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NCM 103:
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
RELATED LEARNING EXPERIENCE
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RLE Nursing Skills # 3: Mobility & Exercise
PRINCIPLES OF BODY MECHANICS
a. The wider the base of support, the greater the stability of the nurse
b. The lower the center of gravity, the greater the stability of the nurse
c. The equilibrium of an object is maintained as long as the line of gravity passes through the
base of support
d. Facing the direction of movement prevents abnormal twisting of the spine
e. Dividing balance activity between arms and legs reduces the risk of back injury
f. Leverage, rolling, turning, or pivoting requires less work than lifting
g. When friction is reduced in between arms and legs reduces the risk of back injury
h. When friction is reduced between the object to be moved and the surface on which it is
moved, less force is required to move it
i. Reducing the force of work reduces the risk of injury
j. Maintaining good body mechanics reduces fatigue of the muscle groups
k. Alternating periods of rest and activity helps to reduce fatigue
Trochanter Rolls Prevent external rotation of legs when clients are in supine position.
The roll is place under the buttocks and then rolled away from the
client until the high is in neutral position or an inward position with
the patella facing upward.
Maintain the thumb slightly adducted and in opposition to the fingers;
Hand Rolls
they maintain fingers in a lightly flexed position
Individually molded for the client to maintain proper alignment of the
Hand-wrist splint thumb in slight adduction and the wrist in slight dorsiflexion. These
splints should be used only for the client for whom they were made
Descends from a securely fastened overhead bar attached to the bed
Trapeze bar frame. Allows the client to use upper extremities to raise the trunk off
the bed, to assist in transfer from bed to wheelchair, or to perform
upper arm strengthening exercises.
Side rails Are bars positioned along the sides of the length of the bed
Are plywood boards placed under the entire surface of the mattress.
They are useful for increasing back support and alignment, especially
with a soft mattress
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Or abductor pillow is a triangular-shaped pillow made of heavy foam.
It is used to maintain legs in abduction following total hip
replacement surgery
Positioning Techniques
In general, clients should be repositioned as needed and at least
– every 2 hours if they are in bed
– Every 30 minutes if they are sitting in a chair
Kinds of Positioning Techniques
Fowler’s (45-60% head elevation)
Supine (rests on the back)
Prone (face-down position)
Lateral (side-lying)
Sim’s (semi-prone)
Principles & Considerations to Remember
Improper positioning can cause unnecessary harm to clients, such as
– skin breakdown and joint contractures, especially if they have certain pre-existing
conditions such as
peripheral vascular disease or diabetes
Positions that compromise peripheral blood flow
– may damage nerves as well
Every time your client is repositioned, make certain to check
-total body alignment,
-placement of extremities
-Skin breakdown
-Joint contractures
TYPES:
1. Typhoon, floods
2. Fire, vehicular accident
3.earthquakes, landslides
4. Plane crash, nuclear warfare
Emergency Operations Plan (EOP)
Health care facilities are required by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare
Organizations to create a plan for emergency preparedness and to practice this plan twice a year
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Essential components of the plan:
An activation response
An internal/external communication plan
Security plans
Deactivation response
Post-incident response
Anticipated resources
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Level C: air-purified respirator, coverall with splash hood, and chemical-resistant gloves and
boots
Level D: typical work uniform
MANAGEMENT
TRIAGE - sorting of casualties
STAGES OF DISASTER
1. THREAT STAGE
- when situations occurs that have potential or creating crises but do not show actual
conditions of peril
2. WARNING
- is most specific than the first stage of threat & almost assures the reality of disaster
3. IMPACT
- when the disaster is manifested full-blown
4. RECOVERY
- when the assessment of the disaster effects is made, the injured are rescued, &
rehabilitation of people & their lives is begun
TRIAGE
- the classification of all clients presenting to the emergency department for the purpose
of prioritizing treatment.
- it is utilized to promptly identify those clients requiring immediate, life-saving
treatment & those who would receive more efficient & effective care in another area
Advance skill
Ensures that patients most in need of care do not wait to receive it
Nurse must also collect crucial initial data: vital signs and history, neurologic assessment
findings, diagnostic data
FIELD TRIAGE
Scarce resources must be used to benefit the most people possible
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FAST TRACK
Requires simple first aid or basic primary care
May be treated in the ED or safety referred to a clinic or physician’s office
A. ASSESSMENT
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
- rapid initial assessment of the client’s presenting symptoms to determine the presence of
life- threatening conditions while simultaneously intervening
B – BREATHING
* possible interventions for INEFFECTIVE BREATHING PATTERN include
application of supplemental oxygen by mask or bag-valve mask device, assisting with
chest tube insertion or intubation, covering of open chest wound with 3-sided occlusive
dressing & use of pressure dressing on a flail segment of ribs
C - CIRCULATION/CONTROLLED HEMORRHAGE
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*Finding of adequate perfusion include:
-full, regular, & normal pulse rate; pink, warm, & dry skin with capillary refill
*Indications of decreased circulation include:
- bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, cool, pale & diaphoretic skin, external
bleeding, decreased level of consciousness
*Interventions: direct pressure to control external bleeding, insertion of IV access
device, fluid volume replacement with normal saline, blood or blood products, CPR
D – DISABILITY
* Complete a brief neurological assessment to determine baseline functioning,
potential life-threatening complications, & level of consciousness.
*Glasgow Coma Scale assess the arousal component of responsiveness; it measures
eye opening, best verbal response, & best motor response minimum score of 3 & max
score is 15
E - EXPOSE
* Remove all clothing from the client to facilitate a through complete secondary
assessment examination
B. SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
- A brief systematic head-to-toe assessment that identifies injuries; cervical immobilization is
maintained at all times during the secondary assessment as well as the continual assessment
of hemodynamic & oxygenation status
F – FAHRENHEIT
* is important to provide measures to prevent body heat loss at this time through the use of
warmed IV fluids, warmed blankets, or heating lamps
1. MINIMAL TREATMENT
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Minor treatment can be delayed hours to days
- patients who can be returned to active duty immediately
This group should be moved away from the main triage area.
Can be returned to active duty immediately
Priority -3
Color –GREEN
MINIMAL CONDITIONS
Upper extremity fractures
Minor burns
Sprains
Small laceration without significant bleeding
Behavioral disorders
Psychological disturbance
2. IMMEDIATE TREATMENT
LIFE THREATENING
patients whom the available expedient procedures will save life or limb
Survivable with minimal interventions
Can progress rapidly to expectant if treatment is delayed
Priority -1
Color – RED Sucking chest wound
Airway obstruction
Shock
Hemothorax
Tension pneumothorax
Asphyxia
Unstable chest
Abdominal wounds
Incomplete amputations
IMMEDIATE CONDITIONS
Open fractures of long bones
2nd and 3rd degree burns of 15-40% TBSA
3. DELAYED TREATMENT
Injuries are significant and require medical care
patients who, after emergency treatment will incur little increased risk by having surgery
withheld temporarily.
Can wait hours without threat to life or limb
Treated only after immediate causalities
Priority -2
Color – YELLOW
DELAYED CONDITIONS
Stable abdominal wounds without hemorrhage
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Soft tissue injuries
Maxillofacial wounds without airway compromise
Vascular injuries with adequate collateral circulation
Genitourinary tract disruption
Fractures for ORIF
Debridement external fixation
Eye injury
CNS injury
4. EXPECTANT TREATMENT
-Injuries are extensive and chances of survival are unlikely even with definitive care
-critically injured patients who will be given treatment if time & facilities are available
-This group should be separated from other causalities but not abandoned
-Comfort measures should be provided when possible
-Priority -4
-Color- BLACK
EXPECTANT CONDITIONS
Unresponsive patients with penetrating head wounds
High spinal cord injuries
Wounds involving multiple anatomical sites and organs
2nd and 3rd degree burns in excess of 60% of body surface area
Seizures and vomiting within 24 hours after radiation exposure
Profound shock with multiple injuries
Agonal respirations
No pulse, BP, pupils fixed and dilated.
***the following is a priority schedule which serves as a guide to establish the flow of
casualties from the disaster are through the FIRST AID STATION to FORWARD
TREATEMENT CENTER AND HOSPITAL
PRIORITIES OF TREATMENT
1. FIRST PRIORITY
-individual needing immediate attention to save life
a. any wound interfering with airway or causing airway obstruction
=includes sucking chest wounds, tension pneumothorax & maxillofacial wounds 9n
which asphyxia is present
b. any wound requiring immediate pressure for bleeding
c. shock due to major hemorrhage, to wounds of any organ systems, fractures
2. SECONDARY PRIORITY
- individual needing early surgery
a. visceral injuries, including perforations of the gastro intestinal tract; wounds of the
biliary & pancreatic system
b. vascular injuries requiring repair
c. closed cerebral injuries with increasing loss of consciousness
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3. THIRD PRIORITY
- patients who requires surgery but can tolerate a delayed
a. spinal injuries in which decompression is required
b. soft tissue wounds in which debridement is necessary
c. lesser fractures & dislocations
d. injuries of the eyes
e. maxillofacial injuries without asphyxia
Chemical Weapons
Chemical substances that quickly cause injury and/or death and cause panic and social
disruption
Agents:
Nerve agents
Blood agents
Vesicants
Pulmonary agents
Agents vary in volatility, persistence, toxicity, and period of latency
Limitation of exposure is essential with evacuation and decontamination as soon possible
and as close to the scene of the incident as possible
Sarin and soman organophosphates
Inhibit cholinesterase-causing cholinergic symptoms progressing to loss of consciousness,
seizures, copious secretions, apnea, and death
Treatment: supportive care, atropine, benzodiazepine, and pralidoxime
Decontaminate with copious amounts of soap and water or saline for at least 20 minutes
Blot; do not wipe off
Plastic equipment will absorb sarin gas
Vesicants
Lewisite, sulfur mustard, nitrogen mustard, and phosgene
Cause blistering and burning
Respiratory effects can be serious and cause death
Decontaminate with soap and water; do not scrub or use hypochlorite solutions
Eye exposure requires copious irrigation
Treatment for lewisite exposure: dimercaprol IV or topically
Radiation Exposure
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Radiation exposure may occur due to nuclear weapons, nuclear reactor incidents, or
exposure to radioactive samples
Exposure to radiation is affected by time, distance, and shielding
Contamination:
-exposure to radioactive gases liquids or solids; requires immediate medical management
to prevent incorporation
Incorporation: uptake of the radioactive material into the body
Radiation Decontamination
Triage outside the hospital
Cover floor and use strict isolation precautions to prevent the tracking of contaminants
Seal air ducts and vent
Waste is double bagged and put in a container labeled radiation waste
Staff protection
Water-resistant gowns, 2 pairs of gloves, caps, goggles, masks, and booties
Dosimetry devices
Patients are surveyed for radiation and directed to the decontamination area
Each patient is decontaminated with a shower outside the ED
Water, tarps, towels, soap, gowns, all the patient’s belongings, etc., must be collected and
contained
Patients are surveyed and showered again as necessary
Showering should be performed so as not to contaminate clean areas with runoff from the
showering
Biologic samples: nasal and throat swabs; blood
Internal contamination requires additional treatment: catharsis and gastric lavage with
chelating agents
Radiation Injuries
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS): dose of radiation determines if ARS will develop
All body systems are affected by ARS
Presenting signs and symptoms determine predicted survival
Probable survivors have no initial symptoms or only minimal symptoms
Possible survivors present with nausea and vomiting that persists for 24 to 48 hours
Improbable survivors are acutely ill with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock; neurologic
symptoms suggest lethal dose; and survival time is variable
THANK YOU!
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