English 4

 English 4
 English for nursing
 Topic
 Think critically

Topic
 Topic
 Think critically

Definition
 The ability to think clearly and rationally, which includes the ability to think
reflectively and independently
 The intellectual process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying,
analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information gathered or generated
from observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, to
guide beliefs and actions (Scriven & Paul, 1992)

Ability to analyze facts, generate and

organize ideas, defend opinions, make
comparisons, draw conclusions, evaluate
arguments and solve problems (Chance,
1986)
 Ability to analyze facts, generate and organize ideas, defend opinions, make
comparisons, draw conclusions, evaluate arguments and solve
problems (Chance, 1986)

A conscious and deliberate process used to

interpret and evaluate information and
experiences with a number of reflective
attitudes and abilities that guide beliefs and
actions (Mertes, 1991).
 A conscious and deliberate process used to interpret and evaluate
information and experiences with a number of reflective attitudes and
abilities that guide beliefs and actions (Mertes, 1991).

Critical Thinking Memorizing, Gathering

Information
 Critical thinking is not the same as accumulating information. A person with
a good memory and has lots of facts does not mean a critical thinker
 A critical thinker is able to conclude from what he knows, and knows how
to use information to solve problems, and look for relevant sources of
information for himself.

Critical Thinking Criticizing,

Criticizing. Arguing
 Critical thinking is not the same as being argumentative or criticizing others
 Critical thinking is neutral, objective, unbiased. Although critical thinking
can be used to point out mistakes or bad excuses, critical thinking can play
an important role in working together to find the right reasons and perform
constructive tasks.
 Critical thinkers are able to introspect about possible biases in the reasons
they put forward

Core Critical Thinking Skills

 Core critical thinking skills

-analysis
Inference
Explanation
Interpretation
 Self-regulation
Evaluation

Core Critical Thinking Skills

 Interpretation – categorizing, decoding, clarifying meaning
 Analysis – examine ideas, identify arguments, analyze arguments
 Evaluation – assessing claims (statements), assessing arguments
 Inference – questioning claims, thinking of alternatives (e.g., differential
diagnosis), drawing conclusions, solving problems, making decisions
 Explanation – state the problem, state the result, state the truth of the
procedure, state the argument
 Self - regulation – self -examination, self-correction

 Understand logical relationships between ideas

 Identify, construct, and evaluate arguments
 Detect inconsistencies and common mistakes in reasoning
 Solving problems systematically
 Identify the relevance and importance of ideas
 Reflecting the truth of one's own beliefs and values

Difference between Critical Thinker and

Non-Critical Thinker
 Critical thinker
o Quickly identify relevant information, separating it from irrelevant
information
o Can use information to formulate problem solutions or make
decisions, and if necessary seek additional relevant information
 Not a critical thinker
o Gather facts and information, view all information as equally
important
o Not seeing, capturing, or thinking about the core problem masalah
Why think critically
 Critical thinking allows you to harness your potential in seeing problems,
solving problems, creating, and realizing yourself

Why is Critical Thinking Important, So It

Needs to be Learned?
 Critical thinking is a universal skill . The ability to think clearly and
rationally is needed in any job, when studying any field of science, to solve
any problem, so it is a valuable asset for a career.
 Critical thinking is very important in the 21st century . The 21st century
is an era of information and technology. A person must respond to changes
quickly and effectively, thus requiring flexible intellectual skills, the ability
to analyze information, and integrate various sources of knowledge to solve
problems.

Why is Critical Thinking Important, So It

Needs to be Learned?
 Critical thinking improves verbal and analytical skills . Thinking clearly
and systematically can improve the way to express ideas, useful in learning
how to analyze the structure of texts logically, improve the ability to
understand
 Critical thinking enhances creativity . To produce a creative solution to a
problem not only need new ideas, but the new ideas must be useful and
relevant to the task to be solved. Critical thinking is useful for evaluating
new ideas, choosing the best, and modifying it as necessary

 Critical thinking is important for self-reflection . To structure life so that

life becomes more meaningful (meaningful life), it requires the ability to
seek the truth and reflect on one's own values and decisions. Critical
thinking is a meta-thinking skill , the skill to reflect and self-evaluate the
values and decisions taken, then – in the context of making life more
meaningful – make a conscious effort to internalize the results of that
reflection into everyday life.

Benefits of Critical Thinking for Students

 Help gain knowledge, improve theory, strengthen arguments
 Express and formulate questions clearly
  Collect, assess and interpret information effectively
 Make conclusions and find solutions to problems based on strong reasons
 Get used to being open minded
 Communicate ideas, opinions, and solutions clearly to others

Contribution of Theory in Understanding

Critical Thinking
 Various psychological theories and philosophies used to understand critical
thinking
 Cognitive psychology
 Philosophy
 Behavioral psychology
 Content specialists

Differentiate Critical Thinking with Other

Thinking Concepts
 Habitual thinking (thinking based on past practices without considering
current data)
 Brainstorming (saying whatever comes to mind without evaluation)
 Creative thinking (putting facts, concepts and principles together in new
and original ways)
 Prejudicial thinking (gathering evidence to support a particular position
without questioning the position itself)
 Emotive thinking (responding to the emotion of a message rather than the
content)

Universal Intellectual Standards

 Clear : If a statement is unclear we cannot evaluate its fit with the other
standards.
 Accurate : Accuracy = TRUTH. Is it true?
 Precise : Is there enough detail to completely understand the statement.
  Relevant : Is the information connected to the question at hand?

 Depth : Does the statement, fact, etc. address the complexity of the issue?
 Breadth : Are there other points of view or other ways to consider this
question? Are you considering the key factors?
 Logic : Does it make sense? Can you make that conclusion based on the
information and evidence?

Summary and Conclusion

 Critical thinking is an essential skill for successful study, work, and living in
the information and technology age of the 21st century
 Define critical thinking and distinguish it from similar thinking concepts
 Identify characteristics and behaviors related to critical thinking, and define
them operationally (critical thinking includes cognitive, affective, conative,
and behavioral aspects)

 Critical thinking and its components can be developed and used properly
when learning a knowledge
 Lecturers and instructors need to ask students to use critical thinking skills
in KBK-PBL activities, including discussions, field activities, and
practicum, and students evaluate these skills themselves

Happy Critical Thinking to Optimizing

Your Potential! (Free Yourself from the
Habit of Dumping and Swallowing Raw
Information)
 Happy Critical Thinking to Optimizing Your Potential! (Free Yourself from
the Habit of Dumping and Swallowing Raw Information)

Below are several ways to improve critical

thinking skills. This method is summarized
by KONTAN.co.id from Harvard Business
Review and Indeed . 
Below are several ways to improve critical thinking
skills. This method is summarized by KONTAN.co.id
from Harvard Business Review and Indeed . 
 Always asking
 Don't be shy to ask questions, ways can help improve critical thinking
skills. Always question any information you receive.
 Ask details about the information until it is clear. Look for information from
various sources so that you can get more references.
  
 Practice active listening
 If you've been lazy to listen, immediately change it. Critical thinking can be
mastered if you want to listen well. Not only listening, but also
understanding and responding to the speaker. 
 critical thinking
 Evaluating the facts
 The third way is to evaluate. Any information you get should always be
fact-checked. 
 Evaluate all the facts, related to the information you can. Make sure these
facts can be justified. 
 Also read: 5 Tips on how to answer your weaknesses and strengths
during a job interview, it's quite easy!
 Looking for a logical reason
 A problem must have a cause and effect. In critical thinking, you must look
for logical causes and reasons. 
 Do not just based on "he said" then you make a decision. Always try to find
a logical reason for a problem.
 A logical reasoning can help you come up with a logical choice as
well. Thus your decisions are more reliable and accurate.