PROBABILITY

1.Define and characterize probability.

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Solution:

a) Standard probability definition

Let a random event meet following conditions:

 number of the events is finite

 all events have the same chance to occur

 no two events can occur in the same time

Probability of an event A equals  , n = # of all possible events, m = number of cases

favorable for the event A

Stands: 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
Probability of an impossible event : P(A) = 0
Probability of a sure event: P(A) = 1 

b) Conditional probability of some event A, given the occurrence of some other event B:

c) Probability of two independent events:

P(A∩B) = P(A)P(B)

d) Probability of two mutually exclusive events:

P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B)

e) Binomial probability expression:

Let an event A occur with probability P. The probability of k occurrances of the event A in n tries
equals:
f) Hypergeometric probability expression: 

Let V of N elements have a property p; derived from that, N-V elements do not have the
property p.
Probability of k of n randomly selected elements having the property p equals::

2.There are 18 tickets marked with numbers 1 to 18. What‘s the probability of selecting a ticket
having the following property:

a) even number   
b) number divisible by 3
c) prime number   
d) number divisible by 6
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Solution:
3.Determine the probability of following results when throwing 2 playing cubes (a red one and
a blue one):

a) sum equals to 8   
b) sum divisible by 5  
c) even sum
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Solution:

4.A gambler playing with 3 playing cubes wants to know weather to bet on sum 11 or 12.
Which of the sums will occur more probably?

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Solution:

The gambler should bet on 11, as P(11) > P(12).

5.82 170 of 100 000 children live 40 years and 37 930 of 100 000 children live 70 years.
Determine the probability of a 40 years old person to live 70 years.

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Solution:

(Conditional probability)

A – live 70 years, P(A) = 0,3793

B – live 40 years, P(B) = 0,8217

The probability equals 46%.

6.In a town there are 4 crossroads with trafic lights. Each trafic light opens or closes the traffic
with the same probability of 0.5. Determine the probability of:

a) a car crossing the first crossroad without stopping   

b) a car crossing first two crossroads without stopping  
c) a car crossing all the crossroads (4) without stopping  
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Solution:

7.32 playing cards include 4 aces and 12 figures. Determine the probability of a randomly
selected card to be an ace or a figure.

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Solution: 

Probability of two mutually exclusive events

A – selected ace 

B - selected figure 

The probability of selecting an ace or a figure equals 50%.

8.Determine the probability of 3 of 5 born children being sons if the probability of a children to
be a boy equals P(A) = 0,51.

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Solution:

Binomial probability expression.

n = 5, k = 3, P = 0,51

The probability equals 31,8 %.

9. There are 16 cola bottles on the table. 10 of them are filled by Coca Cola and 6 of them are
filled by Pepsi. Determine the probability of 4 randomly selected bottles to include 2 Coca Cola
and 2 Pepsi bottles.
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Solution:

Hypogeometric probability expression.

N = 16 (# all bottles)
V = 10 (# Coca Cola)
N-V = 6 (# Pepsi)
n = 4 (# randomly selected bottles)
k = 2 (# selected Coca Cola)
n – k = 2 (# selected Pepsi)

The probability equals P(A) = 37 %.

10.In a game of chance 6 of 49 numbers are the winning numbers. Determine the probability
of reaching:

a) matching 3 of 6  
b) matching 4 of 6
c) matching 5 of 6
d) matching 6 of 6
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Solution:

a) Matching 3 of 6

b) Matching 4 of 6
 c) Matching 5 of 6

d) Matching 6 of 6

STATISTICS

1. Explain following concepts:

 distribution characteristics (average)

 variability characteristics
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Solution:

DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS
a) Arithmetic mean:
 b) Geometric mean:

c) Harmonic mean:

d) Mode mod(x) is the value that occurs the most frequently in a data set or a probability distribution.

e) Median med(x) is:

 the middle value of a data set sorted by the value containing odd number of elements

 aritmethmetic mean of the two middle values of a data set sorted by the value containing even number
of elements

VARIABILITY CHARACTERISTICS
a) Range  

R = xmax - xmin

b) Variance (dispersion)

c) Standard deviation  

2. Following values were measured in the lab (in milimeters):

{302;310;312;310;313;318;305;309;310;309}

Determine the arithmetic mean, geometric mean, geometrický priemer, mode and median.

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Solution:
Sorted values:
{302;305;309;309;310;310;310;312;313;318}

3.A car hit an average speed of v  = 20 kmph in the first half of the journey, and hit an average
1

speed of v2 = 80 kmph in the second half of the journey. Determine the average speed of the
car.

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Solution:

The car moved in different speeds, therefore it passed each half in different time.
The average speed equals to the harmonic mean of v1 and v2.

The average speed of the car was 32 kmph.

4.Following values were measured to determine the weight of a cog wheel. Find out the interval
which contains the real weight value with a probability of 68%.

M = {324;330;327;319;334;304}

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Solution:

5. Hounters A and B compete in target shooting. Who was more accurate and won the
competition?

Results:
A = {9;8;8;8;7}
B = {10;10;8;7;5}

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Solution:

Hunter A
Hunter B

Variance of hunter A equals s2(A) = 0,4 , variance of hunter B equals s2(B) = 3,6. Stands s2(A) < s2(B).
Hunter A won the competition.

TRIANGLE

1.Characterize a triangle
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Solution:
2.Prove for the exterior angles of a triangle: α*+ β*+ γ* = 360°.
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Proof:

α + α* = 180°
β + β* = 180°
γ + γ* = 180°
_____________

α + β + γ + α* + β* + γ* = 540°
α* + β* + γ* = 540° – (α + β + γ)
α* + β* + γ* = 540° - 180°
α* + β* + γ* = 360°

3. A triangles‘ side size c = 10 cm. For it‘s angles stands: α:β:γ = 3:5:10.
Determine:
a) perimeter   
b) area

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Solution:

Perimeter   

Area 
4.An equilateral triangle‘s side length a = 10 cm.
Determine the size of the area between the circumcircle and the incircle.

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Solution:

5.John stands 5 m and 8 m from the edges of a tree. He can see the tree under the angle of
60°.

Determine the length of the tree.

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Solution:

a=5m
b=8m
γ = 60°

x2 = a2 + b2 -2ab.cosγ

x2 = 52 + 82 -2.5.8.cos60°
x2 = 25 + 64 – 80.0,5
x2 = 25 + 64 – 40
x2 = 49
x=7

The tree is 7 m long.

6.There are three tangent circles with radius r  = 2 cm, r  = 3cm, r  = 4cm. Centres of the circles
1 2 3

define a triangle.

Determine the inner angles of the triangle.

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Solution:
Inner angles of the triangle equal α = 44,41°, β = 78,46° and γ = 57,13°.

7.Two trains left a train station in the same time on two tracs forming the angle φ = 156°. Their
speeds are v1 = 13 ms-1, v2 = 14,5 ms-1.

Determine their distance in the time t = 5 min.

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Solution:

The distance between the trains after 5 minutes is 8.07 km.

8. Forces F , F  act from the same point of application. Angle between the forces φ = 60°.
1 2

Determine the size of the resultant power, if F1 = 42N, F2 = 35N.
Determine the angles between the forces F1, F2 and the resultant power.

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Solution:

The resultant power F = 61,87N.

The angles are α = 36° and β = 24°.

9.The angle between the coasts of a river observed from a 20 m height tower which is 20 m far
from the river is 15°.

Determine the width of the river.

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Solution:

The width of the river is x = 14,64 m.

10. An object of weight m = 1563 kg hangs on a horizontal girder. It‘s fastened by two ropes
of different length. The angles between a ropes and the girder equal α = 48°, β = 62°.

Determine the forces acting on the ropes. (F = 15630 N)

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Solution:

The forces acting on the ropes are F1 = 12367,5 N and F2 = 14697,9 N.

RIGHT TRIANGLE

1. Define a right triangle.

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Solution:

a) Pythagorean theorem:

a2 + b2 = c2

b) Goniometric functions:
c) Perimeter:

O=a+b+c

d) Area:

c) Euclid theorems:

a2 = c.ca
b2 = c.cb
v2 = ca.cb

2. The catheti of a right triangle ΔABC are a =3 cm, b = 4 cm.

Determine:
a) Size of the hypotenuse c
b) Height perpendicular to the hypotenuse, vc
c) Area S
d) Acute angles α and β

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Solution:

For the triangle ΔABC stands: c = 5cm, vc = 2,4cm, S = 6cm2, α = 36,87°, β = 53,16°.

3. Let a, b be a right triangles‘ catheti, c a right triangles‘ hypotenuse, α the angle opposite to a.
Fill the table! (Lengths in cm)

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Solution:

4.The sides of a right triangle make an arithmetic progression. Determine:

a) perimeter  
b) area   
of the triangle. Size of the longer cathetus equals 16 cm.

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Solution:

a = 16 - x
b = 16
c = 16 + x

(16 – x)2 + 162 = (16 + x)2

256 – 32x + x2 + 256 = 256 + 32x + x2
64x = 256
x=4

a) Perimeter   

a = 12
b = 16
c = 20
O=a+b+c
O = 12 +16+20
O = 48 cm

b) Area  

S = 0,5.a.b
S = 0,5.12.16
S = 96 cm2

The perimeter of the triangle is O = 48 cm, the area of the triangle is S = 96 cm 2.

5.Sum of the lengths of the catheti of a right triangle is 30 cm. The area of the triangle is 110,5
cm2. Determine the perimeter of the triangle.

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Solution:
The perimeter of the triangle is 51,4 cm.

6. The leg of an isosceles triangle is 1 cm longer than it‘s base. The altitude is 2 cm shorter than
the leg. Determine the size of the leg of the triangle.

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Solution:

z = 16 cm, r = 17 cm, v = 15cm

7. A triangle‘s sides lengths equal a = 4p2- 1, b = 4p, c = 4p2+1. Prove that it‘s a right triangle
and that it‘s a Pythagorean triangle. Write out four Pythagorean triangles.

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Solution:

If a Pythagorean theorem stands for a triangle, it‘s a right triangle.

  

The triangle is a right triangle.

Pythagorean triangles:

 
Proof:
352 + 122 = 372
1225 + 144 = 1369
1369 = 1369

8. Aké stúpanie má cesta, ak na dopravnej značke, ktorá o tom informuje, je napísané 6,7 %?
Auto prešlo 2,3 km po tejto ceste.

Aký výškový rozdiel auto prekonalo?

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Riešenie:

Uhol stúpania cesty je 3,83°.

Auto prekonalo výškový rozdiel asi 154 m.

9. Vypočítajte obsah rovnoramenného pravouhlého trojuholníka, ktorého obvod je 20cm.

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Riešenie:

Obsah trojuholníka je 17,15 cm2.

10. Pre odvesny pravouhlého trojuholníka platí a:b = 2:3. Prepona má dĺžku 10 cm.
Vypočítajte obvod a obsah tohto trojuholníka.

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Riešenie:
Obvod trojuholníka ΔABC je 23,86 cm a obsah 23,045 cm 2.