MATERIALS SCIENCE LECTURES

BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS

Introduced By

Dr. Khaled Abd-El Aziz

(1442-1443)
 .‫ قابلية الذوبان ؛‬-‫ ب‬، ‫ بخار‬، ‫ ماء‬، ‫ جليد‬- ‫ ثالثة أشكال من املاء‬-‫ أ‬:‫املراحل والقابلية للذوبان‬
، ‫ املاء والكحول‬- ‫ قابلية غير محدودة للذوبان‬-‫ط‬
.‫ املاء وامللح‬- ‫ محدودية الذوبان‬-‫ب‬

PHASE DIAGRAM .‫ املاء والزيت‬- ‫ ال ذوبان‬-‫ثالثا‬

Phases and solubility:

a- Three forms of water – ice, water, vapour,
b- solubility;
i- Unlimited solubility – water and alcohol,
ii- Limited solubility – water and salt, Unlimited solubility
iii-No solubility – water and oil.

Limited solubility

No solubility
 ‫إن املرحلة في مادة ما من حيث‬
‫بنيتها املجهرية هي منطقة تختلف‬
‫ أو التركيب عن‬/ ‫في التركيب و‬
PHASE DIAGRAM .‫مناطق أخرى‬

A phase in a material in terms of its microstructure is a region that

differs in structure and / or composition from another regions .
Phase diagrams are graphical representations of what phases are
present in a materials system at various temperatures, pressures
and compositions. ‫مخططات الطور عبارة عن تمثيالت بيانية للمراحل املوجودة في نظام املواد عند درجات حرارة وضغوط‬
.‫وتركيبات مختلفة‬

BINARY ISOMORHOUS SYSTEMS ( COMPLETE SOLUBILITY )

a(dark phase) b(white phase)
A mixture or alloy of two metals is called a
binary alloy and constitutes a two
component system, science each metallic
element in an alloy is considered a
separate component. Thus an alloy of
copper and nickel is a two component or
binary system.
Aluminum-Copper Alloy
 ‫ املحلول الصلب عبارة عن سبيكة ثنائية تتكون من اثنني فقط‬:‫محلول صلب‬
(‫العناصر التي يعمل أحدها كمذيب )عنصر ذو تركيز رئيسي‬
(‫واآلخر يعمل كمذاب )عنصر ثانوي مع تركيز‬
PHASE DIAGRAM

Solid solution: Solid solution is a binary alloy that consists of only two
elements one of them act as solvent (element with major concentration)
and
‫السائلة‬ ‫الحالة‬the
‫كل من‬other act‫بعضهما‬
‫البعض في‬ as solute (minor
‫للذوبان تمامًا في‬ element
‫العنصران قابلني‬ ‫ يكون‬with
، ‫الثنائية‬concentration)
‫ في بعض األنظمة املعدنية‬:(‫األنظمة املتشابهة )سبيكة‬
.‫ في هذه األنظمة يوجد نوع واحد فقط من التركيب البلوري لجميع تركيبات املكونات‬.‫والصلبة‬

Isomorphous systems (alloy): In some binary metallic systems, the two

elements are completely soluble in each other in both liquid and solid states.
In these systems only a single type of crystal structure exists for all
compositions of the components.

In order for the two elements to have complete solid solubility in each other,
they usually satisfy the following Hume-Rothery solid solubility rules:
‫من أجل أن يكون‬
1) Atomic Size Factor The 15% Rule ‫للعنصرين قابلية ذوبان‬
If "size difference" of elements are greater than ±15%, the lattice distortions‫كاملة في بعضهما‬
(i.e. local lattice strain) are too big and solid-solution will not be favored. ، ‫البعض‬
‫عادة ما تستوفي قواعد‬
‫الذوبان الصلبة التالية‬
r
solute r
solvent :Hume-Rothery ‫من‬
DR%= x100% < ±15%
rsolvent
PHASE DIAGRAM
2) Crystal Structure Like elemental crystal structures are better
For appreciable solubility, the crystal structure for metals must be the same.
3) Electronegativity DE ~ 0 favors solid-solution.
The more electropositive one element and the more electronegative the other, then
"intermetallic compounds" (order alloys) are more likely.
4) Valences Higher in lower alright. Lower in higher, it’s a fight.
A metal will dissolve another metal of similar valence significantly

Example Applications Si-Ge semiconductor, Cu-Ni and Cu-Ag metal binary alloys.
Is solid-solution favorable, or not?
Si-Ge Alloys
Rule 1: rSi = 0.117 nm and rGe= 0.122 nm.
rsolute rsolvent
DR%= x100% = 4% favorable √
rsolvent
Rule 2: Si and Ge have the diamond crystal structure. favorable √
Rule 3: ESi = 1.90 and EGe= 2.01. Thus, DE%= 5.8% favorable √
Rule 4: Valency of Si and Ge are both 4. favorable √
Its expected that Si and Ge would form S.S. over wide composition range.
PHASE DIAGRAM
Is solid-solution favorable, or not?
Cu-Ni Alloys
Rule 1: rCu = 0.128 nm and rNi= 0.125 nm.
rsolute rsolvent
DR%= x100% = 2.3% favorable √
rsolvent
Rule 2: Ni and Cu have the FCC crystal structure. favorable √
Rule 3: ECu = 1.90 and ENi= 1.80. Thus, DE%= -5.2% favorable √
Rule 4: Valency of Ni and Cu are both +2. favorable √
Its expected that Ni and Cu would form S.S. over wide composition range.

Cu-Ag Alloys
Rule 1: rCu = 0.128 nm and rAg= 0.144 nm.
rsolute rsolvent
DR%= x100% = 9.4% favorable √
rsolvent
Rule 2: Ag and Cu have the FCC crystal structure. favorable √
Rule 3: ECu = 1.90 and ENi= 1.80. Thus, DE%= -5.2% favorable √
Rule 4: Valency of Cu is +2 and Ag is +1. NOT favorable
Expect Ag and Cu have limited solubility.
 ، ‫( املراحل املوجودة‬1
PHASE DIAGRAM ، ‫( تراكيب هذه املراحل‬2)
‫و‬
‫( النسب املئوية أو‬3)
Requirement From Phase Diagrams .‫كسور املراحل‬

For a binary system of known composition and temperature (at constant

pressure) that is at equilibrium, at least three kinds of information are
available: ‫بالنسبة لنظام ثنائي معروف التركيب‬
‫ودرجة الحرارة )عند ضغط ثابت( يكون في‬
(1) The phases which are present, ‫ تتوفر ثالثة أنواع من‬، ‫حالة توازن‬
:‫املعلومات على األقل‬
(2) The compositions of these phases, and
(3) The percentages or fractions of the phases.
T(°C)
• Phase 1600 • 2 phases:
L(liquid)
Diagram 1500 L (liquid)
for Cu-Ni α (FCC solid solution)
1400 α • 3 phase fields:
system L
1300 L+ α
1200 α α
(FCC solid
1100 solution)
10000 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
 PHASE DIAGRAM

• Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:

--the # and types of phases present.
T(°C)
• Examples: 1600
A(1100°C, 60): L (liquid)
1500

B (1250°C,35)
1 phase: a Cu-Ni
B (1250°C, 35): 1400 phase
2 phases: L + a diagram
1300 a a
(FCC solid
1200 solution)
1100 A(1100°C,60)

1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
 PHASE DIAGRAM

• Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:

--the composition of each phase.
Cu-Ni system
T(°C)
• Examples:
TA A
C o = 35 wt% Ni tie line
At T A = 1320°C: 1300 L (liquid)
a
Only Liquid (L) B
CL = Co = 35 wt% Ni TB
a a
At T D = 1190°C: (solid)
1200 D
Only Solid ( a ) TD
C a = Co = 35 wt% Ni
20 3032 35 40 4 3 50
At T B = 1250°C: CLC o Ca wt% Ni
Both a and L
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni here)
C a = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni here)
 PHASE DIAGRAM

• Rule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know:

--the amount of each phase (given in wt%).
• Examples: Cu-Ni system
T(°C)
C o = 35 wt% Ni TA A
tie line
At T A : Only Liquid (L) 1300 L (liquid)
a
W L = 100 wt%, W α = 0 B
At T D: Only Solid (α ) TB R S
a a
W L = 0, W α = 100 wt%
1200 D (solid)
At T B: Both αand L phases TD

WL = S 43 35
73 wt % 20 3032 35 40 4 3 50
R+ S 43 32 CLC o Ca wt% Ni

R = 27 wt%
Wa =
R+ S
PHASE DIAGRAM
Microstructure changes
T(°C) L (liquid) L: 35wt%Ni
during solidification of a
binary alloy: Cu-Ni
130 0 system
A
• System is: L: 35 wt% Ni
--binary
α : 46 wt% Ni
35 B
46
32 C
i.e., 2 components: 43
Cu and Ni. 24 D L: 32 wt% Ni
36
--isomorphous α: 43 wt% Ni
120 0 E
i.e., complete
L: 24 wt% Ni
solubility of one
α: 36 wt% Ni
component in
another; a phase (solid)
field extends from
0 to 100 wt% Ni. 110 0
• Consider 20 30 35 40 50
Co wt% Ni
Co = 35 wt%Ni. Phase diagram: Cu-Ni system.
 PHASE DIAGRAMS

Cooling curve of binary alloys:

- For a binary isomorphous phase diagram
Means that, two metal are completely soluble
T(°C) (70% Ni) CC for alloy containing, 70% Ni
Cooling curve for
pure metals 1600 Temp.
(Copper or Nickal) (oC)
1500 L (liquid) L
1450C
Tem Ta
1400 a
p
Freezing
o
( C) L b α+L
range(ΔT)
Melting L α
1300 Tb
point α
α 1200 α
(FCC S.S.)
Time 1100
Freezing Freezing Time, t
interval interval (Δt)
(Δt) 1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 ΔT= Ta-Tb, and Δt= ta- tb
100 %Cu wt% of Ni Ni