Student's study topic.

– Electrical power transmission

– Mechanical power transmission
– Hydraulic power transmission
– Pneumatic power transmission
Correct Method of Drawing Circuits
Structure of pneumatic control
Elements in a Pneumatic System
Hierarchy of Elements

Flow Control Valve Flow Control Valve

Quick Exhaust Valve Quick Exhaust Valve

Pneumatic Direction Control Valve Pneumatic

Actuation [Power Valve] Actuation

✓Direction Control Valves ✓Direction Control Valves

✓Pressure Sequence Valves Service Unit ✓Pressure Sequence Valves
✓Pneumatic Timers Pressure Regulator ✓Pneumatic Timers
✓Dual Pressure [AND] Valves ✓Dual Pressure [AND] Valves
✓Shuttle [OR] Valves ✓Shuttle [OR] Valves
✓Limit Switches Main Air Supply ✓Limit Switches
✓Push Buttons ✓Push Buttons

Low Pressure, High Pressure, Low Pressure,

Low Flow High Flow Low Flow
Rate Zone Rate Zone Rate Zone
< 4 Bar > 4 Bar < 4 Bar
Port Numbering and Lettering System

Number Letter

1 P Reserved for Pressure Source.

3, 5 (R)S, R Reserved for exhaust ports.
2, 4 (A)B, A Reserved for working ports.
10 Y Port 1 closed.
12 Y, Z Port 1 connects to port 2.
14 Z Port 1 connects to port 4.

As a general rule Odd numbers are at the

bottom and Even numbers on the top.
Valve Description

Number of Ports 3
Number of Control
positions
2
(Number of Boxes)

Method of Push
Operation Button
Method of Spring
Return
Valve Description

Number of Ports 3
Number of Control
positions
2
(Number of Boxes)

Flow path Method of Push

blocked when Operation Button
valve is at rest
Method of Spring
Return

Flow path open Normally closed Normally

when valve is or Normally open Closed
at rest
Valve Description

3 / 2 way valve
Push Button operated
Spring Return
Normally closed
 3 Ports
2 Control Positions

Push Button Operated

Spring Return

Normally Closed
 5 Ports
3 Control Positions
Double Pilot Operated

Spring Centred
Closed Neutral Position
(Closed centre)
 4 Ports
2 Control Positions

Double Pilot Operated

 3 Ports
2 Control Positions

Roller Operated

Spring Return
Normally Open
 3 Ports
3 Control Positions

Lever / Detent Operated

Closed Neutral Position

(Closed centre)
 2 Ports
2 Control Positions

Lever Operated

Spring Return
Normally Closed
 5 Ports
2 Control Positions

Foot Pedal Operated

Spring Return
 14 12

5 Ports
2 Control Positions

Differential Pilot Operated

Priority to port 14
 3 Ports
2 Control Positions

Roller with idle return Operated

Spring Return

Normally Closed
Pilot Operated Non Return Valve

21

1
 Non – Return Valve
• Check valve

• Spring loaded check valve

• Shuttle valve: ‘or’ function

 Non – Return Valve

• Two pressure valve:

• ‘
• AND’ function

• Quick exhaust valve

 Flow Control valve

• Flow control valve adjustable

• One-way flow control valve

 Pressure Valve

• Adjustable pressure regulating valve,

• non-relieving type

• Adjustable pressure regulating valve,

relieving type (overloads are vented)
Problem
To produce a circuit that
will operate the cylinder
from either of the 2 push
buttons.
4 2
14

? 5 3
1
Problem
To produce a circuit that
will operate the cylinder
from either of the 2 push
buttons.
4 2
14

5 3
1
Problem
To produce a circuit that
will operate the cylinder
from either of the 2 push
buttons.
4 2
14
Shuttle Valve
5 3
1

Textbook page 207

Basic Principles of Flow Control
Forward Motion

Forward speed in a Single

Inlet
(Supply) Acting Cylinder can be
Air controlled by throttling . . .

2 ➢ Inlet (Supply) air entering

the cylinder.

1 3
Air Pressure
Basic Principles of Flow Control
Reverse Motion

Reverse speed in a Single

Exhaust
Air Acting Cylinder can be
controlled by throttling . . .

2 ➢ Exhaust air leaving the

cylinder.

1 3
Air Pressure
 Basic Principles of Flow Control
Controlling speed in ➢ Air entering the cylinder is throttled, while
both directions with air leaving the cylinder flows at full speed.
Inlet Flow Control(meter IN)
➢ Forward speed of the cylinder is controlled
by the valve on the rear side of the cylinder.

➢ Reverse speed is controlled by the valve on

the front side of the cylinder.

➢ Produces very jerky movement when used

with a constant load. The load moves only
after sufficient pressure is built up inside
the cylinder. The delay in cylinder
movement may be very substantial with
large loads.
4 2
➢ Generally used only in certain clamping
applications where the clamping force must
be increased gradually.
1
 Basic Principles of Flow Control
Controlling speed in
➢ Air leaving the cylinder is throttled, while air
both directions with entering the cylinder flows at full speed.
Exhaust Flow Control(meter OUT)
➢ Forward speed of the cylinder is controlled
by the valve on the front side of the cylinder.

➢ Reverse speed is controlled by the valve on

the rear side of the cylinder.

➢ Cylinder moves more smoothly as pressure

inside the cylinder builds up quickly and
remains constant throughout.

➢ Better suited to applications where there is a

4 2 constant load on the cylinder. Most
commonly used and preferred method of
flow control.

1
Flow Control Valve

Adjustable
Flow Control Valve

Adjustable
Internal Construction of Valves (Spool
Valve)

•Ports are open & close by sealing elements such as Spool or Slide
•Actuation force is lateral to energy flow.Hence, less actuating force is required.
•Complex, Costly, Sensitive to dust
•Reset by compressed air is possible
 3
Poppet Valves
Good sealing 2

Good tolerance to dirt 1

2
Spool Valves
High flow rates
Low operating forces
3 1
Valve Construction 2

1 3

Outlet 2
Spool

Return
Spring

Exhaust 3 Supply 1

3 / 2 way valve, slide (spool)

Valve Construction 2

1 3

3 1

3 / 2 way valve, slide (spool)

Valve Construction 2

1 3

3 1

3 / 2 way valve, slide (spool)

Valve Construction 2

1 3

3 1

3 / 2 way valve, slide (spool)

Valve Construction 2

1 3

3 1

3 / 2 way valve, slide (spool)

Directional Control
Valve
4/2 Way
Directional Control Valve
 4 2
14 12

5 3
4 2 1

12 5 1 3 14
 4 2
14 12

5 3
4 2 1

12 5 1 3 14
 4 2
14 12

5 3
4 2 1

12 5 1 3 14
 4 2
14 12

5 3
4 2 1

12 5 1 3 14
 4 2
14 12

5 3
4 2 1

12 5 1 3 14
 4 2
14 12
Double pilot valve - Bi-stable valve
Signal in to pilot port switches valve.
5 3
Remove signal - valve stays in position
1

4 2 Single pilot valve - Mono stable valve

14
Signal in to pilot port switches valve.
Remove signal - valve re-sets.
5 3
1
5/2 way
Double pilot valves
Multi position Valves
 4 2

14 5 3 12
1
5/3 Directional Control
Valve.
Closed centre position
14 12 Closed centre

14 12 Working Lines vented

14 12 Working lines pressurised

Logic Valves
Problem
To produce a circuit that
will operate the cylinder
from either of the 2 push
buttons.
4 2
14

? 5 3
1
Problem
To produce a circuit that
will operate the cylinder
from either of the 2 push
buttons.
4 2
14

5 3
1
Problem
To produce a circuit that
will operate the cylinder
from either of the 2 push
buttons.
4 2
14
Shuttle Valve
5 3
1

Textbook page 207

 A 2

The Shuttle Valve X Y

12 14

Input to X OR Y gives output at A

Also referred to as the OR valve and sometimes represented by

the symbol -

1
Textbook page 207
 A A

X Y

X Y
 Locknut

Adjusting screw
Flow control
needle.
Non return valve

Restricted flow Unrestricted flow

One way flow control valve

Restricted flow

One way flow control valve

 Unrestricted
flow

One way flow control valve

 Unrestricted
flow

One way flow control valve

Controlling the flow of air
in to a double acting
cylinder can result in
erratic jerky movement.

4 2

5 3
1
To overcome this ? The flow control valve is
used to control the air
pushed out of the
cylinder
4 2

5 3
1
 The flow control valve is
used to control the air
pushed out of the
cylinder
4 2
Result:-
Smoother movement
5 3 More consistent control
1 Control of tractive loads
Flow control valves can be positioned

In - line
In to the
Cylinder port

Exhaust Port on
control valve
 Pneumatics Festo Didactic

Inlet Outlet
Pressure operation

Valve Body
Vent

Spring and
Adjusting screw

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic
4 Bar

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

4 Bar

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

4 Bar

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

4.5 Bar

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

4.5 Bar

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

4 Bar

6 Bar

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
Pneumatics Festo Didactic

Used to set the pressure on the system downstream

Venting type also acts as pressure relief or limiting valve

Should be set to the pressure that is just sufficient to do the

job
(too high a setting costs money)

Not to be adjusted to change speed or used as a

shut off valve

Air supply: Pressure regulator

with vent
 A
A P
R

Textbook page 209

Quick exhaust valve
 A
A P
R

Textbook page 209

Quick exhaust valve
 A
A P
R

Textbook page 209

Quick exhaust valve
 A
A P
R

Textbook page 209

Quick exhaust valve
 A
A P
R

Textbook page 209

Quick exhaust valve
 A
A P
R

Textbook page 209

Quick exhaust valve
 A
A P
R

Textbook page 209

Quick exhaust valve
 A
A P
R

Textbook page 209

Quick exhaust valve
 A
A P
R

Textbook page 209

Quick exhaust valve
 P
R

Quick exhaust valve

To achieve maximum
speed the exhaust air
must be directed to
atmosphere via the
shortest route.

To do this we use
?
4 2
The Quick exhaust valve

5 3
1
To achieve maximum
speed the exhaust air
must be directed to
atmosphere via the
shortest route.

To do this we use
?
4 2
The Quick exhaust valve

5 3
1
To achieve maximum
speed the exhaust air
must be directed to
atmosphere via the
shortest route.

To do this we use
?
4 2
The Quick exhaust valve

5 3
1
To achieve maximum
speed the exhaust air
must be directed to
atmosphere via the
shortest route.

To do this we use
?
4 2
The Quick exhaust valve

5 3
1
4 2

5 3
1
4 2

5 3
1
4 2

5 3
1
4 2

5 3
1
4 2

5 3
1
4 2

5 3
1
Timer Valves
 Pilot Operation 12
2

Flow Control 12

Non Return 3
1 3
Reservoir

3/2 way valve 2

Normally Closed

1
Spring
Return

Page 219 in textbook Time Delay Valve

 12
2

12

3
1 3

2
00:00

Page 219 in textbook Time Delay Valve

 12
2

12

3
1 3

2
00:01
0

Page 219 in textbook Time Delay Valve

 12
2

12

3
1 3

2
00:02
0

Page 219 in textbook Time Delay Valve

 12
2

12

3
1 3

2
00:00
3

Page 219 in textbook Time Delay Valve

 12
2

12

3
1 3

2
00:00
4

Page 219 in textbook Time Delay Valve

 12
2

12

3
1 3

2
00:00
5

Page 219 in textbook Time Delay Valve

 12
2

12

3
1 3

2
00:00
5

Page 219 in textbook Time Delay Valve

 12
2

12

3
1 3

2
00:00

Page 219 in textbook Time Delay Valve

 12
2

12

3
1 3

2
00:00

Page 219 in textbook Time Delay Valve

Normally Closed Timer 00:05
0
1
2
3
4
2
Time delay valve

Input to port 12 12
Time delay (adjustable)
Output from port 2
1 3
Vent port 12

Valve resets

Range of adjustment is dependant on

reservoir size. Additional capacity of 10cc
gives increase of 5 second adjustment
 Normally Open
ClosedTimer
Timer
2
Time delay valve
Output from port 2
12
10
Input to port 10
Time delay (adjustable)
1 3
Output from port 2 is shut off
Vent port 10
Valve resets

Output from port 2

Normally Open Timer
2

An alternative use for this is

made by piping up in a 10
different way

1 3
Normally Open Timer
2

An alternative use for this is

made by piping up in a 10
different way

1 3
Input to port 10 and port 1
Output from port 2
Time delay (adjustable)
Output from port 2 is shut off One Shot Valve
Vent port 10

Valve resets
Summary

Normally closed timer or

12
Time Delay Valve

1 3

Normally open timer 10

1 3
 2

Normally open timer

10
Piped as a One Shot Valve
to overcome trapped or
continuous signals. 1 3