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    Thara Phyo
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    1. The document describes various tools used to measure liquid volumes including measuring cylinders, volumetric flasks, volumetric pipettes, and burettes. These tools range in size from 5 mL to 1,000 mL and vary in accuracy. 2. A burette or volumetric pipette is more accurate than a measuring cylinder for measuring volumes. The scale divisions on these tools can be read to the nearest 0.1 mL while cylinders may only have divisions every 2 mL. 3. The appropriate tool to use depends on the required accuracy and volume needed - pipettes measure single volumes accurately, burettes can measure volumes more accurately than cylinders, and cylinders are best for larger volumes or less accuracy.

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    1. The document describes various tools used to measure liquid volumes including measuring cylinders, volumetric flasks, volumetric pipettes, and burettes. These tools range in size from 5 mL to 1,000 mL and vary in accuracy. 2. A burette or volumetric pipette is more accurate than a measuring cylinder for measuring volumes. The scale divisions on these tools can be read to the nearest 0.1 mL while cylinders may only have divisions every 2 mL. 3. The appropriate tool to use depends on the required accuracy and volume needed - pipettes measure single volumes accurately, burettes can measure volumes more accurately than cylinders, and cylinders are best for larger volumes or less accuracy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    7 views15 pages

    1.6-1.7 Lecturer

    Uploaded by

    Thara Phyo
    1. The document describes various tools used to measure liquid volumes including measuring cylinders, volumetric flasks, volumetric pipettes, and burettes. These tools range in size from 5 mL to 1,000 mL and vary in accuracy. 2. A burette or volumetric pipette is more accurate than a measuring cylinder for measuring volumes. The scale divisions on these tools can be read to the nearest 0.1 mL while cylinders may only have divisions every 2 mL. 3. The appropriate tool to use depends on the required accuracy and volume needed - pipettes measure single volumes accurately, burettes can measure volumes more accurately than cylinders, and cylinders are best for larger volumes or less accuracy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 15

    1.

    5 Apparatus for measuring

    Page 10
    Page 10
    measuring cylinders

    Page 10
    Page 10
    Page 10
    volumetric flasks

    Page 10
    There are various sizes of measuring cylinders and volumetric flasks ranging from 5 cm³ to 1 dm³.
    Volumetric pipettes are made in only a few sizes, the most common being 10 cm³ and 25 cm³.
    A burette is used to accurately deliver up to 50 cm³ of liquid.

    1 dm³ = 1000 cm³ 1 dm³ = 1000 cm³

    Page 11
    When we measure out volumes of liquids, we need to think
    about the accuracy required. A burette or a volumetric pipette
    is much more accurate than a measuring cylinder. The scale
    divisions on a burette can be read to the nearest 0.1 cm³ but a
    100 cm³ measuring cylinder might have scale divisions only
    every 2 cm³.

    Page 11
    A volumetric pipette is used to measure out a single fixed
    volume of liquid very accurately. A burette is used if you want
    to measure out volumes more accurately than by using a
    measuring cylinder. It is also used in titrations (see Topic 11.2)
    when you are not sure of the exact volume of the solution you
    will be adding.

    Measuring cylinders are most useful for making up fairly large


    volumes of solution or in cases where accuracy is not as
    important. If we want to make up a solution of a solid dissolved
    in a liquid accurately we use a volumetric flask. We add the
    weighed solid to the volumetric flask, then add the liquid until
    it reaches the line scratched on the glass.

    Page 11
    Volumes of gases
    Gas volumes can be measured using either a gas syringe or an
    upturned measuring cylinder. A burette can also be used in this
    way for greater accuracy.

    Page 11
    Accuracy
    Accurate measurements are very close to the true value.

    Three ways to improve the accuracy of results for an experiment.

    • repeat your measurements in the same way each time

    • use apparatus with small scale divisions

    • use the apparatus carefully.

    Page 11
    1.6 Paper chromatography Simple chromatography
    We make use of many coloured chemicals in our lives.
    Ink and food colourings are just two examples.

    These are often mixtures of several different dyes.


    We can demonstrate this by placing a drop of ink on a piece of
    filter paper.

    If you then add a few drops of water to the ink, the colour
    spreads out from the ink drop and separates into several
    different colours.

    https://youtu.be/zpf0vvkb4_8
    Page 12
    The colours separate if:

    1. the pigments have different solubilities in the solvent,

    2. the pigments have different degrees of attraction for the filter paper.

    If the mixture of pigments is not soluble in water,


    other solvents such as ethanol or propanone can be used.

    We can get more information about the substances present in


    a mixture of dyes by using a special chromatography apparatus.

    Page 12
    Retention factor (Rf)

    3 The Rf values of four amino acids are shown below:

    alanine 0.38; lysine 0.14; serine 0.27; valine 0.60

    Put these amino acids in order of how far they would move up the chromatography paper.
    Put the one that would move farthest first.
    lysine 0.14; serine 0.27; alanine 0.38; valine 0.60
    Increasing the distance of spot from the base line
    Page 13 Valine 0.60 would move farthest first.
    2 When setting up a chromatogram, suggest why the base line where the dyes are placed is not drawn with a pen.

    Because pen ink contains a variety of compounds which would


    become separated pen ink by the chromatography process.

    Page 13

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