RURAL NEIGHBORHOODS

From their inception,most rural neighborhoods in colonial North Americaincluded at

least onecarpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking;a weaver and a tailor
for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating
leather
Line objects; and a blacksmith for metal work, Where stone was the local building material, a
(5) mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice
as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from
furniture to shoes to farm equipmentin exchangefor cash or for “goods in kind” from the
customer’s field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by
the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made
chairs or tables
(10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from
cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.

Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the
winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials
that were
(15) only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few
artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To
the best
of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to
regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their
investment in time, tools, and materials, While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for
example,
(20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and
applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time
required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality –
and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as
many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.

10.What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Farming practices
(B) The work of artisans
(C) The character of rural neighborhoods
(D) Types of furniture that were popular

11.The word “inception” inline 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) investigation (B) location (C) beginning (D) records

12.The word “fabricating” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) constructing (B) altering (C) selecting (D) demonstrating

13.It can be inferred from the form the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was
(A) especially helpful to wood workers (B) popular inrural areas
(C) continuous in winter (D) expensive

14.Why did colonial artisans want to “regularize theirschedules” (line 18)?

(A) To enable them to produce high quality products
(B) To enable them to duplicate an item many times
(C) To impress their customers
(D) To keep expenses low

15.The phrase “resort to”in line 20 isclosest in meaning to

 (A) protectingwith (B) moving toward (C) manufacturing (D) using

16.The word “few’ in lines 23 refers to

(A) wood workers (B) finished pieces
(C) customers (D) chests

17.It can inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that were
(A) simple (B) delicate
(C) beautifully decorated (D) exceptionally long-lasting
 WEATHER FORCASTING

Many ofthe most damaging andlife-threatening types ofweather-torrential rains,

severe thunderstorms, andtornadoes-begin quickly, strike suddenly, and dissipate rapidly,
devastating small regionswhileleaving neighboring areas untouched. Onesuch event,
atornado,struck the northeasternsection of Edmonton, Alberta, in July 1987. Total
(5)
damages fromthe tornado exceeded $ 250 million, the highest ever for any
Canadianstorm. Conventional computer models of the atmospherehave limited valuein
predictingshort-live local storms like the Edmonton tornado, because the available weather
dataare generally not detailed enoughto allow computersto discern thesubtle
atmosphericchanges that precede these storms. In most nations,for example,
(10) weatherballoon observations are taken just onceevery twelve hours at locations
typicallyseparated by hundreds of miles. Withsuch limited data, conventional forecasting
models do amuch better job predicting general weather conditions over large regions than
they do forecasting specific local events.

Until recently, the observation-intensive approach needed for accurate, very

(15)
shortrange forecasts, or "Nowcasts", was not feasible. The cost of equipping and
operatingmany thousands of conventional weatherstations was prohibitivelyhigh, and the
difficulties involved in rapidly collecting and processing the rawweather data from such a
networkwere insurmountable. Fortunately, scientific and technologicaladvances have
(20) overcomemost of theseproblems. Radarsystems, automatedweather instruments,
andsatellites are all capable of making detailed, nearly continuous observation over large
regions at a relatively low cost. Communicationssatellites can transmit data around the
world cheaply and instantaneously, and modern computerscan quickly compile and
analyzing this largevolume of weather information. Meteorologists and computerscientists
(25) now work together to designcomputer programs and video equipment capableof
transforming raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that
forecasterscan interpret easily and quickly. As meteorologistshave begun using these
new technologies inweather forecasting offices, Nowcastingis becoming a reality.
 30. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Computers and weather (B) Dangerous storms
(C) Weather forecasting (D) Satellites

31. Why does the author mention the tornado in Edmonton, Canada?
(A) To indicate that tornadoes are common in the summer
(B) To give an example of a damaging storm
(C) To explain different types of weather
(D) To show that tornadoes occur frequently in Canada

32. The word "subtle" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) complex (B) regular (C) imagined (D) slight

33. Why does the author state in line 10 that observations are taken "just once every twelve
hours"?
(A) To indicate that the observations are timely
(B) To show why the observations are of limited value
(C) To compare data from balloons and computers
(D) To give an example of international cooperation

34. The word "they" in line 13 refers to

(A) models (B) conditions (C) regions (D) events

35. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advance in short-range weather forecasting?
(A) Weather balloons (B) Radar systems
(C) Automated instruments (D) Satellites

36. The word"compile" in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) put together (B) look up (C) pile high (D) work over

37. With Nowcasting, it first became possible to provide information about

(A) short-lived local storms (B) radar networks
(C) long-range weather forecasts (D) general weather conditions

38. The word "raw" in line 25 is closest in meaning to

(A) stormy (B) inaccurate (C) uncooked (D) unprocessed

39. With which of the following statements is the author most likely to agree?
(A) Communications satellites can predict severe weather.
(B) Meteorologists should standardize computer programs.
(C) The observation-intensive approach is no longer useful.
(D) Weather predictions are becoming more accurate.

40. Which of the following would best illustrate Nowcasting?

(A) A five-day forecast
(B) A warning about a severe thunderstorm on the radio.
(C) The average rainfall for each month
(D) A list of temperatures inmajor cities
WRIGHT BROTHERS

This question has often been posed: Why were the Wright brothers able to succeed in an
effort at which so many others had failed? Many explanations have been mention, but three reasons
are most often cited. First, they were a team. Both men worked congenially and cooperatively, read
the same books, located and shared information, talked incessantly about the possibility of manned
flight, and served as a consistent source of inspiration and encouragement to each other. Quite
simply, two geniuses are better than one.

Both were glider pilots. Unlike some other engineers who experimented with the theories of
flight. Orville and Wilbur Wright experienced the practical aspects of aerodynamics by building and
flying in kites and gilders. Each craft they built was slightly superior to the last, as they incorporated
knowledge that they had gained from previous failures. They had realized from their experiments that
the most serious challenge in manned flight would be stabilizing and maneuvering the aircraft once
it was airborne. While others concentrated their efforts on the problem of achieving lift for take off,
the Wright brother were focusing on developing a three-axis control for guiding their aircraft. By the
time that the brothers started to build an airplane, they were already among the word’s best glider
pilots; they knew the problems of riding the air first hand.

In addition, the Wright brothers had designed more effective wings for the airplane than had
been previously engineered. Using a wind tunnel, they tested more than two hundred different wing
designs, recording the effects of slight variations in shape on the pressure of air on the wings. The
data from these experiments allowed the Wright brothers to construct a superior wing for their
aircraft.

In spite of these advantages, however, the Wright brothers might not have succeeded had
they not been born at precisely the opportune moment in history. Attempts to achieve manned flight
in the early nineteenth century were doomed because the steam engines that powered the aircrafts
were too heavy in proportion to the power that they produced. But by the end of the nineteenth
century, when the brothers were experimenting with engineering options, a relatively light internal
combustion engine had already been invented, and they were able to bring the ratio of weight to
power within acceptable limits for flight.
1.Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
A. The reasons why the Wright brothers succeeded in manned flight.
B. The advantage of the internal combustion engine in the Wright brothers’ experiments.
C. The Wright brothers’ experience as pilots.
D. The importance of gliders to the development of airplanes.

2. The word cited in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

A. Disregarded
B. Mentioned
C. Considered
D. Proven

3. The word incessantly in the paragraph 1 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. Confidently
B. Intelligently
C. Constantly
D. Optimistically

4. What kind of experience did the Wright brothers have that distinguished them from their
competitor?
A. They were geniuses.
B. They were gilder pilots.
C. They were engineers.
D. They were inventors.

5. Why does the author suggest that the experiments with the wind tunnel were important?
A. Because they allowed the Wright brothers to decrease the weight of their airplane to acceptable
limits
B. Because they resulted in a three-axis control for their airplane
C. Because they were important in the refinement of the wings for their airplane
D. Because they used the data to improve the engine for their airplane

6. The word they in the paragraph 3 refers to ?

A. The Wright brothers
B. Aircraft
C. Engine
D. Attempts
7. The word doomed in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ?
A. Destined to fail
B. Difficult to achieve
C. Taking a risk
D. Not well planned

8. In paragraph 4, the author suggests that the steam engines used in earlier aircraft had failed
because ?
A. They were too small to power a large plane.
B. They were too light to generate enough power.
C. They did not have internal combustion power.
D. They did not have enough power to lift their own weight.

9. The passage discusses all of the following reasons that the Wright brothers succeeded EXCEPT ?
A. They worked very well together.
B. They both had practical experience building other aircraft.
C. They made extensive tests before they completed the design.
D. They were well funded.
ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE

Organic architecture – that is, natural architecture – may vary in concept and form, but it is
always faithful to natural principles. The architect dedicated to thepromulgation of organic
architecture rejects outright all rules imposed by individual preference or mere aesthetics in order to
remain true to the nature of the site, the materials, the purpose of the structure, and the people who
will ultimately use it. If these natural principles are upheld, then a bank cannot be built to look like a
Greek temple. Form does not follow function; rather, form and function are inseparably two aspects of
the same phenomenon. In other words, a building should be inspired by nature’s form and
constructed with materials that retain and respect the natural characteristics of the setting to create
harmony between the structure and its natural environment. It should maximize people’s contact with
and utilization of the outdoors. Furthermore, the rule of functionalism is upheld; that is, the principle of
excluding everything that serves no practical purpose.
Natural principles, the are principles of design, not style, expressed by means and modes of
construction that reflect unity, balance, proportion, rhythm, and scale. Like a sculptor, the organic
architect views the site and materials as an innate form that develops organically from within. Truth in
architecture results in a natural, spontaneous structure in total harmony with the setting. For the most
part, these structures find their geometric shapes in the contours of the land and their colors in the
surrounding palette of nature.
From the outside, an organic structure is so much a part of nature that is oftenobscured by it.
In other words, it may be not easy, or maybe not even possible, for the human eye to separate the
artificial structure from the natural terrain. Natural light, air, and view permeate the whole structure,
providing a sense of communication with the outdoors. From the inside, living spaces open into one
another. The number of walls for separate rooms is reduced to a minimum, allowing the functional
spaces to flow together. Moreover, the interiors are sparse. Organic architecture incorporates built-in
architectural features such as benches and storage areas to take the place of furniture.

1. According to this passage, what is another name for organic architecture?

A.Natural architecture

B. Aesthetic architecture

C. Principle architecture

D. Varied architecture

2. The word ultimate in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by ?

A.Formulate

B. Eventually
C. Supposedly

D.Obviously

3.The word upheld paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ?

A.Invalidated

B.Disputed

C.Promoted

D.Perceived

4.The following examples are all representative of natural architecture EXCEPT ?

A. A bank that is built to look like a Greek temple

B. A bank built so that the location is important to the structure

C. A bank that is built to conform to the colors of the natural surroundings

D. A bank that is built to be functional rather than beautiful

5.Why does the author compare an organic architect to a sculptor?

A.To emphasize aesthetics

B. To give an example of natural principles

C. To make a point about the development of geometry

D.To demonstrate the importance of style

6. The word obscured paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ?

A.Difficult to see

B. In high demand

C. Not very attractive

D.Mutually beneficial

7. With which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?

A. Form follows function

B. Function follows form

C. Function is not important to form

D. Form and function are one

8. Which of the following statements best describes the architect’s view of nature?

A.Nature should be conquered.

B.Nature should not be considered.

C.Nature should be respected.

D.Nature should be improved

POLITICIAN AND TELEVISION

Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is
disseminated, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to
politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television diminished the role of the
political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the
candidate, television accelerated the citizen’s focus on character rather than issues.

Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of
us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling
politicians and lasting 11/2 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has
given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news.
Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the
viewing audience who will hear and see a snippet of the speech on the news.

In these abbreviated forms, much of what constituted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages
has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the
issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative
proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In snippets, politicians assert but do not argue.

Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it require a changed political style that
was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on
television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than
memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a word in which politics
is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.

Recognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events,called
pseudo-event, designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television
news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for
televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound
like advertisements.

1. What is the main point of the passage?

a. Citizens in the United States are now more informed about political issues because of
television coverage.
b. Citizens in the United States prefer to see politicians on television instead of in person.
c. Politics in the United States has become substantially more controversial since the
introduction of television.
d. Politics in the United States has been significantly changed by television.

2. The word “disseminated” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

a. Analyzed
b. Discussed
c. Spread
d. Stored

3. It can be inferred that before the introduction of television, political parties

a. had more influence over the selection of political candidates
b. spent more money to promote their political candidates
c. attracted more members
d. received more money

4. The word “accelerated” in line 5 is closest in meaning to

a. Allowed
b. Increased
 c. Required
d. Started

5. The author mentions the “stump speech” in line 7 as an example of

a. an event created by politicians to attract media attention
b. an interactive discussion between two politicians
c. a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century
d. a style of speech common to televised political events

6. The phrase “given way to” in line 10 is closest in meaning to

a. added interest to
b. modified
c. imitated
d. been replaced by

7. The word “that” in line 12 refers to

a. Audience
b. broadcast news
c. politician
d. advertisement

8. According to the passage, as compared with televised speeches, traditional political discourse
was more successful at
a. allowing news coverage of political candidates
b. placing political issues within a historical context
c. making politics seem more intimate to citizens
d. providing detailed information about a candidates private behavior

9. The author states that “politicians assert but do not argue” (line 18) in order to suggest that
politicians
a. make claims without providing reasons for the claims
b. take stronger positions on issues than in the past
c. enjoy explaining the issue to broadcasters
d. dislike having to explain their own positions on issues to citizens

10. The word “Reliance” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

a. Abundance
b. Clarification
c. Dependence
d. Information

11. The purpose of paragraph 4 is to suggest that

a. politicians will need to learn to become more personal when meeting citizens
b. politicians who are considered very attractive are favored by citizens over politicians who are
less attractive
c. citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed the issue over one who does not
d. citizens will need to learn how to evaluate visual political images in order to become
better informed
12. According to paragraph 5, staged political events are created so that politicians can
a. create more time to discuss political issues
b. obtain more television coverage for themselves
c. spend more time talking to citizens in person
d. engages in debates with their opponents

13. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?

a. Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past.
b. Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past.
c. Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past.
d. Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past.
 GLACIERS

There are two basic types of glaciers, those that flow outward in all directions with little regard for any
underlying terrain and those that are confined by terrain to a particular path.

The first category of glaciers includes those massive blankets that cover whole continents,
appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over 50,000 square kilometers of land covered with
ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When portions of an ice sheet spread out over the ocean,
they form ice shelves.

About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered nearly all the mountains in southern
Alaska, western Canada, and the western United States. It was about 3 kilometers deep at its
thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are only two sheets left on Earth, those covering
Greenland and Antarctica.

Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all directions but covers less than 50,000 square
kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps are rare nowadays, there are a number in
northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

The second category of glaciers includes those of a variety of shapes and sizes generally called
mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are typically identified by the landform that controls
their flow. One form of mountain glacier that resembles an ice cap in that it flows outward in several
directions is called an ice field. The difference between an ice field and an ice cap is subtle.
Essentially, the flow of an ice field is somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain and thus does not
have the domelike shape of a cap. There are several ice fields in the Wrangell. St. Elias, and
Chugach mountains of Alaska and northern British Columbia.

Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most common types of mountain glaciers: the cirque
and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in depressions in the surface of the land and have a
characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley glaciers, bound by terrain, flows down valleys, curves
around their corners, and falls over cliffs.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

              (A) Where major glaciers are located
              (B) How glaciers shape the land
              (C) How glaciers are formed
              (D) The different kinds of glaciers
 
2. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named for which of the following reasons?
              (A) They are confined to mountain valleys.
              (B) They cover large areas of land.
              (C) They are thicker in some areas than in others.
              (D) They have a characteristic circular shape.
 
3. According to the passage, where was the Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest ?
              (A) Alaska
              (B) Greenland
              (C) Alberta
              (D) Antarctica
 
4. The word “rare” in line 13 is closest in meaning to
              (A) small
              (B) unusual
              (C) valuable
              (D) widespread
 

5. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice fields resemble ice caps in which of the following
ways?
              (A) Their shape
              (B) Their flow
              (C) Their texture
              (D) Their location
 
6. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
              (A) cirque glaciers
              (B) ice caps
              (C) valley glaciers
              (D) ice fields
 
7. The word “depressions” in line 25 is closest in meaning to

              (A) intrusion

              (B) dejection

              (C) concaves

              (D) convexes
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE

During the nineteenth century, women in the United States organized and participated in a large
number of reform movements, including movements to reorganize the prison system, improve
education, ban the sale of alcohol, grant rights to people who were denied them, and, most
importantly, free slaves. Some women saw similarities in the social status of women and slaves.
Woman like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone were feminists and abolitionists
who supported the rights of both women and blacks. They were fighting against a belief that voting
should be tied to land ownership, and because land was owned by men, and in some cases by their
widows, only those who held the greatest stake in government, that is the male landowners, were
considered worthy of the vote. Women did not conform to the requirements.
A number of male abolitionists, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, also supported
the rights of women to speak and to participate equally with men in antislavery activities. Probably
more than any other movement, abolitionism offered women a previously denied entry into politics.
They became involved primarily in order to better their living conditions and improve the conditions
of others. However, they gained the respect of those they convinced and also earned the right to be
considered equal citizens.
When the civil war ended in 1865, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution
adopted in 1868 and 1870 granted citizenship and suffrage to blacks but not to women. Discouraged
but resolved, feminists worked tirelessly to influence more and more women to demand the right to
vote. In 1869, the Wyoming Territory had yielded to demands by feminists, but the states on the East
Coast resisted more stubbornly than before. A women’s suffrage bill had been presented to every
Congress since 1878, but it continually failed to pass until 1920, when the Nineteenth Amendment
granted women the right to vote.

1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?

a. The Wyoming territory
b. The fourteent and fifteent amandments
c. Abolitionists
d. Women’s suffrage

2. The word “ban” in line 3 most nearly means to…..

a. Encourage
b. Publish
c. Prohibit
d. Limit

3. The word “supported” in line 5 could best be replaced by….

a. Disregarded
b. Acknowledged
c. Contested
d. Promoted

4. According to the passage, why did women become active in politics?

a. To improve the conditions of life that existed at the time
b. To support Elizabeth Cady Stanton for president
c. To be elected to public office
d. To amend the Declaration of Independence

5. What is mainly discussed in the second paragraph?

a. The process of giving right to vote to women
b. The right to vote to black people
c. The Wyoming Territory
d. The effects of the civil war
e. The nineteenth the amendment
6. The word “primarily” in line 9 is closest in meaning to……
a. Above all
b. Somewhat
c. Finally
d. Always

7. What had occurred shortly after the Civil War?

a. The Wyoming Territory was admitted to the Union
b. A women’s suffrage bill was introduced in Congress
c. The eastern states resisted the end of the war
d. Black people were granted the right to vote

8. The word “suffrage” in line 12 could best be replaced by which of the following?
a. Pain
b. Citizenship
c. Freedom from bondage
d. The right to vote

9. What does the Nineteenth Amendment guarantee?

a. Voting rights for blacks
b. Citizenship for blacks
c. Voting rights for women
d. Citizenship for women

10. The word “it” in line 16 of paragraph 3 refers to…..

a. Bill
b. Congress
c. Nineteenth Amendment
d. Vote

11. When were women allowed to vote throughout the United States?
a. After 1866
b. After 1870
c. After 1878
d. After 1920
ANCIENT GREEKS ERA (OPERA) – CEK JAWABAN SAMA-SAMA

Although stage plays has been set to music since the era of the ancient Greeks, when the
dramas of Sophocies and Aeschylus were accompanied by lyres and flutes, the usual accepted date
for the beginning of opera as we know it is 1600. As a part of the celebration of the marriage of King
Henry IV of France to the Italian aristocrat Maria De Medici, the Florentine composer Jacopo Peri
produced his famous Euridice, generally considered to be the first opera. Following his example, a
group of Italian musicians, poets, and noblemen called the Camerata began to revive the style of
musical story that had been used in Greek tragedy. The Camerata took most of the plots for their
operas from Greek and Roman history and mythology, beginning the process of creating an opera by
writing a libretto or drama that could be used to establish the framework to the music. They called
their compositions opera in musical or musical works. It is from this phrase that the word “opera” was
borrowed and abbreviated.
For several years, the center of opera was Florence in Northern Italy, but gradually, during
the Baroque period, it spread throughout Italy. By the late 1600s, operas were being written and
performed in many aces throughout Europe, especially in England, France, and Germany. However,
for many years, the Italian opera was considered the ideal, and many non-Italian composers
continued to use Italian librettos. The European form deemphasized the dramatic aspect of the Italian
model. New orchestral effects and even ballet were introduced under the guise of
opera. Composers gave in to the demands of singers, writing many operas that were little more than
a succession of brilliant tricks for the voice, designed to showcase the splendid voices of the singer
who had requested them. It was thus that complicated arias, recitative, and duets evolved. The aria,
which is a long solo, may be compared to a song in which the characters express their thoughts and
feelings. The recitative, which is also a solo of sorts, is a recitation set to music, the purpose of
which is to continue the story line. The duet is a musical piece written for two voices, a
musical device than may serve the function of either an aria or a recitative within the opera.

1. This passage is a summary of?

A. Opera in Italy
B. The Camerata
C. The development of opera
D. Euridice

2. According to this passage, when did modern opera begin?

A. In the time of the ancient Greeks
B. In the fifteenth century
C. At the beginning of the sixteenth century
D. At the beginning of the seventeenth century

3. The word it in paragraph 1 refers to?

A. OPERA
B. Date
C. Era
D. Music

4. According to the author, what did Jacopo Peri write?

A. Greek tragedy
B. The first opera
C. The opera Maria de Medici
D. The opera The Camerata

5. The author suggests that Euridice was produced?

A. In France
B. Originally by Sopocles and Aeschylus
C. Without much success
D. For the wedding of King Henry IV
6. What was The Camerata?
A. A group of Greek musicians
B. Musicians who developed a new musical drama based upon Greek drama
C. A style of music not known in Italy
D. The name given to the court of King Henry IV

7. The word revive in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by?

A. Appreciate
B. Resume
C. Modify
D. Investigate

8. The word plot in paragraph 1 is closet in meaning to?

A. Locations
B. Instruments
C. STORIES
D. Inspiration

9. From what did the term “opera” derive?

A. Greek and Roman history and mythology
B. Non-Italian composers
C. The Italian phrase that means “musical works”
D. The ideas of composer Jacopo Peri

10. Which of the following is an example of a solo?

A. A Recitative
B. A duet
C. An opera
D. A lyre
ALCHEMY – CEK JAWABAN SAMA-SAMA
Although its purpose and techniques were often magical, alchemy was, in many ways,
the predecessor of the modern science of chemistry. The fundamental premise of
alchemy derived from the best philosophical dogma and scientific practice of the time, and the
majority of educated persons between 1400 and 1600 believed that alchemy had great merit.
The earliest authentic works on European alchemy are those of the English monk Roger
Bacon and the German philosopher St. Albertus Magnus. In their treatises they maintained that gold
was the perfect metal and that inferior metals such as lead and mercury were removed by various
degrees of imperfection from gold. They further asserted that these base metals could be
transmuted to gold by blending them with a substance more perfect than gold.
This elusive substance was referred to as the “philosopher’s stone.” The process was called
transmutation.
Most of the early alchemists were artisans who were accustomed to keeping trade secrets
and often resorted to cryptic terminology to record the progress of their work. The term sun was
used for gold, moon for silver, and the five known planets for base metals. This convention of
substituting symbolic language attracted some mystical philosophers who compared the search for
the perfect metal with the struggle of humankind for the perfection of the soul. The philosophers
began to use the artisan’s terms in the mystical literature that they produced. Thus, by the fourteenth
century, alchemy had developed two distinct groups of practitioners-the laboratory alchemist and the
literary alchemist. Both groups of alchemists continued to work throughout the history of alchemy;
but, of course, it was the literary alchemist who was more likely to produce a written record;
therefore, much of what is known about the science of alchemy is derived from philosophers rather
than from the alchemists who labored in laboratories.
Despite centuries of experimentation, laboratory alchemists failed to produce gold from other
materials. However, they gained wide knowledge of chemical substances, discovered chemical
properties, and invented many of the tools and techniques that are used by chemist today. Many
laboratory alchemists earnestly devoted themselves to the scientific discovery of new compounds
and reactions and, therefore, must be considered the legitimate forefathers of modern chemistry.
They continued to call themselves alchemists, but they were becoming true chemists.

1. Which of the following is the main point of the passage ?

(A)   There were both laboratory and literary alchemists
(B)   Base metal can be transmuted to gold by blending them with a substance more prefect
than gold.
(C)   Roger Bacon and St. Albertus Magnus wrote about alchemy
(D)   Alchemy was the predecessor of modern chemistry.

2. The word authentic in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by…

(A)   Valuable
(B)   Genuine
(C)   Complete
(D)   Comprehensible
3. According to the alchemists, what is the difference between base metals and gold ?
(A)   Perfection
(B)   Chemical content
(C)   Temperature
(D)   Weight

4. According to the passage, what is the “philosopher’s stone” ?

(A)   Lead that was mixed with gold
(B)   An element that was never found
(C)   Another name for alchemy
(D)   A base Metal

5. The word cryptic in paragraph 3 could be replaced by which of the following ?

(A)   Sholarly
(B)   Secret
(C)   Foreign
(D)   Precise

6. Why did the early alchemists use terms “sun” and “moon” ?
(A)   To keep the work secret
(B)   To make the work more literary
(C)   To attact philophers
(D)   To produce a written record

7.  Who were the first alchemists ?

(A)   Chemists
(B)   Writers
(C)   Artisans
(D)   Linguists

8. In Oaragraph 3, the author suggest that we know about the history of alchemy because …
(A)   The laboratory alchemists kept secrect notes.
(B)   The literary alchemists recorded itin writing
(C)   The mystical philosophers were not able to hide the alchemists.
(D)    The historians were able to interpret thesecre writings of the alchemists
 INSECTS – CEK JAWABAN SAMA-SAMA

The body of an adult insect is subdivided into three sections, including a head, a three-
segment thorax, and segmented abdomen. Ordinarily, the thorax bears three pairs of legs and a
single or double pair of wings. The vision of most adult insects is specialized through two large
compound eyes and multiple simple eyes.
Features of an insect’s mouth parts are used in classifying insects into types. Biting mouth
parts, called mandibles, such as the mouth parts found in grasshoppers and beetles, are common
among insects. Behind the mandibles are located the maxillae, or lower jaw parts, which serve to
direct food into the mouth between the jaws. A labrum above and one below are similar to another
animal’s upper and lower lips. In an insect with sucking mouth function, the mandibles, maxillae,
labrum, and labium are modified in such a way that they constitute a tube through which liquid such
as water, blood, or flower nectar can be drawn. In a butterfly or moth, this coiled drinking tube is
called the proboscis because of its resemblance, in miniature, to the trunk of an elephant or a very
large nose. Composed chiefly of modified maxillae fitted together, the insect’s proboscis can be
flexed and extended to reach nectar deep in a flower. In mosquitoes or aphids, mandibles and
maxillae are modified to sharp stylets with which the insect can drill through surfaces like human or
vegetable skin membranes to reach juice. In a housefly, the expanding labium forms a sponge like
mouth pad that it can use to stamp over the surface of food, sopping up food particles and juices.
Insects, the most numerous creatures in our planet, are also them most adaptable. They
inquire little food because they are small. They easily find shelter and protection in small crevices in
trees and surface geological formations. Species of insects can evolve quickly because of their rapid
reproduction cycle; they live in every climate, some making their homes in the frozen Arctic regions
and many others choosing the humid, warm, and nutrient-rich rain forest environment. An active part
of the natural food cycle, insects provide nutrition for animals and devour waste products of their life
forms.

1. What is the best title of this passage?

a. An insect’s environment
b. The structure of an insect
c. Grasshoppers and beetles
d. The stages of life of an insect

2. How are insects classified?

a. By the environment in which they live
b. By the food they eat
c. By the structure of the mouth
d. By the number and type of wings

3. The word common in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to?

a. Normal
b. Rare
c. Important
d. Necessary

4. The author compares labrum and labium to?

a. An upper and lower lip
b. Mandibles
c. Maxxilae
d. Jaws
5. What is the proboscis?
a. Nectar
b. A tube constructed of modified maxillae
c. A kind of butterfly
d. A kind of flower

6. Which of the following have mandibles and maxillae that have been modified to sharp stylets?
a. Grasshoppers
b. Butterflies
c. Mosquitoes
d. Houseflies

7. The phrase drill through in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by?

a. Penetrate
b. Saturate
c. Explore
d. Distinguish

8. The word it in paragraph 2 refers to? (hehe…..”a sponge like mouth pad”)
a. Pad
b. Food
c. Housefly
d. Mouth

9. What is the purpose of this passage?

a. To complain
b. To persuade
c. To entertain
d. To inform
COLONIAL NORTH AMERICAN HOUSES
Seventeenth-century houses in colonial North America were simple structures that were
primarily functional carrying over traditional designs that went back to the Middle Ages. During the
first half of the eighteenth century, however, houses began to show a new elegance. As wealth
increased, more and more colonists built fine houses. Since architecture was not yet a specialized
profession in the colonies, the design of buildings was left either to amateur designers or to
carpenters who undertook to interpret architectural manuals imported from England. Inventories of
colonial libraries show an astonishing number of these handbooks for builders, and the houses
erected during the eighteenth century show their influence. Nevertheless, most domestic architecture
of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide divergence of taste and freedom
of application of the rules laid down in these books.
Increasing wealth and growing sophistication throughout the colonies resulted in houses of
improved design, whether the material was wood, stone, or brick. New England still favored wood,
though brick houses became common in Boston and other towns, where the danger of fire gave an
impetus to the use of more durable material. A few houses in New England were built of stone, but
only in Pennsylvania and adjacent areas was stone widely used in dwellings. An increased use of
brick in houses and outbuildings is noticeable in Virginia and Maryland, but wood remained that most
popular material even in houses built by wealthy landowners. In the Carolinas, even in closely packed
Charleston, wooden houses were much more common than brick houses.
Eighteenth-century houses showed great interior improvements over their predecessors.
Windows were made larger and shutters removed. Large, clear panes replaced the small leaded
glass of the seventeenth century. Doorways were larger and more decorative. Fireplaces became
decorative features of rooms. Walls were made of plaster or wood, sometimes elaborately paneled.
White paint began to take the place of blues, yellows, greens, and lead colors, which had been
popular for walls in the earlier years. After about 1730, advertisements for wallpaper styles in scenic
patterns began to appear in colonial newspapers.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The improved design of eighteenth-century colonial houses.
(B) A comparison of eighteenth-century houses and modern houses.
(C) The decorations used in eighteenth-century houses.
(D) The role of carpenters in building eighteenth-century houses.

2. What was one of the main reasons for the change in architectural style in eighteenth-century
North America?
(A) More architects arrived in the colonies.
(B) The colonists developed an interest in classical architecture.
(C) Bricks were more readily available.
(D) The colonists had more money to spend on housing.

3. According to the passage, who was responsible for designing houses in eighteenth-century
North America?
(A) Professional architects                                   
(B) Customers
(C) Interior decorators                                          
(D) Carpenters.
4. The passage implies that the rules outlined in architectural manuals were
(A) generally ignored                                            
(B) legally binding
(C) not strictly adhered to                                                                      
(D) only followed by older builders

5. The word “divergence” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) description               
(B) development            
(C) difference
(D) display
6. The word “durable” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) attractive                  
(B) expensive                 
(C) refined                     
(D) long-lasting

7. Where was stone commonly used to build houses?

(A) Virginia                     
(B) Pennsylvania            
(C) Boston                     
(D) Charleston

8. The word “dwellings” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) houses                     
(B) towns                       
(C) outbuildings             
(D) rural areas

9. The word “predecessors” in paragraph 2 refers to

(A) colonist who arrived in North America in the seventeenth century.
(B) houses constructed before the eighteenth century
(C) interior improvements
(D) wooden houses in Charleston

10. The author mentions elaborately paneled walls in line 26 as an example of

(A) how the interior design of colonial houses was improved.
(B) why walls were made of wood or plaster.
(C) How walls were made stronger in the eighteenth century.
(D) What kind of wood was used for walls after 1730.

11. The word “elaborately” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) done in great detail                                         
(B) put together carefully
(C) using many colors                                          
(D) reinforced structurally
12. What does the author imply about the use of wallpaper before 1730?
(A) Wallpaper samples appeared in the architectural manuals.
(B) Wallpaper was the same color as the wall paints used
(C) Patterned wallpaper was not widely used.
(D) Wallpaper was not used in stone house.

13. Where in the passage does the author give a reason why brick was the preferred material for
houses in some urban areas?
(A) Lines 9-11
(B) Lines 15-16 (*Kata Kunci : Where the danger of fire)
(C) Lines 18-20
(D) Lines 21-23