AUTOMATIC CHILDREN’S PARK

ABSTRACT

Automatic Children’s park system is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses ATMEGA16
as a microcontroller unit. It automatically open and close the front gate of the park using timer.
It is a specialized type of clock used for measuring specific time intervals.Also,we use other three
different types of sensors. They are humidity sensor,LDR sensor and PIR sensor.

Humidity sensor senses and measure the moisture content in the soil. Humidity sensors work by
detecting changes that alter electrical currents or temperature in the air. Also we use a motor in
a small pond, to sprinkle the water. It sprayed into the air through sprinklers, so that it breaks
up into small water drops which fall into the ground. It automatically switches ON lights when
the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor
called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes.PIR
sensors to detect the presence of human. It makes use of the PIR sensor application of sensing
the infra red rays that emits when heat is generated from the human body.
In this circuit we implemented another circuit. That is a Humidity Sensor circuit. It is used to
detect the moisture content in the soil.

DEPT OF ELECTRONICS, CAS MAVELIKKARA 1

AUTOMATIC CHILDREN’S PARK

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A park is basically a well pruned and preserved area of land meant for people to come and
relax, enjoy and spend some time away from the routine of their homes and work.
A Children’s Park as the very name indicates, is a park meant for children to come in the
mornings and evenings to spend their leisure time in the open and fresh air of the park, away
from their congested homes and busy environments. A children’s park has several playthings
for them to play with and enjoy.
There are swings, slides, rods for hanging upon for exercise, and many other such items that
provide for children their much required exercise, enjoyment, and refreshment away from their
busy schedules of school and home. In the mornings, in these parks children come with their
parents or elders for walks, exercises and jogging, while, in the evening time they are again
there for playing and having a good time after a heavy school routine. On the open space in a
park, we can see children, the bigger ones playing games like badminton, cricket, and hockey,
while the small ones enjoy the slides and swings.
On the one hand when there is seriousness in studying of the big children, on the other hand
there is gossiping about masters and mistresses – a complex and interesting sight at a children’s
park. The sight of a children’s park is simply one of a bubbling enthusiasm, for, it is strewn all
over with young children, boys and girls of all hues and sizes. At times, in lonely corners we
can also spot a few bigger children sit with their books and studying without a care of the world.
Some children who do not have congenial atmosphere at home or do not have enough silence
in their small houses, come here in the open to study in silence.
This project aims to provide fully automated children’s park. This children’s park gives an
onlooker the impression of complete and absolute happiness prevailing in the atmosphere and
environment. This project is fully automated, there is no need of human assistants. We use
different type of sensors to work everything. We use a humidity sensor to check the moisture
content in the soil. And also we use a LDR sensor and PIR sensor.

DEPT OF ELECTRONICS, CAS MAVELIKKARA 2

AUTOMATIC CHILDREN’S PARK

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

The first literature review studies the guidelines set for the layout of playground. They have
similar equipment’s but different arrangement throughout the entire playground. Most of the
equipment’s are designed based on safety guidelines. According to the literature review, the
layout and design of a playground has different effect on children’s growth. The modular
system can be assembled in a variety ways to use in multiple functionalities. There are three
important considerations are flow, space, and activity relationships in the specification of a
facilities. Flow may determine the activity relationship which causes the design and location
of a facility; space requirements determine the layout and sizes of the facilities.
In Greece, the term used to describe a public play-space is ‘παιδική χαρά’, meaning children’s
joy. The idea for this paper came when a friend added her comment to a Facebook post
depicting a Greek playground rules sign: ‘children’s misery’. Many scholars have commented
on the ‘failure’ of the playground space to engage children with the public realm. As long ago
as 1961, Jacobs argued ‘how nonsensical is the fantasy that playgrounds and parks are
automatically O.K. places for children, and streets are automatically not O.K. places for
children’ (80). Later, Heseltine and Holborn (1987, 12) argued that the very presence of the
playground could be seen as ‘a measure of failure’ to engage children in public, everyday life
while more recent literature has addressed the suspicions initiated by other people in the
playground space (Weck 2017; Wilson 2013). Turning these arguments on their heads, we
suggest that the fact that playgrounds do not engage adults with children’s culture could be
seen as a further measure of their failure. Perceptions of children as angels in need of protection
(Valentine 1996a), segregate the playground space and discourage adults from engaging with
it.
The playground space was initially created as a space for children’s protection and segregation
from the rest of society and the city (See: Gagen 2000a, 2000b), while later approaches
perceived it as the starting point for engaging children in civic life; a place of social interaction
(Allin, West, and Curry 2014; Benet et al. 2012; Bunnell et al. 2012; Daniels and
Hohnson 2009; Doll and Brehm 2010; Galani 2011; Kinship and O’Connor 2012) and identity
formation (Crust et al. 2014; Gross and Rutland 2014; Murnaghan 2013; Richards 2012). The
body of research on the playground, however, has tended to approach it as a play-
accommodating, self-contained structure (Luken, Carr, and Douglas-Brown 2011; Nasar and
Holloman 2013; Refshauge, Stigsdotter, and Specht Petersen 2013) without exploring its
publicness and connections to adjacent spaces. Other research explores children’s relation to
public space but does not address play and the playground as facilitators of this relation (Van
Der Burgt 2015; De Martini Ugolotti and Moyer 2016; Elsley 2004; Nayak 2003;
O’Brien 2003; Olwig and Gulløv 2003; Skelton 2000; Valentine 2001, 2004). In contrast with
these approaches, this study addresses all three concepts of (1) play, (2) public space and (3)
playground and explores their inter-connections.

DEPT OF ELECTRONICS, CAS MAVELIKKARA 3

AUTOMATIC CHILDREN’S PARK

Another method proposed for children’s park is by using ATMEGA16 microcontroller. This
method consist of ATMEGA16 microcontroller,PIR sensor, humidity sensor,LDR sensor and
timer. The main aim of this project is there is no need of surveillance.

DEPT OF ELECTRONICS, CAS MAVELIKKARA 4

AUTOMATIC CHILDREN’S PARK

CHAPTER 3
BLOCK DIAGRAM

The figure below shows the block diagram of automatic children’s park. The block diagram
consist of a power supply, humidity sensor, LDR, PIR and timer. The main block of this system
is ATMEGA16, which is a microcontroller unit.

2.1 DESCRIPTION FOR BLOCK DIAGRAM

2.1.1 POWER SUPPLY:
A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The
primary function of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the
correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are
sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate
standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they
power. Other functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by
the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical fault, power
conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from reaching the
load, power-factor correction, and storing energy so it can continue to power the load in the
event of a temporary interruption in the source power.

2.1.2 MICROCONTROLLER:
This is the major block of this system.Here,we use ATMEGA16 as a microcontroller unit.
ATmega16 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller from the Atmel’s Mega AVR family.
Atmega16 is a 40 pin microcontroller based on enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set
Computing) architecture with 131 powerful instructions. It has a 16 KB programmable flash
memory, static RAM of 1 KB and EEPROM of 512 Bytes. The endurance cycle of flash

DEPT OF ELECTRONICS, CAS MAVELIKKARA 5

AUTOMATIC CHILDREN’S PARK

memory and EEPROM is 10,000 and 100,000, respectively. Most of the instructions execute
in one machine cycle. It can work on a maximum frequency of 16MHz. ATmega16 pin diagram
should clarify things a bit.

2.1.3 HUMIDITY SENSOR:

A humidity sensor (or hygrometer) senses, measures and reports both moisture and air
temperature. The ratio of moisture in the air to the highest amount of moisture at a particular
air temperature is called relative humidity. Relative humidity becomes an important factor
when looking for comfort. Humidity sensors work by detecting changes that alter electrical
currents or temperature in the air.

2.1.4 LDR:
A Light Dependent Resistor (also known as a photo resistor or LDR) is a device whose
resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light-
sensitive devices. They are also called as photoconductors, photoconductive cells or simply
photocells.

They are made up of semiconductor materials that have high resistance. There are many
different symbols used to indicate a photo resistor or LDR, one of the most commonly used
symbol is shown in the figure below. The arrow indicates light falling on it.

2.1.5 PIR:
A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR)
light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-
based motion detectors. PIR sensors are commonly used in security alarms and automatic
lighting applications.
PIR sensors detect general movement, but do not give information on who or what moved.
For that purpose, an active IR sensor is required.
PIR sensors are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive infrared
detector". The term passive refers to the fact that PIR devices do not radiate energy for
detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared radiation (radiant heat) emitted
by or reflected from objects.

2.1.6 TIMER:
A timer is a specialized type of clock used for measuring specific time intervals. ...
A timer which counts upwards from zero for measuring elapsed time is often called a
stopwatch, while a device which counts down from a specified time interval is more usually
called a timer.

DEPT OF ELECTRONICS, CAS MAVELIKKARA 6

AUTOMATIC CHILDREN’S PARK

DEPT OF ELECTRONICS, CAS MAVELIKKARA 7