JUNE 15.

2016

ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

REPORT ON THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM FOR FOUR MONTHES ON

ALMACON BUILDING CONTRACTOR (MAR. 29-JUN. 28, 2016)

Student name: _______________________________

ID No: _______________
Section: ____________________
E-mail address: ______________________________
Company supervisor: ENG. MAERGE MOGES
Academic supervisor: MR.YOHANNES HAGOS
Addis Ababa Science and Technology Dept. of CENG
University

Declaration
I hereby declare that the project work entitled “REPORT ON THE INTERNSHIP
PROGRAM FOR FOUR MONTHES ON ALMACON BUILDING
CONTRACTOR " submitted to the AASTU School of civil and construction
technology and management engineering, is a record of original work done by me under
the guidance of my esteemed advisor Mr.Yohannes Hagose and my site supervisor
Eng.Maerege. And this project work is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the internship session of 2016 held for 4th year student of AASTU
School of civil and construction technology and management engineering. The results
embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for
the award of any type of work.

ABBROVED BY

NAME OF SUPERVISOR: ______________ NAME OF MENTOR: ______________

SIGNITURE: __________ SIGNITURE: ___________

HOSTING COMPANY STAMP

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Acknowledgment
First of all I would like to thank every families and friends that participate on my life and
get me in this intensity and individuals who support and share idea and also helping me to
be like this.
I am very thankful ALMACON BUILDNG CONTRACTOR for having given me the
opportunity to undertake my four month internship class in their working area. It was
Avery good learning experience for me to have worked at this area. I would like to
convey my heartiest thanks to site engineer Eng.Maerege Moges, General Forman Mr.
Metagesha and all staff member works in Dessie branch.
I would also thank advisors Mr.Yonas Hagose for his endless support by consulting me
how to write this report in outstanding manner, all teachers of civil engineering who
brought me to my present performance and shape me like this during the last three
successive years.
Before I finish I would like to give my deepest thanks to all workers from the contractor
and the consultant side starting from engineers to daily laborers. Also for those who do
not listed in the above but support me in different areas I would like thank all.

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Internship certificate

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Executive summery
This internship report contains six chapters in which I try to explain my four month
experience in my hosting company. The content of all chapters is broadly explained and
it is constructed from the practical basis of the site work ended all months.
In the first chapter I give details to the project background, company background
including its mission, vision and objective of the project. In this chapter I put all record or
history and futurity of my hosting company. So, it is give details of the company in terms
of reader can easily know.
The second chapter deals about how I performed the program shortly. And how I record
the work I have executed.
The third chapter is the most hunted chapter which explains my overall internship
familiarity in the last successive months. This chapter is the main chapter and I record on
it the overall work I have been executing. It gives a high light what I have been doing and
main works of the construction industry.
After all those chapters explained above I goes to the fourth chapter and explains the
assessment of the internship class in terms of different aspects and areas. It is obvious
that the internship has a plus in terms of improving skills and different abilities as a
whole. The advantages and gains of the internship putted in short and prices way to grasp
the attention of readers and evaluators.
The final and fifth chapter explains about the winding up and suggestion on the project
that our company runs. Inside the site we get many things which are appropriate and
inappropriate for work in building construction, thus I comment and give my
commendation in some conditions and working.

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Table of Contents
Declaration............................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgment.................................................................................................................ii
Internship certificate...........................................................................................................iii
Executive summery............................................................................................................iv
List of figures.......................................................................................................................v
List of tables........................................................................................................................v
Acronym...........................................................................................................................viii
Chapter one..........................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction......................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the project.........................................................................................1
1.2. Overview of the company.........................................................................................1
1.3. Overall Structure of the Company............................................................................2
1.4. Objective of the project.............................................................................................4
1.4.1 General objective.................................................................................................5
1.4.2 Specific objective................................................................................................5
1.5 Problem statement......................................................................................................5
Chapter two..........................................................................................................................6
2. Material and Methodology Used.....................................................................................6
2.1 Material and Methodology Used................................................................................6
Chapter three........................................................................................................................7
3. Accomplishments of Activities........................................................................................7
3.1. Office work...............................................................................................................7
3.2. Site work...................................................................................................................9
Chapter four.......................................................................................................................22
4. Assessment of the internship.........................................................................................22
4.1. Improving practical skill.........................................................................................22
4.2. Upgrading the theoretical knowledge.....................................................................23
4.3. Upgrading interpersonal communication skill........................................................23
4.4. Work ethics and related issues................................................................................23

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4.5. Entrepreneurship skill.............................................................................................24

4.6.Challenges I have faced...........................................................................................24
Chapter five.......................................................................................................................26
5. Conclusion and Recommendation.................................................................................26
5.1. Conclusions.............................................................................................................26
5.2. Recommendation....................................................................................................26
5.2.1. Recommendation to the school........................................................................26
5.2.2. Recommendation to the companies..................................................................27
Chapter six.........................................................................................................................28
6. References......................................................................................................................28

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List of figures

Figure 1.1 Overall Structure of the Company.............................................................2

Figure 3. 1 Pit and trench excavation................................................................................10

Figure 3. 2 Footing formwork...........................................................................................12
Figure 3. 3 Column formwork...........................................................................................13
Figure 3. 4 Formwork preparation for slab and beam.......................................................14
Figure 3. 5 Placement or reinforcement for solid slab.......................................................15
Figure 3. 6 Splicing of bar.................................................................................................16
Figure 3. 7Lean concrete for isolated footing....................................................................17
Figure 3. 8 Transporting of concrete.................................................................................18
Figure 3. 9 Compaction.....................................................................................................19
Figure 3. 10 Concrete cube test.........................................................................................20
Figure 3. 11 Erection of solid and ribbed slab...................................................................21

List of tables

Table 3. 1 format of takeoff sheet we have been used in the site........................................8

Table 3. 2 Bill of Quantity...................................................................................................8
Table 3. 3 Bar Schedule.......................................................................................................9
Table 3. 4 Removal period of formwork...........................................................................14
Table 3. 5 Batching of concrete.........................................................................................17

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Acronym
ADA Amhara development agency
ANRS Amhara National Development
Cm Centimeter
C-5 Concrete that have 5mpa compressive strength
C-20 Concrete that have 20mpa compressive strength
EBCS Ethiopian Buildings Code Standards
Mm Millimeter
OPC Ordinary Portland Cement
UIL University Industry Linkage

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Chapter one

1. Introduction
1.1. Background of the project
ALMACON building contractor is currently working on different projects in Dessie,
Bahir Dar, and Debre Markos in Amhara region. These project B+G+9 is apartment
building which is going to be constructed in Dessie town and owned by ANRS Housing
Development Agency.
The project consist B+G+9 low cost apartment building. The building is designed by
ANRS Housing Development Agency. It covers an area of about 1910 m 2 and takes a
total cost of 54,724,906.24birr with vat exclusive.
The building is a multipurpose building with cafeterias; shop, offices and living
apartment have three and four bed room. The basement mainly used for car parking. The
first and second floors also used for cafeterias, super market and shop. The rest is used
for living apartments. It has numerous structures like mat and strap foundation, beam,
parapet, tie beam, shear wall, retaining wall, ramp, etc. It was estimated the building will
be completed December 2018.
At the start of the internship program, the construction process was at the ground floor
level along the course of the internship program; the construction process has reached a
fifth level.

1.2. Overview of the company

ALMACON Building contractor is registered and licensed as G-4 Building contractor by
Bureau of Industry and urban Development.it has also, a Trade license, which is renewed
for the current fiscal year, obtained from the Bureau of Industry and Transport. The firm
is also registered for VAT by the Federal Revenue and customs Authority and it has a
Tax payer Identification number from the same authority. The company was founded in
2005 E.C by a civil Engineer and other Technical and supportive staffs with some years
of experience in the Amhara development agency (ADA) head office on the construction
and supervision of Regional and zonal buildings of Elementary and secondary schools of
different structures and multi-disciplinary Infrastructure works of the region. Due to this
fact, on its early beginnings in the construction sector, these days the company is gaining
a good reputation from its clients based on the project completed in the last year. Besides,
the company’s efficient and innovative working methodologies and its strict adherence to
attain the required quality of works, has made it to become one of the promising
construction firm in the sector.

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Vision
Provide quality construction, economical and to satisfy the demand of the people within
the short period of time in the country.
Mission
 Quality of construction
 Honesty
 Adding value to clients.
 Nurturing and promoting talents.
 Respecting employees‘ intense efforts and contribution

1.3. Overall Structure of the Company

Work flow is very important for the project management of any site project. A good
project management will maximize efficient resource utilization, development of
effective communication and mechanization for resolving conflicts among participants
and proper coordination and control the entire process. The pre organization set up of
ALMACON company is shown in the background of the company, but when it comes to
the work flow at site i.e. project management and administration it can be narrowed down
to the following chart.

Figure 1.1 Overall Structure of the Company

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Project manager
The project manager, in the broadest sense of the term, is the most important person for
the failure and success of the project. The project manager is responsible for planning,
organizing and controlling the project. In turn, the project manager receives authority
from the management of the organizational to mobilize the necessary resources to
complete the project. The project manager must be able to exert interpersonal influence in
order to lead the project team. He must possess leadership quality and the ability to
handle intricate interpersonal relationships effective within an organization.
Office engineer the main responsibility of the office engineers are:-
 Prepare material lists for the project and ensuring deployment.
 Preparing payment certificates for sub contract works based on actual quantity
executed. Keeps records of payments certificates related to the sub contract
works.
 Documentation.
 Keeping contract documents and drawing.
 Keeping proper documents of corresponding variables order.
 Under taking other responsibilities assigned by the project manager. Working
under the office engineer, the quantity surveyor has similar duties. But the
quantity surveyors work is approved by the office engineer. The data collectors
assemble different reports and compile them into Weekly and monthly reports.

Construction engineer a construction engineers that works together with the site
engineers to supervise the construction work. The construction engineers give solutions
to practical problems that might occur during the process of the work.
Site engineer the site engineer has the foreman under him and he details of the work. In
addition he advises the foreman on the course of action. The site engineer also makes
sure that the work is done according to the design. During the course of construction
foreman and site engineer will make decisions about work to be undertaken at particular
times of the day based up on the availability of the necessary resource of laborers,
materials and equipment’s. Without coordination among these necessary inputs, the
construction process will be inefficient
Acts as the agent’s right hand man for the execution of the work at the field, his duty is to
keep the work moving ahead as the agent has planned it. He often has much authority on
the site, and is often astonishingly capable from their long experience of construction. For
instance, their familiarity with the soil characteristics enables them to judge by eye that
some foundation or fill material is „no good‟, long before the site engineer’s testes prove
it so.

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Forman the main aim of the Forman is manages and supervise manual works. In this
particular site there are different foramens having their own skills. Each foreman has
responsibility to done any work according to the site engineer order. Their work always
checked by the site engineer
Trade Forman’s
Controls most of the skilled (masons, carpenters, plumber…) and unskilled (gang
leaders) labors by giving directions that he receive from the general Forman or the site
engineer.
 Mason; a production worker responsible for production of masonry. He is the
main construction worker for the structural shell.
 Carpenter; is a craft responsible for making wood structures for supporting
different structural components like beams and columns, formworks, and chip
wood works.
 Plumber; responsible for installing, repairing and maintaining pipes and
other construction materials used for water supply and waste water disposal.
 Electricians; perform works required for the repair, maintenance,
installation and modernization of electrical systems.
 Machine operators; operate, fix and maintain different machineries on the
site like, vibrator, mixer, and damper.
 Metal workers; assemble, install and repair sheet metal products and
equipment’s.
 Gang leaders; controls the distribution of labor forces throughout by taking
orders from the trade Forman’s. He controls the number of laborers at each
work place; transfer labor workers from one place to other place in the site,
and check whether laborers are performing their job properly.
 Finance The finance takes care of monthly salary (fee) of the employees;
finance the purchasing of requested materials.
 Store keepers Control the amount and type of materials entering and leaving
the store.
 Data collector the data collector collects daily work activities carried out on
the site.

1.4. Objective of the project

The objectives of this project is to enable those urban dwellers, having the will and
capacity to purchase houses become owners thereof with in short and long periods of
time by using low-cost technologies and extensive human labor in such a way that would
assist to ease the housing shortages in urban centers deteriorating from time to time and
Contribute for the beauty of urban centers, compatible with their structural plans and

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intertwined with the re-development of towns so as to alleviate the shortage of shelter

prevailing in the urban areas across the region (ZIKRE-HIG GAZETA, 2011).
1.4.1 General objective
 Enhance and build the capacity of the domestic construction industry.
 Enhancing the capacity of the domestic construction industry and thereby,
continuously improving construction designs to ensure affordability, social mix
and mixed use in settlement planning and development.
 Capacity building for improvement of building materials, including improved use
of local materials, development and use of alternative cost-effective construction
materials and building technologies and promotion of production capacity of
domestic firms.

1.4.2 Specific objective

 Changing the image of the city so as to meet international standards.
 Transfer of knowledge and skill to the construction industry.
 Promoting cost efficient housing construction technology.

1.5 Problem statement

Shortage of housing is among the most visible problems in Dessie. It could be understood
in terms of its qualitative and quantitative dimensions (ZIKRE-HIG GAZETA, 2011).
Similar to other cities, the urban housing problem in Dessie is mainly attributed to
continuous population increase, low level of economic performance, inefficient service
delivery (particularly land), inadequate urban management and geographic features.so as
to minimize this effect the government launches a special program.
The program enable those urban dwellers, having the will and capacity to purchase
houses become owners thereof with in short and long periods of time by using low-cost
technologies and extensive human labor in such a way that would assist to ease the
housing shortages in urban centers deteriorating from time to time and contribute for the
beauty of urban centers, compatible with their structural plans and intertwined with the
re-development of towns so as to alleviate the shortage of shelter prevailing in the urban
areas across the region.

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Chapter two

2. Material and Methodology Used

2.1 Material and Methodology Used
The works of civil engineers is not an easy task for the student to perform at the first
time. Because it needs experienced and further specialized person in the field. So, to
know every work what civil engineers do I try to work and share experience with
consultant in addition to contractor. And also the consultant main work at the site is
controlling time, cost, quality and safety of workers so those work needs inspection, test
conducting and taking different measures when the contractor don‘t execute it properly.
Their main work is to advice and provides abettor idea how the project will finish with a
minimum cost, time and quality.
During my internship period I used different system to gain data from the project firms,
skilled and unskilled manpower within project. Such methods are; Observation,
Interview, Recording from document mostly used.
Observation: Collecting data is the easiest and do not stop the progress of the work. I am
easily informed of the work undertaken by looking out the procedure of the work at the
site. Works that I am getting information through observation are; earth works
formworks, column casting, beam casting, slab casting, reinforcement bars and when
tests are made.
Interview: This method of data collection is made between two or more than two
persons. During my training period I used these methods for the consulting and
implementing firms about; their responsibility, project information, contract document
management, progress report. Also I interviewed the office engineer about; preparation of
payment certificate, BOQ, Take off sheet, bar schedule and data collection.
Recording from documents: different documents are available to my hand to record,
revise and understand the work programs, formats off takeoff, bill of quantity, structural
drawings, architectural drawings and organizational structure.
 I take a photo especially for each site work by using phone.
 I refer the books that are related to the work for better understanding.
 I attended the work according to the company schedule.
 I correlate my works with the theoretical knowledge.
 I perform take off sheet, bar schedule and quantity within Excel.

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Chapter three

3. Accomplishments of Activities
Up on my arrival at the site I was assigned to observe and carry out tasks. I was work bar
schedule, take off sheet, bill of quantity and material brake down. This help to cross
check with my work and got a comment. And also I observe site work like form work,
concrete work, reinforcement work and earth works at others site.
Generally I have been working in the two sections. I sort the work in to office work and
site works, mostly the work I have been executing on the site is supervising, working as a
site engineer and Forman.

3.1. Office work

In my four month internship period I experience Office works that are worked mostly at
the site this includes some tasks performed by office engineer and quantity surveyor.
Such as;
I. Reading and interpreting drawings
II. Taking off
III. Bill of quantity
IV. Bar schedule
V. Report writing

Reading and interpreting drawings

In office I also tried to read detail drawings of the building being constructed. It has a
paramount important in improving the skill of understanding the 3D of the structure and
helps us to priory know what to be constructed. This drawing includes architectural,
structural, sanitary and electrical drawings. Every construction activity is undertaken by
referring to those drawings and the engineer executes and controls the whole work based
on them. Thus I understand each drawing and knew every symbol abbreviation for every
section and I able to communicate with different workers using it specially we civil
engineering able to know and interprets the structural drawing.
Taking off
After how read the structural drawing read, I was introduced to new concept, preparation
off taking of sheets. After being introduced on how to prepare these sheets, I was
immediately ordered to prepare take off sheet and bar schedule for the entire block.
This is the process of preparing or defining a detailed list of all labor and materials
necessary for the work and entering the items on properly dimensioned paper.

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The standard form used for entering the dimensions taken or scaled from drawings to
determine the accurate quantity in each trade of work, except reinforcement steel, is
called take off sheet or dimension paper. The main aim of this sheet by taking each item
of work and calculating the quantities in detail is for payment and cost estimation for
purchasing and preparing bill of quantity.
The dimension paper used for taking off is double – ruledA4 size paper as shown below.

Take off Sheet

Project: ------------------------ Contractor: ----------------

Site: ---------------------------- Consultant:-----------------
Client: -------------------------- Date:------------------------

T D S D T D S D

Table 3. 1 format of takeoff sheet we have been used in the site

Where T (timsing), D (dimensioning), S (squaring) and D (description)

Bill of quantityBill of quantity is a table with 5 columns that specially contains the
specifications of all works in a project along with their amount. It is sold to contractors
for non- refundable money. The contractors read the specifications of the works in the
bill of quantities, and give their own cost for the execution of each work in the bill of
quantities. The following table shows bill of quantity sheet used at the site.

Item Description of works Unit Quantity Rate

Table 3. 2 Bill of Quantity

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Bar schedule is used to estimating the quantity of reinforcement bars required for a given
project. A complete set of structural drawings is necessary to take sizes and shapes of
bars for different members of reinforced concrete structures. In our site we use the
following tables.

Bar schedule sheet

Project; _________ Block type; _______

Client; _________ Date; ______
Consultant ; _________ Location; _______
Contractor ; _________

no Locat Dia. Shape Lengt No. No. Total no. Total length(m)
ion (mm h of Of Of bar Ф6 Ф8 Ф10 Ф12 Ф14 Ф16 Ф20 Ф24
) (m) Bar/m elem.

Total length(m)
Unite weight(kg/m) 0.222 0.39 0.617 0.888 1.20 1.579 2.467 3.552
5 9
Total weight(kg)

Table 3. 3 Bar Schedule

3.2. Site work

3.2.1 Earth work

Setting out
The first task before the erection of any building is the proper setting out. Setting out,
which is a task of field surveyors, is a process of putting the exact/actual form of the
building from a plan or map provided to the ground. Given the site plan, the surveyors
will indicate the column edges of the building’s corners using pegs. A building is set out
in order to clearly define the outline of the excavation and the centerline of the walls and
column, so that construction carried out exactly according to the plan. The basic
coordinates of each building will be set in position in accordance to the given benchmark.

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Site clearance
After doing setting out the top soil excavation started with machineries the organic top
soil found on the upper layer to an average thickness of 20-25cm removed separately
from the bulk excavation work. Immediate cart away performed following its clearance.

Excavation
Excavation is the first step of construction. It refers to the process of removing soil from
its original location. If the Excavated material required for backfill stockpiled on the site
for subsequent use otherwise it becomes cart away. I have seen bulk excavation, pit
excavation and trench excavation. The main aim of the excavation work is to remove
organic soils or unwanted soil. Excavation shall be carried out to the lines, levels, width,
depth and grades shown on the drawings, directed by the Engineer or as appropriate to
the works to be placed in the excavation.

Bulk excavation
Bulk excavation was carried out after the removal of the top soil is executed. 1m off set
from each side of the site provide for working space and would extend to the outer side
and the work performed for the intended average depth of excavation, in our site the
foundation is mat for this type of foundation excavated around 450 cm excavated from
the reduced ground level including its basement. The removal of the soil was performed
using a machine. The soil excavated immediately taken off from site because the soil has
low bearing capacity ratio.

Pit and trench excavation

I have seen this activity at the other site follows the bulk excavation. Hence, before going
into the direct excavation work, the site organized in a manner that necessary profiles or
modini put in position. Appropriate site lay out was made and all the positions of the pit
excavation in their exact and right place was located. Pit Excavation for a foundation held
by using machine or using daily workers.

Figure 3. 1 Pit and trench excavation

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3.2.2 Foundations work

A foundation is defined as that part of the structure that supports the weight of the
structure and transmits the load to underlying soil. The purpose of foundation design is to
transfer loads of super structure and other external loads acting on it safely through
columns to the ground. The type of structure and the nature of the underlying soil are two
main governing factors in selection of the material and type of foundation. in our site the
foundation types are strap footing and mat foundation and also I have seen an isolated
footing at the other site. The material used for construction of these foundation is
reinforced concrete of quality C-25 and C-5 lean concrete(to protect from external
moisture) and a steel grade of S- 300 for < Ø12 and S-400 for > Ø10.

Mat (raft) Foundation

A raft or mat is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath a structure and
support all the walls and columns. Mat foundation will be used when the allowable soil
pressure is low, the building loads are heavy and when the spread footing covers more
than the one half the area.
Mat slab a concrete slab designed with reinforcement to resist the uplift forces created by
hydrostatic pressure. It has great depth at the basement of the foundation. In our site, the
depth of mat slab is 50cm.

Mat beam it is a type of huge beam which have a depth is much greater than the width.
In the project site the depth of mat beam is 150cm and 50cm width.
Selected Materials Selected material /Backfill/ is mainly natural material that is used to
fill in some void left after construction or excavation efforts. Usually it is a combination
of stone, soil and other materials that were left over after the main portion the project was
completed. However the back fill may be transported to the building site if necessary.

3.2.3 Method or procedure of Backfilling

Fill work performs before the foundation works, if the types of foundation needs a selected
material below the slab (for mat type of foundation) and follow of the erection of foundation
column. Backfill can be done by using the following techniques; Backfill material shall be
placed in uniform layers not exceeding 30 cm loose depth simultaneously on the side of
the structure and the material shall be not placed around cast in placed concrete structure
until approval has been obtained from the engineer the selected fill or backfill is
compacted by using some mechanical means such as compactor on an excavator,
jumping jack type compactor, plate compactor, vibrator and tamping rollers.

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In the project site they compacted in each 20 cm layer by using plate compactor and
jumping jack type compactor. Each layer shall be compacted to 95 % of the maximum
dry density. Water may be added during the compaction process to assist with
compaction.

3.2.4 Formworks
As fresh concrete is in plastic state when it is placed for construction purpose so, it
becomes necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine and support the
concrete till it gains sufficient strength for self-supporting. This temporary structure is
called formwork. Concrete formwork serves as a mold to produce concrete elements
having a desired size and configuration. It is usually erected for this purpose and then
removed after the concrete has cured to a satisfactory strength. For satisfactory
performance, formwork must be adequately strong and stiff to carry the loads produced
by the concrete, the workers placing and finishing the concrete, and any equipment or
materials supported by the forms.
In the site, the formwork material use wood material.
The general step used to construct a formwork in the site is:
 Prepare the false works in the desired position and level.
 Preparing the formwork in a desired shape based on the drawing or the size of the
structure that is going to cast.
 Painting oil as a releasing agent.
 Nailing a formwork with appropriate bracing element and false work.
Formwork for Footing Pads: Most of the pads, which have larger and similar size,
made via wood formworks. Those of pads with a smaller size were made via together
fixed timbers of locally available type. Such formworks was dismantled and directly
fitted to their similar type pads, successively

Figure 3. 2 Footing formwork

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Formwork for Foundation Columns and elevation column: This consists of a vertical
mold of the desired shape and size. In our site, the formworks used for rectangular
columns, they have used rectangular formwork made of timber to the desired dimension.

Figure 3. 3 Column formwork

Formwork for Beams: This is a three sided box supported and propped in the correct
position and to the desired level. In our site the beam has 500 by 250mm; it cast
monolithically with the slab so they used 35cm side formwork in the internal side and 50
cm in the outer. The 15cm covered by the slab and used 30 cm soffit.
Slab and Beam Formworks
In a building the slabs and beams constructed together since they were designed having a
T-shaped cross section /flanged beams/ which allows the simultaneous construction of
both structural components. The slabs were solid and ribbed slab having a uniform
thickness of 15cm in all the floors while the beams have 500 x 250 dimensions where the
150mm depth constructed together with the slabs.
The following procedures employed in formwork preparation of slabs and beams:
 Cristy erected with a maximum spacing of 60cm along the length of the slab.
 Bottom portions of the beam formwork or soffit1 laid over the cristies2 prepared
previously.
 After finishing the bottom beam formworks; the sides of the formwork placed and
nailed which provide the three dimensions of the final beam structure.
 Horizontal members, which are the main components of the slab formwork called
modini, are fitted with the sides of the beam formwork. By considering, the
spacing provided with respect to the final formwork material to be used i.e. metal
sheet or panels.

1
Used as a formwork for beams and slabs at the bottom.
2
Support a formwork of a beam.

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 Vertical supporting members provided under each horizontal component (modini)

which transfers the load of slabs casted from the top horizontal members towards
the bottom slabs.
 Horizontal small diameter wooden parts are continuously laid over the horizontal
members which support the final formwork materials; in this case metal sheets
 Finally, the top layer of formwork material will laid and fixed in position by using
nails.

Figure 3. 4 Formwork preparation for slab and beam

Removal period of formwork

Type of formwork Removal period of formwork

Vertical support of formwork 16 hr.
Horizontal support of formwork 21 day

Table 3. 4 Removal period of formwork

3.2.3 Reinforcement bar

In reinforced concrete structures steel bars is provide to resist stress due to flexure, shear
and tension. This is because concrete is weak in tension. The reinforcement bar will resist
tension and the concrete will resist compression stress. Steel is preferable for its good in
tension and compression resistance. However, it is expensive to use steel structures. In
contrast, concrete is relatively economical but weak in tension resistance. To compromise
the economy and strength, steel and concrete used as a composite material.
Reinforcing bars are placed at a critical place in RC structures so that it will carry the
tension stress in the RC member. Based on the position of bars, they are called as
negative bars if placed at the top and positive when they are placed at the bottom. But in
columns and other vertical structures, it is very difficult to classify bars that are positive

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and negative bars. Because of uncertainty the direction of moments in columns. Based on
the way in which the bar is provided, the reinforcing bars can also be classified as stirrups
or main reinforcements.

Figure 3. 5 Placement or reinforcement for solid slab

Longitudinal reinforcements are provided to resist bending or flexure in most structures

but they may also be provided to resist compression in double reinforced members. On
the other side stirrups are used to resist shear stress and for the purpose of tie in main
bars. Reinforcing bars have different strength class and they are available in different
diameters here in our host company. There are steel bars of diameter of 8, 10, 12, 14,
16,20and 24.reinforcements have strength class between S-300 and S-400. Bars having a
diameter of 12 and greater than 16 are used in beams and columns. For stirrup they use
diameters of 8 and 10 bars and bar having diameters of 12 with center to center spacing
130mm used for slab.
Bar cutting and lap strength
Bars are produced from factories industry with 12 m length. This 12 m length bar is also
curtailed into different pieces of required length. The length of bar for each structures is
calculated and the bars cutter will be used for other structure. This is bar cutting but the
required length of the bar is greater than the available bar length (12 m) then bars will be
lapped them each other.
On the other side bars which are not in use will be curtailed and used for other structural
member. In beams and slabs negative bars are curtailed at one third distance from the
support. But beams bars will be curtailed if the number of bars is greater than two.
Positive bars for slabs will be cuts at supports. But in columns the bars will not be
curtailed in its entire length or height. But all columns bars will have length equal to
column height plus lapping length.

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Stirrups will be curtailed for length equal to perimeter of main reinforcements and extra
50mm both ends. Perimeter of main reinforcements is equal with depth or width of
structural member minus two times clear covers each side. Then perimeter equal to the
sum of four sides.
Lapping or Splicing of bars
In column and beams lapping will be at each floor level and in all cases the length
lapping is equal to 4 times the diameter of the bar.

Figure 3. 6 Splicing of bar

When splicing or overlapping provided in reinforcing steel they must be away from the
section, which have maximum stress. I.e. bar spliced in the site for bottom reinforcement
at the support and for top reinforcement at the center in a length of four times the larger
diameter of bar for every structure.

3.2.4 Concrete work

Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregates and water. Sometimes admixture added
to enhance workability and setting of concrete.
Ingredients of concrete
Cement: cement should be stored off clean and dry place otherwise, if it is exposed to
moisture it will engage to hardening process with cement and it will totally be out of the
use. There are different types of cement but in site they use ordinary Portland cement
(OPC).
Water: mixing water should be clean and free from harmful mater. EBCS 2 article 8.2.2
Good quality water required for the mixing of concrete. Drinking water is the best.
However ,water from river, lakes is normally of adequate quality salt water should not be
used for both the mixing process as well as during curing if the sand is damp (moisture
can amount to up to 25% of the volume) then the added water will need to be reduced.
Simple hand test helps to determine the consistency of water content.
 Pick handful of sand and form a ball in your hand if it is not possible, the sand is too
dry.
 If it is possible to form a ball in your hand, the sand is too wet.

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Sand: the sand to be used for concreting is just chosen as the requirement for and
concrete armata purpose.
Aggregate: the aggregate to be used for concreting again chosen as per the requirement.
This could be 01,02,03,04 aggregates. Here for concreting purpose 02 aggregate is used.
Lean concrete is concrete of 5mm thick with class C-5 with a minimum cement content
of 150kg/m3 of concrete. Approximately at ratio of 1:4:6. The Advantages of lean
concrete is to protect all sub-structure elements from extra moisture and prevents the soil
particles that are present under Substructure from any relative movement. I have seen
lean concrete used for under grade beam, footing pad and masonry.

Figure 3. 7Lean concrete for isolated footing

Reinforced concrete is a composite material made of concrete and steel. Reinforced

concrete with a grade of C-25 and C-30 used to cast the foundation and column, grade
beam and the slabs. For each case the specified reinforcement used in correspondence
with the design. The reinforcement should be clean before used for as reinforcement if
unwanted harmful matters appear on the surface of the reinforcement and the Forman
might have the obligation to do so.
Batching of concrete prior to the mixing of ingredients it is essential to measure the
materials accurately to ensure the right proportions. There is two ways of batching either
by weight or by volume. We used volume batching in our site. However, cement is
always measure by weight; one bag of cement is 50kg. The following relations show the
grade of concrete with their relevant ratios and dimension of the boxes used for the
volume bathing in our sites. The ratio was cement, sand and aggregate approximately;
and the box dimension was length, width and depth approximately.

Class of concrete Ratio Box dimensions

C-5 1:4:6 50*40*20
C-25 1:2:3 50*40*20
Table 3. 5 Batching of concrete

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Mixing of concrete
There are mainly two ways of mixing (mixing by hand and mixing by machine). Here in
our site they use a machine mixer. They use three mixing machines in the project.one
750L mixing machine and the other two are 350 L mixing capacity machine. These
machines can mix one unit of mix, which is 1:2:3 ratios. Here the choice of the mix ratio
comes from already adopted ratio prescribed in the codes. The choice of concrete strength
depends on the design.in our site they use C-25 concrete with the box size of 20cm x
40cm x 50cm.

Transporting and pouring of concrete

After concrete mix, the next step is casting or pouring the concrete to the required place.
Before commencing, the casting process supervision complete for the bars, spacers,
different installations and the formwork. If it was in the expected quality for casting,
Transportation of a concrete will be start. The equipment used for transport is bucket, pan
and chute for the foundation work and vibrator needed to compact fresh concrete.

Figure 3. 8 Transporting of concrete

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Compaction of concrete
The process of compacting concrete essentially comprises the elimination of entrapped
air and achieving maximum density the importance of compaction should not be
undermined. To achieve this vibration is used, when the compaction is done manually it
is called hand compaction and when it is done by using machine vibrator it is called
mechanical compaction. .

Figure 3. 9 Compaction
Curing
Curing in the initial stages of hardening is extremely important and should continue as
long as possible, not less than 7 days. It is the process of preventing the loss of moisture
from the concrete while maintaining a satisfactory temperature regime. In our site, curing
of concrete starts from the finishing of the pouring and ends in a 7 days. Mostly they cure
at morning and nighttime.
Concrete tests Concrete will be tested for its properties in order to know its quality and
strength. I have seen Concrete strength test.
Concrete strength test
Concrete needs to be checked for its flexural resistance, tensile and compression strength.
For compression strength test 150mm dimension of cubes are used. The number of cubes
is mostly six. Then the strength of two of cubes will be tested at the ends of 14 th day and
the remaining two at 28th day.
Generally the strength of concrete will be affected by cement type , quality of sand and
aggregate used, mix ratio and Water content The strength of concrete at 28 th day is used
for design strength and the test strength must be `greater than the minimum required
strength. But if strength fails the structure must be dismantled.

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Figure 3. 10 Concrete cube test

3.2.5 Masonry work

masonry are works that are executed by laying building material units such as stone,
brick and HCB of specified dimension by providing a binding material such as mortar. I
got the opportunity to see masonry work under the grade beam. The masonry was built
with roughly dressed stone wall of size not less than 300mm per course and 500mm wide.
Stone used for masonry work shall be hard and sound, free from vents, cracks, fishers,
discoloration or other defects that will adversely affect strength or appearance. After
constructing masonry wall, the grade beam is constructed directly over it. It gives an
appearance of additional stability to the building and also the clearance from the ground
level. Note that stone wall is measured by volume and the masonry wall over lied in a c-5
lean concrete.
3.2.6. Scaffolding
It is a structure constructed for free movement of labours like site engineers, Forman, day
labours, etc. in the construction site. It may be a wooden structure. They are constructed
for shear wall, retaining shear wall and plastering works. Scaffolding is also constructed
to have circulation between parts of structure, maintenance and repair works. It refers to
the network of props and boards that are joined together to make a structure for workers
to stand on when they are working.
3.2.7. Spacer
Spacer is a pre-cast concrete with thickness equals to clear cover and is provided between
lean concrete/formwork and the reinforcement bars. It is meant to maintain the required
and uniform thickness of clear cover.
Clear cover has the following crucial uses: -
 To ensure good bond between reinforcement and concrete.
 To prevent the reinforcement from corrosion that may result from being exposed
to the environment.

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 To prevent the reinforcement from bursting out so that it will be retained in its
position.
 To protect steel reinforcements from exposer condition such as fire, ground
water and harsh environment.

The thickness of clear cover provided is based on to which structural component it has to
be applied. Accordingly, the provided clear cover for foundation and grade beam is
50mm and for other structural members such as columns, beams, shear wall and slab is
25mm.This difference in thickness for different structural members is based on the
exposure conditions of the members to the environment which adversely affects the
reinforcement and thus the strength of member.
3.2.8. Slab
Slab is a structural part of the building having plate shape and used to cover the distance
between beams and possibly columns. Generally slabs are constructed monolithically
with beams and concreted in one operation for the full depth. The top surface of the slab
is kept rough to create a proper bond with any type of floor finish desired. At our project
site they incorporated solid slab and ribbed slab. It was constructed from a concrete
quality C-25 and its reinforcement details were the same to those of beams. The bottom
reinforcement is continuous over the entire span and top reinforcement is provided at the
support section to take up the tensile forces

.
Figure 3. 11 Erection of solid and ribbed slab
3.2.8. Electrical installation
Electrical installation starts parallel with ground slab work by installing conduits. Starting
from first floor I observed when they install the conduits according to the design, before
slab is filled with concrete. Additionally the conduits are covered before concrete is filled
to prevent clogging of cables. At site, electrical installation is done for different kinds of
utilities such as light bulbs, bells, switches, air conditioners etc.

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Chapter four

4. Assessment of the internship

Internship is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the outside
working environment before the student graduate. Students like Civil engineering other
fields also take this practice. The main aim of this practice i.e., internship is that to teach
students communication with different workers or employees, to improve practical skill
what they learned at class, up grading the theoretical knowledge in addition to the class,
improve their leadership skill, team playing skill and etc.
In my four month staying at the hosting companies I have acquire much knowledge in
different tasks as explained below in different section. That different knowledge gets me
a good performance in the internship period and I gain an experience that helps me after
the graduation in the upcoming working era of mine.

4.1. Improving practical skill

The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I found
a practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four month. The knowledge
we have learn in the class is helpful to get those practical or real work in the site and
totally different from the actual knowledge gained from the class and I learn how to be a
supervisor and a good site engineer. Thus I found some knowledge in the site which helps
me to work with the site environment or site peoples.
Some of the practical knowledge I gain from the internship class was:
 Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced concrete structure. In
any construction work the first stage before casting of concrete is designing and
constructing of form work. As I explained in the work procedure the formwork and false
work must be stiff and must resist the fresh concrete till the concrete gain its strength.
Thus the construction stage of form work was new to me since I‘m new for the practical
world now I gain practical knowledge about how it worked and erected.
 Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according the specified drawing. After
the formwork and false work is ready the bar bending, positioning and tying work goes
next. This work is done based on the working drawing provided in the working drawings
(structural drawing) by the design team of that specified structure. In most case it was
new for me to see such work since it is a practical work only performed at the site.
 Casting and pouring of reinforced concrete structure and equipment used for casting.
Concrete is a vital material in any construction of reinforced concrete and is the main
constituent or ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure. Thus it is mandatory to
know this material in practice including how it is treated, placed (poured), mixed and the
equipment used for those work. I got the practical knowledge in terms of those listed
aspects of the concrete.

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 Different construction equipment and their use in construction site. Many of great
structures before are a product of numerous human power and countless days inspired by
great powers. Machines are capable of handling tough work which may be beyond the
scope of human labor to be performed. They can be expected to work with fair degree of
effectiveness even under adverse weather, climate or topographical conditions. I
generally know how equipment‘s are used in the site including their specific purpose.

4.2. Upgrading the theoretical knowledge

The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also helps
students to upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have. I try to integrate the
practical knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in different place in order
to get more knowledge than the theory we learned on the class. I got the internship class
very interesting in terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and I learned from the site
some theories that we haven‘t learn in the class room by searching different literatures
some of this are;
 Quantity surveying
 Structural design of shear wall and its advantage
 Construction equipment
 Report writing

4.3. Upgrading interpersonal communication skill

For me, this internship program contributed a good opportunity to enhance my
communication skill. In the intervening time, I had improved fairly well at
communication with my mentor, Forman and partners and I had good relationship with
my advisors. Now I realized, communication skill is significant to have a good
relationship with everyone.
Cool communication is important in the real constructions world and it can appear in
different forms as speaking, writing, and listening. In the site the most things I gain is due
to communication with other workers like site engineers ,Forman ,daily works, bar
bender , skilled and non-skilled workers etc.

4.4. Work ethics and related issues

The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one‘s behavior
towards appreciating the process of work flow and performing rather well on the job so
that this work flow will not be jeopardized in the long run. During my internship
program, I could say that I have managed to do my side of the job description with a high
spirit and enthusiasm so that there was a smooth flow of activities both in the office and
on construction site. Work ethics involve such characteristics as honesty, responsibility,
reliability, accountability and etc.

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Punctuality is one of the major issues that could be raised when talking about work ethics
and on my side I tried meet these criteria by attending to my working station in time so
that there will not be any delay on the activities planned for that day. The behavior that
one shows towards his peers and colleagues is also one manifestation of the concept of
work ethics. Personally, I always respected and gave priority the employers of the
company. Elements of work ethics that worth mentioning are: -punctuality, honesty,
reliability, office discipline, corporation and responsibility.
We us a student should follow the rules and regulations set by the company and avoid
complaining any work load, activity or assignment that may arise on the site or office. It
is a pleasure of supervisors if we have a good work ethics and we are responsible for any
given tasks. Since the aim of internship is to let students know the outside environment
pertinent to their field, which includes of such the above dealt qualities, I was with the
great interest that I tried to meet my responsibilities and work ethics that I suppose to be
fulfill by my side.
Generally, I can say I have gained the potential benefits by taking the Internship Program.

4.5. Entrepreneurship skill

Entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of involving the creation of new
enterprises and that the entrepreneur is the founder. He or she is the person who perceives
the market opportunity and then has the motivation, drive and ability to mobilize
resources to meet it. Entrepreneurship is special human talent that helps manage those
factors of production such as labor machinery and capital and takes risks of making loses.
An entrepreneur is required to establish meaningful relationship between activity and
authority which is intimately related to planning function. This type of skill is a capacity
to create your own share company with other.
Meanwhile I got some advantages regarding the entrepreneurship skill and I have a
dream and motivation to become one of the greatest entrepreneurs in our country in the
upcoming years in the construction industry or any other working areas as a whole.

4.6.Challenges I have faced

Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that require the
interaction and cooperation of many different persons to accomplish. The construction
industry is typically divided into specialty areas, with each area requiring different skills,
resources, and knowledge to participate effectively in it. In order to integrate and work
closely in each section it is a challenging task to one person especially when he/she is
fresh or beginner. In fact some challenges may be solved by me but some are above my
limit and even the workers at the site also. In general I have faced the following
challenges in the internship period.
 Communication problem with workers in the office and at the site.

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 Shortage of working drawings like structural, architectural, sanitary, electrical

and some other details.
 Weather condition of the site.
 Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site.
 Underestimation by workers such as engineers, Forman.
 Unsatisfactory answers for questions from engineers.
 Safety facility.

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Chapter five

5. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1. Conclusions
The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the
reality work at the outside world rather than the school. We all who take the internship
class go to companies that already working as a consultant or a contractor. The
responsibilities of the hosting company are to teach student and shape them in the four
month as a real site worker. My hosting company is a contractor and they help me and
my friends who took the internship session in this company in acquiring different
knowledge in different positions.
This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field works
can be only implemented by students who hold a degree. I able to acquire a high level of
confidence to deal with problems that arise in the site.
Since I took my internship session in ALMACON BUILDING CONTRATOR, I get an
opportunity to work in the different part of the construction work which helps me to gain
more knowledge by seeing what they work in their own office.
However, this internship program was not free from challenges. The most challenge was
the shortage of resource for student like structural plan, class rooms for student only and
any other problem exist. But they come up with the challenges and teach us how we must
be going to be in the field after the graduation.
Overall the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are
proud to be able to contribute towards nation building during the country's extremely
critical period of the history. It will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to
replicate in other disciplines as well.

5.2. Recommendation
During my four months of internship experience period I have seen some positive and
negative sides about the internship hosting company. In this part I will try to suggest
some ideas for my internship hosting company and my university.

5.2.1. Recommendation to the school

The student goes to the internship class are owned by the university or the school and are
given to the companies that use or teach us throughout the four month. So, before and
after we go to the companies the school must fulfill the following:

 Giving courses that are appropriate for the internship program before the
internship class is commenced like quantity, integrated etc.

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 Assigning a supervisor and sending internship evaluation paper format like

Monthly report format before the internship program.
 Working with the companies closely to address more knowledge to the student.
Mostly those listed problem challenges the student at the internship program and if the
school can erase those challenges, the intern student can do every work without being
stressed and worries.

5.2.2. Recommendation to the companies

Most works in the site needs careful attention and successive supervision of works but the
in some case the site works goes improperly due to different causes. This kind of
carelessness is not good for ether the consultant or the contractor. Therefore I suggest
supervisors and site engineers to take a care full look after the work executed on the site
and the work that will be executed.
In the site there are works which is performed in the way that not to be performed. Such
works lids to safety problem, loose of human power if its degree is high and economy if it
is ordered to demolish it. Thus I recommend for the company the following:
 It is better to use steel form work than wood (plywood) formwork as it is very
repetitively used, stiff, and not flammable easily and removed easily without
damaging the concrete structure.
 Use thicker eucalyptus false work in order to avoid the bulging of concrete
 The mixing is very local and it must be mixed using mixing plant and the
proportion.
 Must be redesigned by using laboratory tests since the project is very huge and is
constructed a high raised building.
 Addition of water for concrete casting should be known not by guessing.
 Use modern machinery or equipment for high productivity and to finish works on
time.
 Ignoring the student suggestion also the problem in the site which is
Unreasonable and illogical. The sources of this kind of ignorance mainly arise
from under estimating of the student it must also avoid unless and otherwise it
has a reason.

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Chapter six

6. References

ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY. (April, 2014). Student

Internship Manual. Addia Ababa: AASTU.
ALMACON. (2005 EC). Almacon building contractor manual. Bahir Dar: ALMACON BC.
BATCODA. (n.d.).
Development, M. o. (1995). EBCS -2 structural use of concrete. Addis Ababa.
H. Y. (2016). Short Manual on preparation of Ms Word Document. Addis Ababa: AASTU.
Ricketts, F. S. ( 2001). Building design and construction hand book. McGraw hill.
STATE, A. N. (2011, May 12). ZIKRE-HIG GAZETA. 83/2011, p. 5.
Tesfaye, K. (2014). Thechnical Report Writing and Reserch Methodology for Engineers.
Hawassa : HU.
W.f. CHEN, J. L. (2003). The civil engineering hand book second edition. crc press.
Yohannes Hagos. (2015). Guidelines for Writing an Internship Report. Addis Ababa: AASTU.

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