NAME-409

Marine Engineering -II

Conducted by:
Cdr Tasnuva

RO Plant, Centrifuge &

Deck Machinery
 What is Desalination?
• The process of removing salt and other minerals
from water

• Water is desalinated in order to convert salt water

to fresh water so that it is suitable for human
consumption

• It was done through boiling of water into vapour

and then condensation under pressure. VCD is
costly as it requires large amounts of energy and
specialised infrastructure. So VCD plants are no
more used.
 Modern Methods of Desalination
Vacuum Distillation:
•The boiling of water at a much lower temperature than
normal, saving energy

Reverse Osmosis (RO):

•Uses membranes to desalinate, applying reverse
osmosis technology
•Uses semi-permeable membranes and pressure to
separate salts from water
•Less energy is used compared to thermal distillation
•Also used to purify fresh water for marine, medical and
industrial uses
 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
In normal osmosis:
•Water molecules move from a region of lower concentration to
a region of higher concentration through a partially permeable
membrane.
In reverse osmosis:
•Water molecules are forced to move from a region of higher
concentration to a region of lower concentration by applying a
huge amount of pressure.
Result:
•Solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane.
•The pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side.
Process of Reverse Osmosis
 RO Process
Membranes used are designed to only allow water molecules
to pass through but does not allow larger molecules such as
salt ions to pass through. So it is called as semi permeable
membrane.

*Osmotic pressure: The tendency for the solvent to flow

through the membrane until there is the same concentration
of the solvent on both sides of the membrane.
 RO Process
The RO process is defined in terms of several
variables:
1. Osmotic and operating pressure
2. Salt rejection
3. Permeate recovery

• Membrane manufacturing companies define

system specifications in terms of the feed quality,
which includes salinity (ppm) and temperature.
 Osmotic and Operating Pressure
⚫ The magnitude of the pressure required to completely impede
(inhibit) the flow of solvent is defined as the "osmotic pressure"
⚫ The osmotic pressure, π , of a solution can be determined
experimentally by measuring the concentration of dissolved salts in
the solution.
⚫ The osmotic pressure is obtained from the following equation

where
π is the osmotic pressure (kPa).
T is the temperature (K).
R is the universal gas constant, 8.314 kPa m3/kgmol K
∑Xi is the concentration of all constituents in a solution
(kgmol/m3).
 RO Process Operating pressure
⚫ Operating pressure is adjusted to overcome the adverse
effects of the following:
- Osmotic pressure
- Friction losses
- Membrane resistance

⚫ If the operating pressure is set equal to the sum of the above

resistances, the net permeate flow rate across the membrane
would be minimal or equal to zero;

⚫ Therefore, the operating pressure is set at higher value in

order to maintain economical permeate flow rate. Normally,
800-1200 psi pressure is used for seawater, as it has a
natural osmotic pressure of 390 psi.
 Features of the RO Membranes
⚫ The membranes are formed of thin film of polymeric material
several thousand Angstroms (10 −10 metre, or 0.1 nanometer)
thick cast on polymeric porous material.

⚫ Commercial membranes have high water permeability and a

high degree of semi-permeability.

⚫ The membrane must be stable over a wide range of pH and

temperature and have good mechanical integrity.

⚫ The life of commercial membrane varies between 3-5 years.

And this depends on the feed water quality, pretreatment
conditions, and stability of operation.
 Centrifuge
• Purpose is to clean fluids
• Different cleaning methods
 Usage of separators
• Industry separators
- Crude oil product
- Food industry (edible oil, milk)
- Pharmaceutical
- Chemical
- Petrochemical processes
- Treatment of industrial fluids

• Marine separators
- FO
- Lubricating Oil
- Bilge oil separator
- Evaporating water separator
 General information about marine
separators

• Bowl rotating and centrifugal force

• Gravity disc

• Water seal
• Operating water
• Water for rinsing
 Fuel oil and lubrication oil separators
• Purifier eliminates contaminants
• Clarifier eliminates high density impurities
• Why is it important to separate FO and LO?
 Parts of
Centrifuge

1: Product feed,
2: Disc stack,
3: Separating disc,
4: Concentrate chamber,
5: Nozzles,
6:Centripetal pump for light phase,
7: Discharge of light phase,
8: Centripetal pump for medium phase,
9: Discharge of medium phase,
10: Feed for wash water or concentrate recycle
• Bowl

• Disc stack & Distributor

• Paring disc

• Gravity discs

• Heater
 How does it work
• The contaminated product
is pumped to the separator
• Separation takes place
inside a rotating bowl
• Light phase is discharged
through the outlet pipe
• Water forms a seal around
the outer edge
• The solids collect in the
periphery where they are
discharged
 Capstan
A capstan is a vertical-axled rotating machine developed
for ships to apply force to ropes, cables, and hawsers. The
principle is similar to that of the windlass, which has a
horizontal axle.
Capstans
 Windlass
▪Windlass is a machine used on ships to let-out and heave-up
equipment such as ship's anchor or fishing trawl.
▪ Trawl windlass is a similar machine that restrains or manipulates
trawl on a commercial fishing vessel.
▪A brake is provided for control and a windlass is usually powered by
an electric or hydraulic motor operating via a gear train.
 Capstan Vs Windlass
• A windlass is a complex device meant for the
same purpose as that of capstan, but comprised
of different parts, which together make the
anchorage process smoother and easier.
Windlass is slower in operation.

• A capstan differs from a windlass in the matter of

the axis on which the rope or cable is wound. Axis
of a capstan is vertical, whereas for a windlass it
is horizontal. Moreover, capstan is faster in
operation.
 Gypsies and wildcats
Wheels on windlass or capstan are provided for either chain or line
to be engaged. The wheel for line is termed a warping head, while
the chain handling wheel is referred to as the gypsy (in the UK) or
wildcat (in North America).

It is important that the chain wheel match the chain size (i.e. the link
pitch) closely. Even a small difference in link size can cause undue
wear on the chain wheel and/or cause the chain to jump off the
windlass when the winch is operating.

Nowadays, especially on large tankers and cruise ships, the windlass

may be split into independent port and starboard units. In these cases
they are frequently coupled with warping drums. In some of these
the warping drums are of the self tensioning or constant tension
type.
 Devil's claw:
The devil's claw is a device that is used to grab and hold an anchor
chain. It consists of a turnbuckle (bottle screw), usually attached at
the base of the anchor windlass, and a metal hook with two curved
fingers that grab one link of a chain.
After hoisting the anchor and setting the windlass brake, the claw is
placed on a chain link and the turnbuckle is tightened to take up the
tension on the chain.
A devil's claw cannot be released while it is under tension. To release
it, the tension must first be taken up by the windlass brake. Then the
turnbuckle can be loosened and removed.
 Pelican Hook:
A pelican hook is a hinged hook shaped like a pelican's beak, held
closed by a ring that can be instantaneously released. It is used to
secure chain, cable, life raft canisters or cargo gear on a ship.

It is a piece of rigging hardware composed of a hinged link held

closed by a circumferential link capable of being released under load.
The asymmetric appearance of the two hinged pieces is similar in
appearance to a pelican's beak.
 Davit and Derrick
Davit:
A davit is a cranelike device used on a ship for supporting, raising,
and lowering boats, small cargo, anchors, etc.

Davit systems are most often used to lower an emergency lifeboat to

the embarkation level to be boarded. Davits can also be used as
man-overboard safety devices to retrieve personnel from the water,
lowering and raising spare parts onto a vessel and for lowering any
other equipment from the deck of a vessel or a pontoon to the water.

Davits can refer to single arm or twin arms.

Davit
Davit
Davit
 Davit and Derrick
Derrick:
A derrick is a lifting device composed at minimum of one guyed
mast, which may be articulated over a load by adjusting its guys.
Most derricks have at least two components, either a guyed mast or
self-supporting tower, and a boom hinged at its base to provide
articulation. To lift a load, a separate line runs up and over the mast
with a hook on its free end, as with a crane.

Some large derricks are mounted on dedicated vessels, and known as

floating derricks and sheer legs.

The derrick derives its name from a type of gallows named

after Thomas Derrick, an Elizabethan era English executioner.
Derrick: