: The detection is based on the pseudoperoxidative activity of

haemoglobin and myoglobin which catalyse the oxidation of an indicator by
an organic hydroperoxide producing a green colour.
2. Urobilinogen: The test paper contains a stable diazonium salt forming a
reddish azo compound with urobilinogen.
3. Bilirubin: A red azo compound is obtained in the presence of acid by
coupling a bilirubin with urobilinogen
4. Protein: The test is based on the “protein error” principle of indicators. The
test zone is buffered to a constant pH value and changes colour from yellow
to greenish blue in the presence of albumin. Other proteins are indicated
with less sensitivity.
5. Nitrite: Microorganisms which are able to reduce nitrate to nitrite are
indicated indirectly by this test. The principle of the Griess reagent is the
basis of this test. The test paper contains an amine and coupling component.
A red colouredazo compound is formed by diazotization and subsequent
coupling.
6. Ketones: The test is based on the principle of Legal’s test. Acetoacid and
acetone form with sodium nitroprusside in alkaline medium, a violet
coloured complex.
7. Ascorbic Acid: The detection is based on the discoloration of Tillman’s
reagent. In the presence of ascorbic acid, a colour change take place from
blue to red.
8. Glucose: The detection is based on glucose oxidase-peroxidase chromogen
reaction. Apart from glucose, no other compound in urine is known to give a
positive reaction.
9. pH: The test paper contains indicators which clearly change colour between
pH 5 and pH.

3.3 SEROLOGY DEPARTMENT

Serology is the scientific study of serum and other bodily. In practice, the term
usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum.
Serological test may be performed for diagnostic purposes when an infection is
suspected, in rheumatic illness, and in many other situations. Serology blood test
 23

help to diagnose patients with certain immune deficiencies associated with the
lack of antibodies.
Some tests classified under serology are: widal agglutination test, retroviral
screening (RVS) test, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test, hepatitis c virus
(HCV), pregnancy test, and syphilis test (VDRL).
NOTE: All above mentioned tests under serology have the same procedures but
different strips kit, except for widal agglutination test.
PROCEDURE FOR SEROLOGY TEST (except for Widal)
 Spin the anti-coagulated blood sample in the bucket centrifuge at
12,000rpm for 5 minutes.
 Apply 2-3 drops of plasma/serum on the sample pad of the test strip with
the pasteur pipette (each test has its own strip).
 Read the result after 10 minutes.
RESULT
Double band (one on control and the other on test) = Positive
Single band (on the control alone) = Negative
No band = Invalid (to be repeated).

3.3.1 Widal Agglutination Test

The principle of Widal test is based on antigen-antibody reaction. The test is done
to diagnose Salmonella typhi which is the causative agent of typhoid.
Aim: To determine the presence of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi in a
patient’s plasma.
Principle: The stained antigen suspensions are bacteria stained to enhance the
reading of agglutination test. The blue antigens are specific ‘O’ antigen while the
red stained antigens are specific to the flagella ‘H’ antigens.
Materials: Clean grease free tile, dry cotton wool, applicator stick, pasteur pipette,
bucket centrifuge, widal kits.
Procedure:
 A drop of plasma was applied on a clean grease free tile and a drop of each
of the paratyphi O, A-O, B-O, C-O, and H, A-H, B-H, C-H in square 1-8 was
added into the plasma respectively and was rocked gently for 3 minutes.
 24

 Observe for agglutination.

Result: If the degree of agglutination shows 1:80 titre or above for both O and H
anti-bodies, it indicates positive result but if it has less than 1:80 titre, it indicates
negative result.

3.3.2 Retroviral Screening (RVS) Test

Retroviral screening test is used is the diagnosis of the human immuno virus, HIV.
The virus can be transmitted through the following ways:
 Through transfusion of infected blood.
 Through the use of unsterilized surgical instrument.
 From mother to child during delivery.
 Through an unprotected sex with an infected person.

3.3.3 Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Test

Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. Hepatitis B is an
infectious disease caused by hepatitis B virus which affects the liver. It causes both
acute and chronic infections. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is most
frequently used to screen for the presence of the infection. It is the first detectable
viral antigen to appear during infection. It is transmitted through sexual
intercourse, kissing and exchange of body fluids.
Principle: The human body produces a sufficient amount of antibodies against the
hepatitis virus within the plasma when the virus invades the body. The antibodies
produced forms a complex during reactions that can be seen as coloured bands on
the test zone of the strip membrane depending on the level of the antibodies
produced which are proportional to the level of the infection obtained. The antigen
embedded strip reacts with the antibodies in the plasma. The result is read in 10
minutes.

3.3.4 Veneral Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test

Veneral Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test also known as syphilis test is a
test done to detect the presence or absence of Treponema palllidum bacteria in a
patient’s plasma. Syphilis is one of the most common sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs). It is an infection caused by the bacteria Treponema pallidum.
 25

Syphilis is transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected person. It
is mostly through contact with a syphilis sore (chancre), a painless sore. Symptoms
include painless sore either in the anus, mouth or genitals, rashes, fatigue, weight
loss, fever and hair loss.
Principle: Recombinant syphilis antigen is immobilized in a test line region. After
a plasma sample is added, it reacts with syphilis antigen coated particles in the
test. This mixture migrates along the length of the test strip and interacts with the
immobilized syphilis antigen.

3.3.5 Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG)

Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) is a test that measures the amount of
human chorionic gonadotropin in the blood. This hormone is produced as soon as
10 days post-conception and an above-normal level can confirm pregnancy.
Aside from this, the beta-hCG test may also be used during evaluations of fertility
treatments (a synthetic form of the hormone is sometimes used to help follicles
mature and trigger ovulation), as well as when there are concerns that something
may be wrong with a pregnancy.
What Beta HCG Measures
Pregnancy testing involves the detection of hCG either in the urine or blood.
The urine test is a qualitative one in that it can only tell you if the sample is positive
or negative for hCG. The same goes for the qualitative hCG blood test.
In contrast, the beta hCG is a quantitative test, meaning it reveals not just that the
hormone is present in the blood, but in exactly what amounts. Levels of hCG are
measured in milli-international units per milliliter (mIU/ml).
The beta-hCG test is also used when there are concerns about pregnancy
complications, including miscarriage. In these situations, repeat tests may be
performed every two to three days to evaluate how quickly hCG levels are rising.
 26

CHAPTER FOUR

EXPERIENCE GAINED AND RELEVANCE TO COURSE OF

STUDY
4.1 General Experience Gained
As a student of the Department of SLT, I learnt so many things concerning my
discipline that I had a little knowledge of. This training reshaped my reasoning and
the way I look at science. Tests like blood grouping, genotyping etc. sounded odd at
first with also tests that I never knew existed but I was opportune to conduct
several tests and it became really simple.
Passing through different sections of the laboratory made me understand some
courses that we did earlier in on in the university that I just read but didn’t quite
understand how it should be applied or how it work. The haematology section,
routine tests like blood grouping and genotyping that sounded familiar because of
teachings about it appeared rather different in the sense that I didn’t have to apply
theoretical knowledge but learn the techniques on how to conduct the practical
and after that put it together with the theory aspect and learn so much more.

4.2 Relevance of Experience gained to Course of Study

SIWES- the student industrial work experience scheme stands out as one ITF
programme of which its relevance to students in various areas of vocational
education need be appreciated. ITF in 1973/1974 established SIWES to ensure the
acquisitions of relevance industrial work experience by universities, polytechnics
and college of education students whose course are directly related to industry
and to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills preparatory for
employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions.
SIWES is a cooperative internship programme, which enable students of
technology to spent some part of their course for relevant on the job training
practical experience in appropriate areas of the Nigerian industries. The internship
programme, SIWES, can therefore be seen as that which is intended to give
Nigerian students studying occupationally related courses experience that would
supplement their theoretical learning.
 27

SIWES programme provides an avenue for evaluating participating students, both

as students and as prospective employees where defect are found in students job
performance or attitude to work, he/she through proper supervision guided to
correct such defect prior to taking up permanent employment.
The SIWES programme also provide an enabling environment where students can
develop and enhance personal attributes such as critical thinking, creativity,
initiative, resourcefulness, leadership, time management, presentation skills and
interpersonal skills, amongst others.
In addition, SIWES also provided students the opportunity to work in one or more
area of industry and this will enable them to relate their theoretical knowledge to
the practical work situation which is a realistic way of determining the relevance
of theory and practice.
 28

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Difficulties encountered during the programme
Life they say is not a bed of roses and whatsoever that has advantages also have its
disadvantages. In as much as the SIWES programme is a wonderful programme
which has been designed to help the students have a practical knowledge of their
various courses of study, it is note-worthy to also mention some of the problems
encountered during the programme.
 Problems of securing a place of attachment: Securing a place of
attachment for industrial training programme was a very big challenge to me.
This is due to the fact that there are very limited establishment that accepts
students undergoing industrial training. While I was searching for a place of
attachments, I got to find out most of the establishments that accepts
students had already taken the maximum number of students needed, while
others would just reject the request giving one reason or the other.
 Inaccessible Machines: In most laboratories, industrial training students
were not opportune to access most of the automated analyzers, e.g. the full
blood count (FBC) machine and instead, most student were been told to
watch and learn which does not assist us in learning better going with the
saying ‘practice makes perfection’ and not ‘watching makes perfection’. One of
the objectives of SIWES is to expose students to work methods and
techniques in handling equipments and machineries that may not be
available in their universities, thus, the above stated objective of SIWES is not
been fulfilled completely.
The difficulties encountered during the programme among others include;
 Inadequate monitoring of students on industrial training;
 Lack of cooperation and support from organization;
 Delay in release of fund for supervision and student’s industrial training
allowances;
 Student’s reports were not corrected.
 29

5.2 Recommendation
The recommendations arising from the foregoing appraisal of the effectiveness of
SIWES in the formation of competent and productive technical manpower for the
economy are summarized as follows;
 The Federal Government should make adequate provisions in the annual
budget for proper funding for SIWES in view of the potentials of the scheme
to contribute to enhancing the quality of pool of technical skills available to
the economy.
 A review of the policies that guide and regulate SIWES is necessary to ensure
that the scheme complies fully.
 Tertiary institutions need to comply with the standards set for proper
implementations of SIWES to enable students derive the greatest benefits
from participation in the scheme.
 Quality assurance of SIWES, through adequate supervision of participants by
the relevant stakeholders (institutions, employers and ITF) would ensure
that the scheme meets its objectives vis-à -vis the principles of cooperative
education or work-integrated learning.
 Students should be well prepared through meaningful orientation
programmes by institutions before embarking on SIWES. A book, such as
the “Guide to successful participation in SIWES” would be useful in
achieving the purpose if read before, during and after SIWES by
participants.
5.3 Conclusion

My four months’ industrial attachment with Comprehensive Health Centre, Behind

Panapana, Ore, Ondo State (Lab Unit) has been one of the most interesting,
productive, instructive and educative experience in my life. Through this training, I
have gained new insight and more comprehensive understanding about the real
industrial working condition and practice and also improved my soft and
functional skills.
 30

All these valuable experiences and knowledge that I have gained were not only
acquired through the direct involvement in task but also through other aspects of
the training such as: work observation, supervision, interaction with colleagues,
supervisors, superior and other people related to the field. It also exposed me to
some certain things about medical environment. And from what I have undergone,
I am sure that the industrial training programme has achieved its primary
objective.

I am confident that my future career has already been built with what I have

already started with Comprehensive Health Centre, and concisely, the overall
importance of this program (SIWES) cannot be overstated. The period of training
enables student to gradually get composed into the working environment of their
chosen career, a very important step in creating skilled professionals.
 31

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