1 Particles and purification

1.1 Solids, liquids and gases

We can explain the properties of solids, liquids and gases by looking at their particles’
 arrangement,
 movement and prok·si·muh·tee
 proximity - how close they are together.
 1 Particles and purification
1.1 Solids, liquids and gases

All matter is made up of particles.

Three types of particles make up most matter - atoms, molecules and ions.

An atom is the smallest particle that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

A molecule is a particle of two or more atoms joined together.

An ion is an atom or group of atoms that carries an electrical charge.

CH3COOH  H+ + [CH3COO]−
HCl  H+ + Cl-
https://education.jlab.org/qa/molecule_01.html
Molecule ???
Compressing gases
When we decrease the volume of a gas, the molecules get closer together and hit the wall of the container more
often, so the pressure increases (see Figure 1.1.3).
The higher the pressure, the closer the particles are to each other.

Figure 1.1.4

https://youtu.be/WrM5SQrRTMM As the volume decreases, the pressure increases

Heating gases
A closed container has a fixed volume.
The higher the temperature, the higher the pressure will be in
the container.
If the volume of the gas is not fixed,
for example in a gas syringe, the volume of gas increases as the
temperature increases.
This is because the higher the temperature, the faster the gas
molecules move- they have more kinetic energy. The greater
force exerted by the gas molecules on the syringe plunger
pushes the plunger out until the pressure is balanced by the Figure 1.1.5
pressure of the atmosphere. As pressure increases at constant temperature,
the volume of gas decreases
higher the temperature

faster the gas molecules move

the volume of gas increases

SUMMARY QUESTIONS
This is why it is recommend to fill
2. Explain why it is dangerous to heat a closed glass jar full of gas. any container leaving a little space
on top for allowing expansion and
When a closed glass jar full of gas is heating, the gas in it will contraction.
expand, the inner pressure will increase and it will explode.

3 How does the motion and distance between the gas particles change in a closed
container when a the temperature increases and b the pressure increases?

(a) As the temperature increases, the gas particles gain kinetic energy and their speed increases.
The higher the pressure will be in the container., the closer the particles are to each other.

(b) ??
1.2 Changing states Energy needs to be supplied to melt, boil or evaporate a substance.

1) When we heat a solid,

2) its particles gain energy and
3) vibrate more vigorously.
4) The forces of attraction between the particles
are weakened and
5) the solid melts.
6) Heating to a higher temperature weakens these
Figure 1.2.1 The changes of state.
forces of attraction further and
Energy must be put in to melt and boil a substance.
7) the liquid turns into a gas - the liquid boils. Energy is given out on condensing and freezing.
 At temperatures below the boiling point of a liquid,
some particles have enough energy to escape and form a vapour.

This process is called evaporation.

A few substances change directly from a solid to a gas when heated.

No liquid state is seen.
On cooling, the gas turns back to the solid state.

This change of state is known as sublimation.

sublimation
solid gas
sublimation
Explaining changes of state