SHELL AND TUBE

HEAT EXCHANGER
Instruction Manual

#-3,Pooja Vihar, Opposite Industrial Estate, Ambala Cantt-133006

Cont:-90345-76033
Email:- finitetechno@gmail.com
 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

AIM: To Find the Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) effectiveness

of Shell and Tube type heat exchanger.

THEORY

A heat exchanger is a device used for effective the process of heat exchange between
two fluids that are two different temperatures. The heat exchangers are useful in many
engineering process like those in refrigerating and air conditioning systems, power
systems, food processing systems, chemical reactors and space or aeronautical
applications. A heat exchanger in which two fluids exchange heat by coming into direct
contact is called a direct contact heat exchanger. Examples of this type are open feed
water heaters, desuperheaters and jet condensers. Recuperators are the heat exchangers
in which the fluids are separated by a wall. The valve may be a simple plane wall or
tube or complex configuration involving fins, baffles and multiple passes of tubes.
These units, also called surface heat exchanger are more commonly used because they
can be constructed with large heat transfer surfaces in a relatively small volume and
are suitable for heating, cooling, evaporating, condensing applications. A periodic flow
type of heat exchanger is called a regenerator. This type of heat exchanger, the same
space is alternatively occupied by the hot and cold gases between which heat is
exchanged. Regenerators find their applications in pre heaters for steam power plants,
blast furnaces, oxygen producers etc.
Common examples of Heat exchanger are the radiator of a car, the condenser of
the back of the domestic refrigerator, the steam boiler of a thermal power plant.
Heat exchanger can be classified in three categories:
1. Transferred Type
2. Storage Type
3. Direct Contact Type
 A Transferred Type heat exchanger is one in which both fluid pass simultaneously
through the device and the heat is transferred through separating walls. In practice most
of the heat exchangers used are transferred type one. The transferred type heat
exchanger are further classified according to the flow arrangement as
1. Parallel Flow: In which fluids flow in the same direction
2. Counter Flow: In which they flow in opposite direction
3. Cross Flow: In which they flow at right angles to each other.

Figure: Parallel Flow Arrangement

Figure: Counter-Current Flow Arrangement

 Figure: Cross Current Flow Arrangement

When large quantities of heat are to be transferred the heat transfer area requirement
of heat exchanger also becomes large. In a single pass heat exchanger this requirement
can be met either by increasing length of tubes or by decreasing the diameter and
increases the nos. of tubes at the same time. Neither these methods is practical because
due to limitations of sides, the length of tube can not be increased arbitrarily and large
pressure drops could occur which smaller diameter tubes. These difficulties lead us to
multi pass arrangement. The fluid flowing through the tubes is called the tube fluid
where as the fluid flowing outside the tubes are called the shell fluid. Depending upon
the heat transfer area requirement we can have multi tubes and /or shell pass. The flow
conditions for shell and tube type heat exchanger are neither parallel flow nor counter
flow type. To create turbulence in the shell side fluid and enhance the cross flow
velocity of this fluid relative to the tubes, baffles are generally provided. This results
in a higher heat transfer coefficient for the outer tube surface.
LOGARITHMIC MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

For the derivation of temperature difference of two fluids, the following assumptions
must be made:

1. The overall coefficient of heat transfer U is constant over the entire length of
path.

2. The fluid flow is constant obeying the steady state requirement.

3. The specific is constant over the entire length of path.

4. There are no partial phase changes in the system i.e. vaporization or

condensation. The derivation is the application for the sensible heat changes and
when vaporization or condensation is isothermal over the whole length of path.

5. The heat loss is negligible.

APPARATUS DESCRIPTION

Shell and Tube heat exchanger are popular in industries because they occupy less space
and offered reasonable temperature drop. The apparatus consist of fabricated SS shell,
inside which tubes with baffles on outer side are fitted. This is one pass heat exchanger
so that hot water passes to one end of shell through the tubes and from other end comes
out. The cold water is admitted at the one end of the shell, which passes over the hot
water tubes. Valves are provided to control the flow rate of hot and cold water. Flow
rates of hot and water are measured using Rota meters. A magnetic drive pump is used
to circulate hot water from a recycle type water tank which is fitted with heaters and
digital temperature controller.

PROCEDURE:
STARTING PROCEDURE:-
1. Clean the apparatus and make the water bath free from dust.
2. Close the entire drain valve provided.
3. Fill the water in the bath and switch on the heater.
 4. Adjust the required temperature of hot water using DTC.
5. Then couple up the couplings to their corresponding section of hot supply on
plate type heat exchanger and also couple up the with their couplings for cold
water to their corresponding section on the shell and tube type heat exchanger.
Allow the hot water to recirculate in bath from passing through the tubes by
which the heat is exchange through the heat comes and exchange of heat will
start by switching on the magnetic pump.
6. Start the flow through the shell and run the exchanger.
7. Adjust the flow rate on cold water side with the help of Rotameter.
8. Adjust the flow rate on hot water side with the help of Rotameter.
9. Keeping the flow rates same, wait till steady state conditions are reached.
10. Record the temperatures on hot water and cold water side accurately.

CLOSING PROCEDURE:-
1. When experiment is over switch off the heater first.
2. Switch off magnetic pump for hot water supply.
3. Switch off power supply to the panel.
4. Drain water bath with help of drain valves.
UTILITIES REQUIRED
 Water supply and drain.
 Electricity supply: I phase, 220 volt AC, 2.5 kW.
 Floor area of 1.5 m x 0.7 m
 OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:
OBSERVATION TABLE:

Fh LPH T1 oC T2 oC Fc LPH T3 oC T4 oC
S.No.

1.

2.
 CALCULATIONS:
T1  T2
Find the properties of water (Cph, ρh) at Th  and (Cpc, ρh) at
2
T3  T4
Tc  From data book.
2
Cph = -------------kJ/kgoC
Cpc = -------------kJ/kgoC
ρh = -------------kg/m3
ρc = -------------kg/m3

Fh   h
Mh  , kg / s           kg / s
3600  1000
Qh  M h C ph (T1  T2 ),W           W

Fc   h
Mc  , kg / s          kg / s
3600  1000
Qc  M c C ph (T4  T3 ), W          W

Qh  Qc
Qc  , W            W
2
∆T1 = T1-T4, oC = ----------------oC
∆T2 =T2-T4, oC = -------------------oC
T1  T2
Tm  , C            C
T1
ln
T2

Ai  Di L, m 2            m 2

Ao  Do L, m 2           m 2

Q
Ui  , W / m 2 C            W / m 2 C
Ai Tm

Q
Uo  , W / m 2 C            W / m 2 C
Ao Tm
NOMENCLATURE:
Ai = Inside heat transfer area, m2
Ao = Outside heat transfer area, m2
Cph = Specific heat of hot fluid at mean temperature, kJ/kgoC
Cpc = Specific heat of cold fluid at mean temperature, kJ/kgoC
Do = Outer diameter of tube, m
Di = Inner diameter of tube, m
Fh = Flow rate of hot water, LPH
Fc = Flow rate of cold water, LPH
L = Length of tube, m
Mh = Mass flow rate of the hot water, kg/s
Mc = Mass flow rate of the cold water, kg/s
Q = Average heat transfer from the system, W
Qc = Heat gained by the cold water, W
Qh = Heat loss by the hot water, W
Th = Mean temperature of hot water oC
Tc = Mean temperature of cold water, oC
T1 = Inlet temperature of the hot water, oC
T2 = Outlet temperature of the hot water, oC
T3 = Inlet temperature of the cold water, oC
T4 = Outlet temperature of the cold water, oC
∆Tm = Log mean temperature difference, oC
Ui = Inside overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2oC
Uo = Outside overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2oC
ρc = Density of cold water at mean temp, kg/m3
ρh = Density of hot water at mean temp. kg/m3
PRECAUTIONS & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 180volts and above than
230 volts.
2. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF
switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
3. Operator selectors switch off temperature indicator gently.
4. Always keep the apparatus free from dust.
TROUBLE SHOOTING:
1. If electric panel is not showing the input on the mains light, check the main
supply.
REFERENCES:
1. Holman, J.P., “Heat Transfer”, 9th ed., Mc Graw Hill, NY, 2008, Page 525-
526, 528-531.
2. McCabe, Smith, J.C., Harriott, P., “Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering”, 7th Ed. McGraw Hill, NY, 2005, Page 327-329,331-333.
PROPERTIES OF WATER
1. Arora. Domukundwar, “A course in Heat & Mass Transfer”, 6th ed.,
Dhanpat Rai & Co. (P) LTD., NY, 2003, Page A.6