Shaft Power Cycles

Shaft Power Cycles

 The specific work output and cycle efficiency then depend only on the
pressure ratio and maximum cycle temperature
 An Ideal Simple-Cycle Gas Turbine
 The thermodynamic cycle is called Brayton cycle or Joule cycle: temperature-
entropy diagram (close- cycle gas turbine)

 The cycle consists of an isentropic compression of the gas from state 1 to state 2;

 a constant pressure heat addition to state 3;

 an isentropic expansion to state 4,

 in which work is done; and an isobaric closure of the cycle back to state 1.
Figure 1: Temperature-Entropy diagram
 Analysis of the Ideal Cycle
Ideal Cycles
The assumption of ideal conditions will be taken to imply the following:-
a. Compression and expansion processes are reversible and adiabatic, i.e. Isentropic.
b. The change of kinetic energy of the working fluid between inlet and outlet of each
component is negligible.
c. There are no pressure losses in the inlet ducting, combustion chambers, heat
exchanger, intercoolers, exhaust ducting, and duct connecting the components.
d. The working fluid has the same composition throughout the cycle and is a perfect gas
with constant specific heats
e. The mass flow of gas is constant throughout the cycle.
f. Heat transfer in a heat–exchanger (assumed counter flow) is complete, so that in
conjunction with ‘d’ and ‘e’ above, the temperature rise on the cold side is the maximum
possible and exactly equal to the temperature on the hot side.
Gas Turbine Working Principles

Figure 2: Line diagram

 Gas Turbine Working Principles…

Figure 3: T-s diagram Figure 4: P-v diagram

 Gas Turbine Working Principles…

1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor) =

2-3 Constant pressure heat addition (in a combustor) =

3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine) =

4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection.

Gas Turbine Working Principles…
First Law:

Stagnation Enthalpy:

Compression work:

Turbine work:

Heat input:
 Gas Turbine Working Principles….
For Isentropic process:

Thermal Efficiency:

Net work out Wnet =

Comparison of actual process & ideal process

Figure 5: T- S diagram
 Comparison of actual process & ideal process..

Assumptions, neglecting pressure loss in the combustion chamber.

1-2 Irreversible adiabatic compression

2-3 Constant pressure heat supply (combustion chamber)

3-4 Irreversible adiabatic expansion

1-2s Ideal isentropic compression process (same pressure P1 & P2)

3-4s Ideal isentropic expression process (same pressure P1 & P2)

Compressor isentropic efficiency
 Turbine Isentropic efficiency

Therefore
Example 1: Practice

 Exercise 1 Home work

 Simple gas turbine cycle
The relevant steady flow energy equation;

where and W are the heat and work transfer per unit mass flow. Applying this to each
component, bearing in mind assumption (b) we have

The cycle efficiency is

Simple gas turbine cycle

The cycle efficiency is then steadily shown to be given by

Specific work output

 Heat Exchange Cycle

With ideal heat-exchange T5 = T4 non suitable and on substituting the isentropic p-T relations
the expression reduces to
Figure 6: Simple cycle with heat exchange

Figure 7: Efficiency- Simply cycle with heat-exchange

 Reheat cycle

 Increase in specific work output by splitting the expansion and reheating

the gas between high pressure and low-pressure turbines

specific output and efficiency in terms of r and t as before. Writing

Reheat markedly increases the specific out

Note that the reduction in efficiency becomes less severe as the maximum
cycle temperature is increased
Reheat cycle

Figure 8: Reheat cycle

Reheat cycle….

Figure 9:Work output-reheat cycle

 Cycle with Reheat and Heat-Exchange
The reduction in efficiency due to reheat can be overcome by adding
heat-exchange

Figure 10: Reheat cycle with heat-exchange

Cycle with Reheat and Heat-Exchange….

Figure 11: Efficiency-reheat cycle with heat-exchange

 Cycles with Intercooled Compression
 improvement in specific work output to that obtained by reheat can be
achieved by splitting the compression and the gas between LP and HP
compressors
 air is intercooled to T1, it can be shown that the specific work output is a
maximum
 The use of intercoolers is seldom contemplated in practice because they are
bulky and need large quantities of cooling water
 Methods for accounting for component losses
 Performance of real cycles differ from ideal cycles for the following reasons:
 Velocities in turbo machinery are high thus change in kinetic energy is not equal
to zero.
 Compression and expansion are irreversible.
 Friction losses in Heat Exchanger and Combustion Chamber.
 Heat Exchanger effectiveness is less than 100%
 Specific heat specific heat ratios are not constant through the cycle processes.
 More work is required for compression process to overcome bearings and friction
in transmission between compressor and turbine.
 Cycle efficiency is different from unit efficiency
 Some compressed air is bled for turbine blade cooling.
 Stagnation Properties
Enthalpy of gas steams when brought to rest adiabatically and without work.

and thus, h0 is defined by

When the fluid is a perfect gas, CPT can be substituted for h, and the corresponding concept
of stagnation (or total) temperature T0 is defined by

C2/2Cp is called the dynamic temperature

T is referred to as the static temperature
 Compressor and Turbine Efficiencies

 Isentropic efficiency
 The efficiency of any machine, the object of which is the absorption or
production of work, is normally expressed in terms of the ratio of actual and
ideal work transfers
 Because turbo machines are essentially adiabatic, the ideal process is
isentropic and the efficiency is called an isentropic efficiency
 Compressor and Turbine Efficiencies
=

Similarly the turbine isentropic efficiency is defined as

When performing cycle calculations, values of and will be assumed and the temperature
equivalents of the work transfers for a given pressure ratio are then found as follows:
 Pressure Losses

 In the combustion chamber a loss in stagnation pressure (∆Pb)

When a heat exchanger is included in the plant there will also be frictional
losses in the passages on the air-side (∆Pha) and gas-side (∆Phg)

Pressure losses have the effect of decreasing the turbine pressure ratio
relative to the compressor pressure ratio and thus reduce the net work
output from the plant.
Pressure Losses….

Figure 12: Pressure losses

Fuel/Air Ratio, Combustion Efficiency & Cycle
Efficiency

Figure 13: Combustion temperature rise versus fuel/air ratio

 Design Point Performance Calculations

 compressor pressure ratio,

 turbine inlet temperature,
 component efficiencies
 and pressure losses
 Examples
 Comparative Performance of Practical Cycles

 specific output and efficiency of real cycles

 performance curves will now be presented to show the main differences
between practical and ideal cycles
 All the curves use compressor pressure ratio rc, as abscissa
 turbine pressure ratio being less than rc by virtue of the pressure losses
 In practice it is usual to quote SFC rather than efficiency
 Simple gas turbine cycle
 When component losses are taken into account the efficiency of the simple
cycle becomes dependent upon the maximum cycle temperature To3 as well
as pressure ratio

 the lowest pressure ratio which will give an acceptable performance

Simple gas turbine cycle

Figure 16: Cycle efficiency and specific output of simple gas turbine
 Heat-Exchange (or Regenerative) Cycle
 addition of a heat-exchanger merely causes a slight reduction in specific
work output due to the additional pressure losses

 Heat-exchange increases the efficiency substantially and markedly

reduces the optimum pressure ratio for maximum efficiency

 The dotted curves have been added to show the effect of heat-exchanger
effectiveness
Heat-Exchange (or Regenerative) Cycle

Figure 17: Heat-exchange cycle

 Heat-Exchange (or Regenerative) Cycle …

 An alternative method of presenting performance characteristics is to plot

the variation of specific fuel consumption and specific output on a single
figure for a range of values of pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature
Figure 18: Cycle performance curves
 Heat-Exchange (Regenerative) Cycle with
Reheat or Intercooling
 ideal cycles suggested that there is no virtue in employing reheat without
heat-exchange because of the deleterious effect on efficiency

 With heat-exchange, addition of reheat improves the specific output

considerably without loss of efficiency

 The gain in efficiency due to reheat obtained with the ideal cycle is not
realized in practice, partly because of the additional pressure loss in the
reheat chamber and the inefficiency of the expansion process
Heat-Exchange (Regenerative) Cycle with
Reheat or Intercooling

Figure 19: Cycle with heat-exchange and reheat

 Heat-Exchange (Regenerative) Cycle with
Reheat or Intercooling
 Reheat has not been widely used in practice because the additional combustion
chamber, and the associated control problems, can offset the advantage gained
from the decrease in size of the main components’ consequent upon the
increase in specific output

 Intercooling, which has a similar effect upon the performance of the ideal heat
exchange cycle as reheat
Thank you