A Comparative Analysis on the Political Leadership

Style of the Previous Five Philippine Presidents to

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
KING CHEUNG G. AU
TERRY JOIE ALEXIS M. JUNTORIA
RUSSEL PHILIP B. NUESTRO
JUSTINE MARIE P. RODIL
History of Political Thought
Bachelor of Arts in Foreign Service
College of Arts and Sciences
Lyceum of the Philippines University-Cavite

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the political leadership style of the previous five
presidents of the Philippines up to President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, in order to understand how our
incumbent leadership style works and to determine if it is appropriate to our country’s current political
condition. Leadership style means the approach of a president or any politician during his/her term. The
first phase of the research involves interviewing political analysts in order to understand more the
political styles of the presidents. Published literatures were also gathered for a more accurate result of the
study. The final phase involves analyzing and comparing the data gathered from the interview and from
the published literatures and tabularizing the final data for an easier understanding of the political styles.

Keywords
Leadership Style, Philippine Presidents, Aquino, Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, Duterte, economic, military,
religion, social welfare, opposition, approaches, characteristics, influences, liberal, economist, dependent,
paternalist, passive, charismatic, populist, Political analysis and opinions

INTRODUCTION
styles may differ based from their culture, belief
Background of the Study and from where they grew up.

Leadership, according to the Merriam-Webster, is If leadership is the process of persuasion by which

the power or ability to lead other people. It is an
important skills that we develop as we mature and
gain more knowledge through socializing and
working with different people. It is an ongoing
process of influencing and supporting others to
work enthusiastically as a group or as a
community (M. Laya & J. Marquez, 2011). In
politics, leadership is the complicated yet essential
factor to govern any society. It is an essential skill
for everyone especially for leaders leading a
nation. Different societies have different approach
and style in leading their people. These leadership
an individual induces a group to pursue objectives
held or shared by the team, leadership style is the
way of which the process of leadership is being
carried out (John Gardner, On Leadership). It is
different from a leadership trait which is stable
and tends to be active regardless of any situation,
one that is like a personality. Leadership style is
flexible. One can change their leadership style
depending on the situation they’re in. Thus when
the situation changes, so does one style. It is a set
of behaviors that one intentionally chooses to use
which can be best fit to the situation (Murray
Johannsen).

Leadership style is essential on one’s presidential
personality for it can show how the president will
handle the country’s political condition. Political
leadership style fall under the field of political
psychology which examines the psychological
processes and behaviors of individuals and groups
that are engaged in power situation. It is an
academic field which focuses on the relationship
of psychological and political phenomena
(Barner-Barry & Rosenwein, 1985; Hermann,
1986).
In Philippine politics, we are used on having our
leaders coming from Luzon, though not all were
born exactly in Manila but most of them grew up
in the city, which is why we have that imperial
Manilenian style of leadership. In fact out of the
fifteen Presidents of the Republic from 1898 to
2016, we have twelve of them coming from
Luzon mainly Presidents Emilio Aguinaldo
(Cavite), Manuel L. Quezon (Quezon), Jose P.
Laurel (Batangas), Elpidio Quirino (Ilocos Sur),
Ramon Magsaysay (Zambales), Diosdado
Macapagal (Pampanga), Ferdinand Marcos
(Ilocos Norte), Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino
(Tarlac), Fidel V. Ramos (Pangasinan), Joseph
Ejercito Estrada (Manila), Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo (Pampanga) and Benigno Simeon Aquino
III (Tarlac). While Sergio Osmeña (Cebu),
Manuel Roxas (Capiz) and Carlos P. Garcia
(Bohol) were all from Visayas (The Manila
Times, May 12, 2016).
As President Duterte ascended to his seat last June
30, 2016 as the elected head of the State and
government of the country, it marked the end of
the long term power of the Imperial Manila.
Mindanaoans like Duterte have been long
complaining that Visayas and especially
Mindanao has been left behind from the progress
for it becoming undeveloped and slow in coping
up in modernization, treating it more like a colony
than really part of the nation. With him being in
the highest seat in the country, he can lead the
Mindanao to its development and set it free from
its misleading view of others (Manila Times, May
12, 2016).
Based on an interview with ANC, political analyst
Prospero de Vera said that Duterte's phenomenal
rise to the presidency upends traditional wisdom
that only candidates from Luzon or the Visayas
can win the presidency. The more important
phenomenon to this is that it broke the so called
“Mindanao curse” whereas all those who tried
from Mindanao like from Former Vice President
Emmanuel Pelaez to former Senator Nene
Pimentel couldn’t capture the national office
because of their limited votes just coming from
Mindanao. And what makes Duterte phenomenal
to this is that he won the votes of Metro Manila,
the large scale Imperial Manila, making it historic
in a sense. Having the first Mindanaoan President
is important for us for it not only changed our
national history, it also served as the start of
acceptance for us Filipinos and a historic
opportunity for our fellow countrymen in Visayas
and especially Mindanao which has been deprived
all of these years. (ABS-CBN News, May 10,
2016)
In terms of following traditional protocols and his
way of talking and choice of words which have a
negative view especially in the international
community, Duterte is seen as very different from
his predecessors. An analysis made by Barry
Desker, RSIS, posted on Eurasia Review (June 15,
2016) gave some points on the difference of
Duterte to his predecessors. First of all, he is the
first President who is not from the traditional
land-owning elite or oligarchy family but he’s
from a political family. His base is Davao and
claimed that he will continue on commuting daily
back and forth in Davao and Manila until the end
of his term.
His election signals a shift away from Manila-
centered politics and an effort to reach out to
hitherto marginalized sectors of Philippine
society. He uses English rather than the usual
Tagalog during speech and interviews. His cabinet
is mostly composed of his circle from his region.
He is open and being supported by the Philippine
left wing and has close ties with the founder of the
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) Jose
Sison, under whose leadership the CPP waged a
Maoist-influenced guerrilla insurgency. He even
welcomed Sison’s plan of returning home after
being in exile in the Netherlands since 1987.
Although government negotiations with the CPP
since 2011 are currently at an impasse, Duterte is
more likely to reach an agreement with the CPP Filipinos are used on the traditional economic-
and its armed wing, the New People’s Army focus and imperial leadership style that we
(NPA). experienced from our five previous presidents
who were all from Luzon, thus, Filipinos, not all,
This opening to the left is seen in two of Duterte’s are now having a difficulty on coping up and
cabinet appointments who were nominated by the accepting a new style of leadership whereas our
National Democratic Front, an NPA ally. Judy incumbent is now more focus on disciplining the
Taguiwalo, a University of the Philippines country’s peace and order. Instead of focusing on
professor and women’s rights advocate, is the the idea of “development is prerequisite to peace
secretary of social welfare and development while and order”, President Duterte focus on the idea of
Rafael Mariano is secretary of agrarian reform. “peace and order is prerequisite to economic
Incoming Cabinet Secretary Leoncio Evasco Jnr, development” (Budget Secretary Benjamin
a former NPA rebel and ex-priest, served as Diokno, November 16, 2016).
Duterte’s campaign manager and has enjoyed
close ties with Duterte since the 1990s. (Eurasia The main purposes of this study: First, to
Review, June 15, 2016) determine and understand the leadership style of
President Rodrigo Duterte. Second, to determine
Conceptual Framework and compare the leadership styles of the previous
five Philippine Presidents. Lastly, to know if it is
Feedbacks appropriate to our country’s current political
To determine and understand the condition.
leadership style of the Duterte
Administration Duterte”, they listed up the many faces of
leadership of President Duterte after conducting
To determine the leadership style of the snowball and opportunistic sampling technique on
previous Presidents Dabawenyos during April to May and August of
2011. According to them, Dabawenyos viewed
To know the leadership style of Duterte as (1) An advocate of peace of order. The
President Duterte if it is applicable to our number one reason why Davao City really
country’s current political condition improved and had many investments knocking
from their doors. Back when Davao was viewed
Inputs Outputs unsafe because of the CPP-NPA, the then Mayor
Three made efforts in talks with the NPA members to
Opinions of the give peace and stability in the city which will then
Political
Process Political Analysts help in developing its economic and tourism
analysts
on the different sector. Also, it lessen the crime rate, dubbing it as
and
Interview leadership styles the “most peaceful city in Southeast Asia”. (2) A
experts
of the previous man of action. The then Mayor of Davao City was
from UP
and current really famous for his strong-willed character that
Manila
Presidents residents will always vote for him if he run for re-
and LPU
determine their election for they felt secure whenever he’s the
Cavite
strengths and Mayor. (3) A man of respect. They described him
weaknesses as a hands-on leader, having to work personally to
Graph 1. Conceptual Framework the extent as driving jeepney and taxi and
interrogating drug addicts himself. Another reason
Review of Related Literature why Dabawenyos love Duterte is because he gave
and show them respect that is why they
In the descriptive study of Mona L. Laya and reciprocate it also. (4) A goal and result-oriented
Jason N. Marquez published last 2011 entitled charismatic leader who stands firm with his
“Epitome in Political Leadership in Rodrigo political principles and very consistent to his
decisions and advocacy that knows how to win the
hearts of the public. (5) Multidimensional,
entrepreneurial, autocratic leader. He knows how
to adapt his style to meet the expectations of his
followers. However, he takes risks in negotiating
with criminals and anti-government groups at the
same time giving a domineering stature in
advocating his political views and principles.
Laya and Marquez also gave an analysis on the
implications of Duterte’s political leadership with
respect to situational-leadership theory where it
stated his leadership is concrete case of situational
leadership in a multifaceted manner. They
mentioned statements of Hersey (1999) and
Blanchaer (2007) where the two mentioned said
that successful leaders should change their
leadership style based on the people they are
leading and the tasks that they are dealing with.
Thus, Duterte’s way are very situational based on
the people he’s dealing. For example when
dealing with criminals, drug addicts and informal
settlers he uses the telling and selling style which
is through a straight-forward command centered
on their maturity level and in terms of leftist and
anti-government groups he uses the participating
and supporting style where he finds time to talk
with them personally to foster peace and stability
in the city.
In an editorial article of Darwin Rasul III on
OpinYon (July 16, 2016), he also gave points on
these differences of Duterte from his
predecessors, having Duterte as a Modern Realist.
He was seen in also following a Hobbesian
tradition of exuding power by a sovereign that
perceived on limiting individual freedoms. Being
autocratic as what they described him,
establishing the safety of his countrymen for a
peaceful society, this approach alarm the human
rights advocates. He stated that “a realist-leaning
kind of governance is imperative for this country
to survive and move on.”
An article published by Philippine Daily Inquirer
last June 26 stated some difference between
former chief executive Benigno Aquino III and
incumbent President Duterte. They stated that
Pnoy has been using a consensus approach in
terms of resolving internal security that reflects
the Kantian dogma of liberalism which emphasize
on the impact of behavior and the protection of
people from excessive state regulation. A
paradigm that uses the application of reason,
making it easy for a more orderly, just and
cooperative world, restraining disorder that can be
depended by institutional reforms. Thus, the
exercise of governmental power is constrained by
law. He also uses the whole-of-the-nation
approach in which government and communities
work together in addressing the communist
insurgency. However this was dominated by his
Wendtian tendencies on making own choices by
relying too much on imaginable stories without it
having enough evidences. He always called the
public his bosses however he was always seen
very loyal to his men and political allies whenever
they are dragged in a controversy. The public also
disliked him for his habit of blaming his
predecessor for the issues in the country. On the
other hand, President Duterte is also very loyal to
his staff and has a devotion to his mother like
Pnoy yet he is famous for his Draconian
measures, having a Waltzian neorealism approach
which is a systemic approach that asserts
pragmatic, realistic and actual execution of
relative power in a similar rational manner that
will result in an expected range to ensure the
leader’s own survival and the state he’ll be ruling.
Another difference of Duterte from his
predecessors is his want for a change in
government form and constitution. He is very
vocal for his wants to push federalism to the
country. He said that he is afraid that war will
breakout if the proposed Bangsamoro Basic Law
will not push through and the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front (MILF) will decide to take
matters in arms to express its disappointments. He
agreed to push the federalism after meeting with
former governor Lito Osmeña, former senator
Aquilino Pimentel Jr., and Radio Mindanao
Network owner Reuben Canoy, who also believe
it is high time for the Philippines to adopt a new
form of government (Politiko, 2016). Both Senate
President, Koko Pimentel, and HR Speaker, Bebot
Alvarez, share the same thoughts on having
federalism in support of President Duterte.
According to Alvarez, "We must give the
President the necessary legislation which will be
his tool to effect meaningful and genuine change."
(GMA News Online, July 25, 2016). Alvarez
wants to pass bills such as the proposal to revise
the Constitution in preparation to a federal system
which President Duterte wants to the extent that
he is willing to give his seat even if it’s still his
term. Pimentel plans on having an information
drive on federalism in response on the result of
the Pulse Asia survey which showed that 73
percent of Filipinos have little or no knowledge of
the Constitution. He believed that Filipinos need
to have proper information for which they can
base their decisions. Both expressed hope that
Filipinos will support the proposed constitutional
amendment with the help of an information drive.
(The Philippine Star, 11: 48 AM, Aug. 3, 2016).
When the Martial Law ended, Corazon Aquino
was elected as the 11th President of the Republic
of the Philippines. She has this kind of
“Simplicity, Sincerity and True Leadership”
during her administration. With this, her belief “to
ask what your country can do for you, but you ask
what can you do for your country” makes her
inspiration to become a great leader and as a 1st
woman President in Asia and the Philippines.
According to a previous study, Asian Women
Leaders have found that family ties are necessary
for women candidates to win elections (Richter
1990). She was considered by some as “feminist”
though she’s not claiming it but in her programs
education, health and equal job opportunities are
the highlights of her administration.
In the year 1992, Fidel V. Ramos was elected as
the 12th President of the Republic of the
Philippines. In relation with this he has this kind
of leadership style, the so called “liberalist”.
During the early years, the economy of the
Philippines fluctuates, and with that he liberalized
the economy of the Philippines. Furthermore, he
implemented the Social Reform Agenda, and
addressed the long standing problem of poverty in
the country. He provides more job opportunities
for the people, a better and quality health care, a
quality education, and skills training for some
people wishes to have a work in the industry. The
administration provides an equal opportunity for
all. The administration of Aquino was lacking
foreign investor during her time; President Fidel
Ramos recovered the economic difficulties
through his liberalist leadership of style. Ramos is
described as a non-traditional President by
bringing out a new social and political order
which was seen as he actively reached out even to
his political opponent and insurgents just to unite
the nation behind a common vision. His
framework of governance focused on a 5-point
program which were peace and stability,
economic growth and sustainable development,
energy and power generation, environmental
protection and streamlined bureaucracy. His
political doctrine is people empowerment that is
espoused to his founded party, the Partido Lakas
Tao (People Power Party). He also formed
winning coalition of similar parties such as the
National Union of Christian Democrats, United
Muslim Democrats of the Philippines and merged
the strength of non-government organizations and
marginalized sectors who compose the majority of
the electorate (H.E. Fidel V. Ramos)
In an article of the New York Times (December
13, 1998), as remarked by Mark Lander, when
President Joseph Ejercito Estrada was elected as
the 13th President of the Philippines he has this
kind of “relaxed style of leadership” where the
cronyism and corruption are starting to drift back
again. After his victory as the 13th President, he
helped those largest contributors during his
campaign particularly the business people of San
Miguel Corporation. In addition, he also helped to
rescue the Philippine Airlines Company. With
this, according to Guillermo Luz the Executive
Director of Makati Business Club, “It is
something we are watching to worry about” and
that “Because it’s not just the old cronies who are
coming back. It is the practice of cronyism that is
coming back”. However, the Estrada’s
Administration tried to befriend with some
powerful people in terms of the business industry
to attract some foreign investors in the country. In
an article of northwest Asian weekly, in an ANC
Leadership Forum, Estrada was considered as
narcissist and shameless opportunist during the
administration. He was seen as no administrative
plan for the future of the country. In other words,
the only thing that he wants is prestige and power;
he is like a Machiavelli’s prince.
President Rodrigo Duterte's way of dictating his
political agendas has some similar fashion that of
President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. The
Executive is indirectly having more authority,
disregards some laws particularly on the
extrajudicial killings and an increasing power of
the military. This kind of similarities of the two
has initiated what is called a "naked
authoritarianism" by Nathan Gilbert Quimpo in
his dissertation The Philippines: predatory regime,
growing authoritarian features. This new kind of
authoritarianism is however milder than Marcos'
dictatorship but has the potential of growing into
it. President Rodrigo Duterte has the tendency of
having a throwback of President GMA's
governance since President GMA has in her later
years became abusive of her power and became
corrupt and somehow tyrannical. The difference
between them is that President GMA handles
outside allies and the economy well whilst
President Duterte sees a different perception of
alignments and a little bit of disregard to the
economy as long as the rule of law is obeyed and
criminals are persecuted. During the Arroyo
administation used the military to its advantage
evidently. In an article by the Daily Inquirer, She
first utilized the AFP and signing the
Proclamation no. 38, General Order no. 1 after
declaring a "state of rebellion" led by Navy Ltsg.
Antonio Trillanes. It was followed by the signing
of Proclamation no. 427 General order no. 4 in
which the military and police were asked to
immediately carry out the necessary actions and
suppress the rebellio with regards to the
constitutional rights. On Feb. 24, 2006, in
anticipation of those plotting to overthrow GMA,
she announced a "state of national emergency"
followed by the Proclamation no. 1017 in live
television which was signed immediately after a
meeting with the National Security Council.
Under this proclamation by GMA, she ordered the
AFP “to maintain law and order throughout the
Philippines, prevent or suppress all forms of
lawless violence, as well as any act of insurrection
or rebellion, and to enforce obedience to all the
laws and to all decrees, orders and regulations
promulgated personally or upon direction.” On
Nov. 24 2009 after the "Ampatuan Massacre",
GMA issued Proclamation no. 1946 in declaring a
state of emergency in the provinces of
Maguindanao, Sultan Kudarat and the City of
Cotabato for the purpose of preventing and
suppressing lawless violence in the aforesaid
areas. On Dec. 4, 2009, GMA issued
Proclamation No. 1959 declaring martial law and
suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas
corpus in Maguindanao, saying it was done to
suppress a rebellion by the armed group who was
believed to be responsible on the Ampatuan
Massacre. President GMA can also be seen as an
impatient person as she will without hesitation get
the attention of the person who failed their tasks
perfectly as per the news gmanetwork. She uses
her ability to shame to get her cabinets and
personnels to work effectiveley and efficiently.
Religion has also been a question for President
Duterte where he seems to acknowledge that there
should be a separation of the church and the state.
President GMA, being chosen by and believed in
by Catholics has always respected the church.
President Duterte nonetheless is seen as the
righteous even with his morality issues and feud
with the Church. This is because even with
President Duterte's morality issues, people tends
to love him for , at the time of the writing, is not
corrupt and is seen to be committed with his
people. This is what splits him from the past
presidents.
Successful presidency comes in on the effectivity
and productivity of a chosen leader. A study
shows that Character and personality are key
features in determining a president's term a
success or not. In James David Barber's The
Presidential Character, there are 4 types of
presidents. The Active-Positive,the Active-
negative, the Passive-Positive and the Passive
negative. President Benigno Aquino III was best
described as the Passive-Negative type of
president whom has not really desired of being a
president but rather to do a tribute to his parents.
His passiveness can be seen in his presidency
where he lacks effort and the drive during his
tenure. Contrary to president Rodrigo Roa
Duterte's strong character PNoy values loyalty to
his friends where it seems to be a problem at times
of corruption and swaying the laws whereas to
President Rodrigo Duterte don't mind anyone as
long as they are not doing corruption. He also
lacks political maturity in which he was not
trained to be ideological and lacks political
concepts that would envision the country. Both
presidents are seen to be nationalistic and stand
out to do everything for the Filipino people and
emphasize corruption to be an enemy of theirs. In
his presidency, President Aquino III blamed the
Arroyo administration for all the failures and the
will be failures of his administration. PNoy
blamed all the failure of the Disbursement
Acceleration Program to Budget Secretary
Florencio Abad. Another tragedy where PNoy's
blame game is apparent is during the infamous
Mamasapano massacre. He should be the one
taking the responsibility but instead played the
blaming to SAF Chief Director Getulio Napenas
wherein he believes that Napenas has and is the
one controlling the troops. His success however in
foreign affairs gave the country a good economy.
In an SWS December 2015 survey, the Aquino
administration received a "GOOD" performance
and three of which are from the foreign aspect,
these are (1) Foreign Relations (2) Promoting the
Welfare of OFWs (3) Protecting the country's
territorial rights. He has dependency on US
METHODOLOGY
This chapter clearly defines the research methods
used to conduct the study. The researcher explains
how the necessary data and information to address
the research objectives and questions was
collected, presented, and analyzed.
Research Design
According to Kothari (2004), research design is a
plan, a roadmap and blueprint strategy of
investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to
research questions; it is the heart of any study.
Research design refers to the strategy that one
chooses to integrate the various components and
variables of the study in a systematic and logical
manner. It serves as a blue print for the step by
step procedure in conducting a research study.
Qualitative Research Design
In the handbook of qualitative research Denzin
and Lincoln (2005) describe qualitative research
as involving “… an interpretive naturalistic
approach to the world. It means that qualitative
research provides descriptions for phenomena that
happens naturally. It is heuristic, meaning that it
uses experience to learn and not deductive.
Sources of Data
The researches both relied on primary and
secondary data for the accuracy and the
objectivity of the study.
military on which he approves of the Enhanced
Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA).
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine and understand the
political leadership style of President Rodrigo
Duterte and compare it to the five previous
Philippine Presidents and to seek answers to the
ff. Questions:
• How do the different Presidents execute
their leadership style?
• How does the transition of style affect the
country?
• Does President Rodrigo R. Duterte’s
leadership approach expedient on the
country’s political condition
Primary Data
Primary data are the ones that are observed and
experienced first-hand. The primary data for
this particular research was collected using
interviews. Interviews were done to three political
experts and analysts.
Secondary Data
Secondary data refers to data that was collected by
someone other than the user. Sources used to
gather the secondary data are the articles
published online, newspapers and history books
that were all stated in the review of related
literatures.
Data Collection
The researchers used interview method. Face to
face interviews was conducted with the political
analysts and experts but a follow-up review online
was conducted due to time constrain.
For the purposes of this research, the researcher
chose the participants who were viewed as the
best source of information as the experts and
analysts were likely to bring out the required data
specific to the research problem through their own
experience and knowledge about the topic. The
interview were carried out prior to setting of
appointments with the concerned respondents.
The interview had specified time limits of
approximately 30 minutes to one hour however
the first interview exceeded due to thorough
discussions. The interview was carried out with
the help of interview guide line questions.
Data Analysis
Data collected from the primary and secondary
sources were processed, compared, analyzed and
presented. Brief and relevant words that were
uttered by the political experts/ analysts was
further discussed and compared as to the analysis
of the articles that were in the review of related
literatures. Inductive analysis moves from specific
observations to broader generalizations and
theories. This analysis also known as the “bottom
up” approach.

Timetable Limitations
This analysis was only conducted to a Political
WEEK Analysts that will provide an idea and insights in
Task the previous Presidential Administrations.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Planning The Inclusion criteria for the interviewee must be a
1 graduate of Bachelor of Arts in Political Science,
Research Project
1.1 Formation of Foreign Affairs, History, International Relations
. Group or other related course, should have a good
1.2 Choose the analytical and critical thinking and be
. Project Topic knowledgeable about government, especially in
2 Project Proposal the previous Presidential Administrations.
2.1 Writing up of
. Project Proposal Delimitations
Formulating This analysis provides insights and ideas about the
2.2 different leadership styles of the previous five
Research
. Presidential Administrations in the aspect of
Problems
Formulate economy, military, international relations and the
2.3 Research like. In addition with this, the leadership style of
. Strategy, Design the previous administrations will determine why
and Methods the current administrations have different
3 Research Project approaches in addressing the said issues that the
Philippines are dealing with. This analysis focuses
3.1 Chapter 1:
only on the five previous Presidential
. Introduction
administration starting from the year 1986 up to
a. Background of
3.2 the present administration.
the Study
3.3 b. Statement of
. the Problem
3.4 c. Review of
. Related Literature
3.5 Chapter 2:
. Methodology
Interview on
3.6
samples
3.7 Analyze Data
Chapter 3: Result
3.8
and Discussion
3.9 Chapter 4:
. Conclusion
Submit Full
4
Research Project
Presentation of
5
Research Project
Table 1. Timetable
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter looked at the research methods that
were used in the study. Justifications on why the
researcher chose to use those methodologies were
given. Interviews was the main methods of data
collection used to gather relevant data to achieve
the research objectives. In data presentation,
qualitative methods was used. Data was analyzed
using the inductive analysis.
We conducted three interviews on the following
dates: March 9, 2017 with Mr. John Nuestro
Ponsaran, a Political Analyst from the University
of the Philippines Manila, March 14, 2017 with
Mr. Dan Jefferson Lopez, A Political Science
graduate and a faculty from the College of Arts
and Sciences under the Foreign Service
Department, and on March 17, 2017 with Ms.
Aina Mari Sisante who is also a faculty from CAS
under the Foreign Service Program. A follow-up
review online was conducted with Ms. Sisante on
March 18 for further clarifications. The interviews
revolve around our research topic regarding the
leadership style of the previous five Presidents of
our country and our incumbent President Rodrigo
Duterte. In relation with this, we ask them about
what is the strategy of each previous five
Presidents that makes them a good leader on how
they address the problems of the economy, debts,
military and other aspects and factors that
influences them on their decision making in
addressing these particular issues of the country.
Participant 1’s Statement and Opinion
Corazon C. Aquino practices the chronicles of
good and evil, meaning to say, according to Mr.
John Nuestro Ponsaran, for example, people will
tell her she knows nothing because she’s just a
plain housewife, she will answer them with “yes, I
know nothing about corruption and human rights.
The problem with her leadership style is that she
is largely influence by the US thus she remained
faithful in paying the foreign debt of the Marcos
administration. Her political psychology is heavily
influence by her religious affiliation to the Roman
Catholic. Cory executes her leadership style in a
low-intensity conflict which is a combination of
psychological warfare and military aggression.
Corazon Aquino’s greatest accomplishment was
restoring democratic institutions after the 20 year
Marcos dictatorship. She defeated 9 coup d’états.
Her popular leadership style was in direct contrast
to the imperial style of the Marcoses. (Abueva,
1993).
Fidel V. Ramos, also known as FVR won by
means of minority votes which only casts 23% of
the whole casting of the votes. Putting it in a
scale, 7 out of 10 Filipinos did not vote for him,
since there are a lot of presidential candidates. In
addition, he is also a strong advocate of
liberalization because he had been a formerly a
military second lieutenant and he became the
Commander in Chief during his administration. In
terms of economy, he transform the Philippines as
one of the economic tiger’s in Asia. In line with
this, he provided more job opportunities, a better
quality healthcare and he recovered the economic
condition of the Philippines through his liberalist
way of thinking. Fidel Ramos is a protestant and
with that, that makes him to not follow the
catholic teachings and affects his decision
making.
In the administration of Joseph Ejercito Estrada,
he was popularly known as ERAP, he is known to
project himself as the Robin Hood of the masses.
With this, during his campaign and his term, he
combats the continuing increase of poverty. Some
of the critics described President Estrada as
intellectually weak but he surrounded himself
with the most elite cabinet members. According to
our previous research, his administration started
the continuing rise of cronyism and corruption. In
relation with this, he appointed Remulla and other
people who supported him in the campaign.
In the year 2001, after the Estrada Administration,
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was elected as the new
President of the Philippines. Her administration
focuses on the aspect of economy. Furthermore,
she advocates the neoliberal economics and she is
also a micromanager. Among the previous
Presidents, she is the 2nd President who had the
longest term in the Presidential History of the
Philippines following the late President Ferdinand
Marcos. Some of the criticisms of the Arroyo
Administration is that she politicized the military,
church, the civil service, the judiciary branch and
most of the aspect of government.
After the Administration of Arroyo, Benigno
Simeon Aquino III was elected as the new
President of the Republic of the Philippines.
Aquino become popular to the masses because of
the sympathy of the Filipino people for the death
of his mother, Cory Aquino in the year 2009.
After the death of his mother, he became popular
and some people want him to run for the
Presidential position. In connection with this, Mar
Roxas run as the Vice President in the year 2010
to give way for Benigno Aquino III to run for the
Presidency. When it comes to appointing his
cabinet members, he uses the “Kumpadre
Sysytem” because he appoints his former
classmates and even the previous appointees of
his mother during the Aquino Administration.
The new President of the Republic of the
Philippines, President Rodrigo Roa Duterte’s
leadership style is that he focuses on a particular
single issue first before jumping to another issue
to address this things. In addition with this, he
believes that peace and order is essential for the
development of the country. He practices the
principle of subsidiary in which he tells the
delegation what to do, first, he lays down the
general framework of what he wants to get done
and the delegation will be the one to execute the
task and they’re the one who’s assigned to fill up
the minor details. An identifiable factor on why he
won the election was the people felt powerless
and thus needed a father like figure as the next
President. The culture of paternalism can be
clearly seen and he used this to win the hearts of
the people. His approach is how like the LGU
Officials execute their work-they walk the talk.
He is fluid and informal, with the people getting
used to his attires and his behavior. He is also
consistent of being inconsistent, is also a man of
action, is pragmatic and situational, if he needs to
get aggressive, he will be, and he was able to use
his experiences in his last government handling.
President Duterte believes that political and
economic freedom cannot be attained at the same
time and that one must sacrifice. He wants to
decentralize the imperial powerful Luzon and he
wants the distribution of power to be equal and
fair among the archipelago.
Participant 2’s Statement and Opinion
While in our interview with Mr. Dan Jefferson
Lopez, he mentioned some similarities with the
statement of Mr. Ponsaran about the leadership
styles of the previous five presidents and
President Duterte. However, he also has different
opinions and contradiction from the first
interview.
He stated that Corazon C. Aquino was the first
female president of the Philippines who started off
her administration as a liberal and maintained
strong bond and influence with the United States.
Her administration has a system of government
that is democratic in the concept of United States.
It was also during her administration that the
Agrarian reform started when she focused on the
land-owning elites. Her political style is that she
will distribute lands for public use but is also
protecting their issues regarding Hacienda Luisita.
She had a strong affiliation with the Catholic
Church much like the same opinion of Mr.
Ponsaran. However, she had a very weak
connection when it comes to military. She
managed to survive the 9 coup d’ etas by using
her strong ties with the United States. She comes
off as strong in terms of external affairs of the
Philippines, but is weak in terms of her military
management. Mr. Lopez agreed to Mr. Ponsaran’s
statement about her using the method of low-
intensity conflict, yet, for him, it is because she is
not fond of political and military warfare when
problems come. She prefers the diplomatic
approach in handling various conflicts.
Fidel V. Ramos is a capitalist and focused on the
economic development of the Philippines and in
parallel with that, he modernized AFP and used
capitalism to improve military and knows which
sectors of the military is to be improved because
he is a former member of the military. He also
gave way to the rise of the protestant churches and
the Catholic Church weakened during his
administration. He also increased the country’s
national security as he strengthens the military. He
also maintained a good relationship with United
States and made Philippines one of Asia’s
Economic Tiger, however, he still had a hard time
in managing this because Philippines still has a lot
of foreign debt.
Joseph Ejercito Estrada is the “pang-masa”
president. Advocated that he is one in the masses
by using his charisma as a celebrity, although his
administration is not based on good governance.
He has a strong political will which also explains
why he prefers the political and minimalistic
approach in handling conflicts. The problems
during his administration is that he was used to
living a celebrity-like lifestyle and he forgot to
look over the national side. The relationship of his
administration to the United States is not that
strong but he was able to not borrow money to
other countries as often like the other presidents.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is the second female
president of the Philippines. Compared to
Corazon Aquino, GMA was able to manipulate
the military, but for her own self-interest. Her
focus during her administration was economic
development. Being an economist herself, she
knows the loops and holes of the economic
policies of the country, and with that, she was able
to politicize and manipulate various sections of
the government. She was also able to manipulate
the media in which it involves the controlled
release of publicized issues. A contribution that
her administration has done was the
modernization of the system of government which
focused also on economic development.
Benigno Aquino III focused on eradicating
corruption and in revealing the corrupt people in
the government. It was during his administration
when a lot of foreign investors invested in the
country. He was also able to stabilize the
economic status of the country. His administration
was more peaceful, however, he had a weak
political will and he also used low-intensity
conflict in handling the military. He also had close
ties with the Catholic Church, same with his mom,
Corazon Aquino. He was very charismatic due to
the fact of his parent’s influence among the
people, however, he was not able to project his
own image to the people.
Rodrigo Duterte is a firm president and is one of
the few presidents that has a strong political will,
and it has a very strong effect on the people which
leads to public trust. He assures everyone that
everything he orders will be done, and he uses his
aggressiveness toughness and his knowledge to be
liked by people. His religious affiliation doesn’t
show and his political style is heavily influenced
by his experiences in handling different
government-related jobs in the locality of Davao.
He promotes regional integration for easy access
of needs. Used the military and the police forces
to do the things that he promised during his
campaign and him, being nationalistic is a great
factor on why he won the elections.
Asked about whether he think Duterte’s style is
effective in the country’s current political
condition and whether if it will not change until
the end of his term, he said that he believed so for
the president is firm on his words and promises.
But he also stated that Duterte’s leadership style
still change for leadership and people’s
expectation are flexible.
Participant 3’s Statement and Opinion
Ms. Ms. Aina Mari Sisante’s opinion about the
leadership styles of each presidents, although
general, is similar with the other two experts.
According to her, Aquino was a very transitional
type of President during her time. In connection
with this, her management style is totally different
because it was hardly felt by the people since the
political situation of the Philippines before she sit
as the President is under the Marcos
Administration, and the thing here is that she
democratizes the nation and ended the rule of
Marcos Administration in the country. However,
she doesn’t have any background in politics and
she is just a simple housewife and has a good
educational attainment. She has a motherly type of
leadership compared to the Duterte
Administration.
On the other hand, the Fidel Administration, he
came from the military but he did not declare a
martial law even though he is a militant. His
administration focuses and envisions the aspect of
military. In addition, he wants the Philippines to
be considered as the next Tiger of Asia in the
Southeast Asia yet his time his limited he still
makes the aspect of the economy of the
Philippines a well-developed one. In the aspect of
international relations, since he is a militant, he
has this kind of leadership style the so called
“strategist” in the aspect of military.
In the Estrada Administration, he has the
similarities with Duterte Administration, they both
came from the local government, and they served
as the Mayor of their city. In connection with this,
since Estrada came from the local government and
also he is an actor, so he has this kind of different
popularity compare to Duterte. However, he also
have a different leadership style approach to the
people and according to some literature, his
cabinet members is compose of the most elite
people. Since he has only 2 and a half years of
serving the Filipino people it’s so hard to judge
the Estrada Administration, with that he use his
popularity as an actor to combat the all-out war
against terrorist.
In the Arroyo Administration, since she is an
economist and the 2nd Women President in the
Philippines, she focuses in the aspect of economy.
With this, she is also like Cory; she is like a
mother figure to all Filipino people who manages
the budget of the country. The aspect of the
economy of the Philippines maintain its standing
in a well-developed and progress one.
In the Noynoy Administration, he is not that tough
as Duterte, he is kind a soft in terms of decision
making. Since he has no wife, his administration
is so easy to be bullied and judge. When it comes
to the aspect of the economy, the Philippines
maintain its good standing in the aspect of
economy in Asia. As a son of Cory Aquino, this
also makes an advantage for Noynoy, though he is
not that good enough, it makes him as one of the
choice of the people to vote for him as the
President.
Lastly, the Duterte Administration, since he also
started his political life in the local government
his administration focuses on the local issues like
the drugs unlike the Arroyo and Aquino
Administration, they focuses on the aspect of
economy. Duterte is seen by the people as tough
when it comes to decision making. His popularity
is not based on where he came from but based on
how he talked, the way he act and other things. In
relation with this, this makes him so popular
because he talk how ordinary people talks during
his speeches, this makes him more appealing to all
the people.

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP STYLE

PRESIDENT Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3
Democratizing Imperial MarcosLiberal
Style (Dictatorship) Democratic in the
Popular Leadership concept of US
Used low-intensity conflict Diplomatic approach
Transitional Type
Corazon C. Highly influence and dependent
(in handling conflict)
Democratizing
Aquino to the US - Had very close ties
Motherly style
Used religion for consultation,
with the catholic church
advice and influence. Focused on social
welfare, education,
women’s rights
Militaristic Militaristic Strategist
Liberalist and Capitalist Liberalist and Capitalist Liberalist and Capitalist
Protestant, did not let the - Protestant, did not let Protestant, did not let
Fidel V. Ramos
catholic church influence his the catholic church the catholic church
decision making influence his decision influence his decision
making making
Joseph Ejercito Populist and charismatic Populist and Populist
Estrada Intellectually weak but had charismatic Composed his cabinet
 composed his cabinet with Political and with elites
elites Minimalistic (in
Started the rise of cronyism handling conflict)
Used his large network and Befriended
connection of businessmen and businessmen for local
investors to stop and intimidate and foreign investments
his oppositions like boycotting (though decrease
the media foreign debt by not
Has a shadow Cabinet borrowing money from
foreign countries unlike
the others)
Economist Economist
Advocates neo-liberalism politicize and
Micromanager manipulate various Economist
Gloria
politicized the military, church, sections of the Mother-figure who
Macapagal
the civil service, the judiciary government focuses on handling
Arroyo
branch and most of the aspect finances
of government
Split-level Christianity
Populist Stabilized the economic
Good at foreign negotiations status of the country
Influence by parent’s legacy Good at foreign kind a soft in terms of
uses the “Kumpadre System” negotiations decision making
Benigno
Like his mother, used religion had a weak political Economist
Aquino II
for will Influence by parent’s
consult and advise for his used low-intensity legacy
political affairs (influenced) conflict in handling the
military
Charismatic - Has a strong political
Uses the influence of his will
political myth - Nationalistic
Nationalistic - Firm, Uses his
Neo-populism toughness and
Not practicing his religious knowledge to be liked
endeavors by the people
Populist and
Doesn’t allow the Church to - His religious
Charismatic
interfere with his political affiliation doesn’t show
Rodrigo Roa focuses on the local
affairs - His political style is
Duterte issues like the drugs
Focuses on a single issue heavily influenced by
tough when it comes to
campaign strategy his experiences in
decision making
Principle of subsidiary handling different
Culture of Paternalism government-related
Situational Leadership jobs in the locality of
Approach Davao.
Intimidate his oppositions with - promotes regional
his used of words and image integration for easy
access of needs.
Table 2. Specific Political Leadership Styles of C. Aquino to R. Duterte
(Based from the result of the Interviews)
 B.
C. F. J. G. R.
General Similarities Aquino
Aquino Ramos Estrada Arroyo Duterte
III
Charismatic
Populist
Liberalist
Paternalistic/Maternalistic
Political Myth Influence

Not allowing religious interference

Religion Dependent (Influenced)

Low-intensity conflict
Economist / Capitalist
(Focus on foreign relations and
investments)
Cronyism
Ability to Shame

Nationalistic

Repressive Apparatus
Table 3. General Similarities on Leadership Style of C. Aquino to R. Duterte
(Based from the result of Interviews)

CONCLUSION

To sum it all up, the Presidential styles of the
current President and the previous 5 Presidents
were as follows.
Corazon Aquino transformed the Philippines from
a dictatorship regime of the Marcos to a
democratic one. In the Cory Aquino
Administration, she uses her traditional Filipina
motherly instinct in managing the government.
Her approach in her administration was very
motherly. According to the published literatures,
her personal background was so far to her being a
politician, it was like an unexpected turn. She has
also a strong religious belief and uses low-
intensity conflict in managing the military force.
She has the maternalistic style of leadership; a
way of leading by which it not expressed by
overwhelming motherly approach, but by the
ability to see connections and to nurture and
support the right aspects in order to build up or
strengthen the whole family, system or whole
body of an organization (J. Danieli).
Second, in the Ramos Administration, although
winning by a minority vote, he managed to
change on how people perceived him by
liberalizing the Philippines. Fidel V. Ramos is a
strategist, for the reason that he came from the
military. A few people say that AFP is
empowered during his administration. He has a
clear vision of an outward-looking Philippines,
and a vision to a broader international relations. In
terms of his economic approach, he was able to
boost the economy of the Philippines which
resulted as one of Asia's economic tiger during his
term. Ramos has the pure liberal leadership style;
advocating liberalism especially in individual
rights and one who is open-minded or not strict in
the observance of orthodox, traditional, or
established forms or ways (Merriam Webster).

Third, Joseph Ejercito Estrada served for only two
and a half year during his term. He is a populist
and charismatic because he is a former actor and a
local politician. His administration engage in all
out-wars in Mindanao, and he has this “utang na
loob” behavior in appointing people due to his
tendency to appoint his friends and those people
coming from the business industry. Although his
decision making was not that tough as compared
to President Duterte, the people in his cabinet
were wise and bright. He has the relaxed-
leadership style, under the laissez-faire leadership
which giving complete decision-making control to
the staff while the leaders neither get in the way
nor closely oversee them (S. Morgan), for his
spontaneous behavior and characteristics.
Fourth, in the Arroyo Administration, she had a
great start during her term but later on, she
politicized some aspects of the government. She is
also a micro manager meaning to say that every
detail matters to her, and that’s when the problem
arises. If anything goes wrong, she has the ability
to shame of the person in charge. She is a pure
economist. As for an example that participant
number three said, GMA is like a mother, but she
is the kind of mother that holds and budgets the
money. Her administration is heavily focused in
the settlement of the economy. Her leadership
style is neo-liberalist, a liberal who de-emphasizes
traditional liberal doctrines in order to seek
progress by more pragmatic methods (Merriam
Webster), favoring economic progress and free-
market trade capitalism.
Fifth, Benigno Aquino III is a former legislator
and is an economist. He was able to maintain and
stabilize the economy that GMA had started. He
became the President because of the turnout of
events. His presidency and style was highly
influence by his parent’s legacy that was left in
the country and that made him a charismatic
presidential candidate, although his ungreediness
for the opposition made him indecisive of his
decisions. His style is softer that President Duterte
and was not as tough when it comes to decision-
making. Pnoy’s leadership style is a passive
leadership which is a combination of passive
management exception, which tend to avoid work
unless mistake of problem can longer be avoided,
and a laissez-faire leadership which is defined as
absence of leadership all together (Brian C.
Holtz).
Lastly, the Duterte Administration, he is also
charismatic President ever since he was a Mayor
at Davao. He advocates peace and order for he
believed, as stated on his agenda, that peace and
order pre-requisite development (Diokno).
Duterte’s leadership style is a paternalistic one as
the Filipinos saw him as a Father-like figure and
that’s also a factor why he was chosen by the
people. He gives a dominant authority much like a
patriarch who acts and treats his people as part of
his extended family as he is very attached to the
people that is comes to a point that he speaks for
the mouth of the masses. However, his practical
use of everyday words and cussing may be
offending to the international arena. Although, in
reality, he doesn’t fully embody a paternalistic
style like what participant 2 stated because he still
show recognition to women leadership and not
focusing and being bias on male dominant only
unlike how a full dominant male would have act
with a very traditional paternalistic views.
The general similarities among the five previous
presidents were that their political styles is so far
from the political style of president Duterte. They
were soft-powered and focus on international
relations and economy. President Duterte looks
more on the issues that is going within the
national society and in solving national issues. He
focus and believed on the thought that “peace and
order pre-requisite development” which is in
contrast with the other presidents who focus on
the thought that “development pre-requisites
peace and order” and yet, his belief can be pretty
much similar of President’s Ramos focus which
the latter then focuses on liberalizing the country
through economic progress as he balanced it out
with the military modernization of the country for
the stability of peace and development.
As we can see, each person has a different style
and approach in handling things and situations,
and the pressure is more than heavy to our
presidents who are not only handling or handled
the executive department but is and was handling
the entire nation. Each of our president has
different leadership styles which they’ve
developed and was influenced based from their
primary affiliations and their experiences. Some
were even influenced by people in their lives or a
certain group. However, even with lots of
differences, we can still see some similarities
between them based from their focus, values and
characteristics.
The transition of leadership style starting from
Cory has a pretty big difference yet has a similar
feeling to our current incumbent. Cory Aquino’s
transitional leadership style is a maternalistic one,
democratizing the imperial Marcos dictatorial
style, which was then transcend to a liberalize
style by Ramos. Erap’s style is pretty hard to tell
for he only serve for 2 years and a half but we can
say that his style is pretty much laid back yet his
populist approach is very charismatic to people.
The leadership style was then again brought back
into a liberal but a modern one with Arroyo and
had its stability with Aquino III’s even though his
style is a passive one. But now with our
incumbent, President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, we
can see that it took a big gap from the others for
his style is really different because of his tough
and firm personality but then it has a similar yet
contrast feel with Cory, whose style was like a
mother, for his leadership style is basically like a
father-figure is.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We extend our sincerest thanks to the God for the
well-being and health that we're necessary to
finish this research.
We wish to express our sincere thanks to Mr. John
Nuestro Ponsaran, Mr. Dan Jefferson Lopez, and
Ms. Aina Marie Sisante for proving an in-depth
interview for sharing their expertise and for
providing the necessary data in completing this
research.
All in all, the main purpose of this study is to
determine the leadership style of our President
Rodrigo Duterte in order to understand him more;
his actions, decisions and focuses, by and as we
compare with him with the leadership styles of the
previous five presidents of our country. A key
factor on why the people chose President Duterte
is that they saw something different and they
hoped that different is change. He came from the
minority region of the Philippines and that is
something new in the Philippine Political set-up
whose been led by people coming from the
imperial Manila that share the same related styles
and focus. President Duterte’s leadership style
although is different from what Filipinos were
used to, we can say that it is what the Filipinos
want and needed now considering our political
condition. He was voted by the Filipino people
because of his own unique style of leadership. He
is still on his first year of term so we cannot
conclude that his leadership style, based from this
research, will remain the same until the end of his
term. As what stated in the Background of Study,
leadership style is flexible, Duterte’s leadership
style may change by the time this research is
published.
We also place on record, our sincere thanks to Ms.
Raizza Corpuz for the continuous encouragement,
for sharing her expertise and for the valuable
guidance extended to us.
We would also like to extend our sincere thanks to
our parents who believed in our potential and for
always encouraging in completing this research
We also place on record, our sense of gratitude to
one and all, who directly or indirectly, have lent
their hand in this venture.
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 APPENDIX A

GUIDE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Can you elaborate the different leadership style of the previous five presidents of the Philippines and
compare it with President Duterte?

Considering that Philippines is a democratic and republican country, how do the different presidents
execute their leadership style?

Is their leadership style based on the setting of the places where they came from?

Place where they are born?

Their primary affiliation?

Based from their religious affiliation?

How does the transition of styles affect the country?

 APPENDIX B

Research Interview with Mr. John N. Ponsaran

Duration: 2 hrs 22 minutes 34 seconds
Date: March 9, 2017 (Thursday)

Mr. Ponsaran: Uhhh anyway the three forms of leadership according to (inaudible) Weber which I am
very sure you are familiar with. Uhh. tignan niyo yung traditional leadership no, you compare it with
uhh.. charismatic leadership tapos yung pangatlo yung legal rational leadership no diba inaral niyo yun sa
sa klase niyo? Yan yung tatlong forms of leadership according to Weber in the uhh modern society. Pag
sinabi nating traditional leadership the datus no uhh.... the babaylans no uhh..... yung- yung heads of the
family no the leadership is traditionally acquired on them no tas pag sinabi mo namang charismatic
leadership no they are able to appeal to the hearts and minds for example which is High Cardinal Sin no
when he mobilize people to aggregate in EDSA si Mahatma Gandhi, Si Nelson Mandela no is a
charismatic leader no I believe so no such also in the case of Duterte. Combination siya ng Charismatic
plus Legal Rational kasi pag sinabi mong legal rational you are a leader by (inaudible) of being eleceted
to it. Yun yung tingin ko kay Duterte he's a combination of both charismatic leadership and uhh
traditional leadership. Um magandang bigyan diin din na sa Pilipinas kasi our launching pad of the
presidency is usually the senate and the vice presidency so in his case no it's local government no uhh
somehow it is unprecedented no unexpected no but the point is he was able to capture the minds and the
hearts of people kasi yun yung mahalaga no uhh we should be able to capture the hearts and minds of the
people. Then number two you should have no some story to tell there should be a chronicle, a kwento no
a storyline no that was also the case of of of Noynoy no uhhh Noynoy is not a presidential political timber
no (inaudible) to become a president someday no. But with the death of his mother no uhhh number one
number two he was able to come up with a storyline no that if you project yourself as an alternative to
GMA no you are winnable no, so that was the storyline created the good vs. the evil. So GMA
representing the corrupt archetype tas himself as the exact opposite no. When you project yourself as the
exact opposite of GMA, you are projecting yourself as a viable alternative no, just make yourself no her
exact opposite no that automatically qualifies you as an alternative presidential timber. Ganoon ang
ginawa no at sinuportahan siya ng mga ponbits ibig sabihin ng mga ponbits yun yung mga opinion leaders
no mga mga columnist (inaudible) was one along story with a very powerful storyline the storyline of the
good vs. the evil. Ang kagandahan dinugtong yun sa storyline between Aquino and Marcos kadugtong
siya kaya tignan niyo lagi a president is effective if there is a storyline...... So that is very important
halimbawa Erap para sa mahirap no is a story............ How do you perpetuate yourself with power. Yung
first M ay yung money. Yung second M ay yung machinery your political machinery, third M is merger,
how do you merge political parties no? Fourth M is marriage no for example marriage with another
political family no and another political clan. Next is murder, mayhem, you attack, you intimidate people
no, you instill fear among their hearts no, murder, mayhem, M A Y H E M diba mayhem what else? Myth
yung myth diba Erap para sa mahirap no what else no Diosdado Macapagal the poor man from lubao no,
what else? Noynoy aquino kung walang corrupt walang mahirap no. This are the storylines no the myths
the kwentos no. Uhhh and many others and many more......... They listed up the many faces of leadership
of uhh president Duterte after conducting snowball and opportunistic sampling technique no on the during
(inaudible) April to May no ang nakita ko first we have to consider that the Philippines is an archipelago
and it's compose of uhhh many islands uhhh he was able to successfully project the idea that what he was
doing in mandano, Minda-Mindanao specifically in Davao you will be able to uhhh replicate in the entire
archipelago no, that was also the the formula of of uhh Binay no when he ran for vice presidency diba?
Uhhh ganito kami sa Makati, sana ganito din sa buong bansa so that was also no the strategy uhh of
Duterte no to certain extent no. Uhhh yung yung ano Davao story no he wants to replicate that in in all
parts of the the archipelago no. Uhhh tas ayun marami ding tumulong sa kaniya na local government uhh
local government units no in the process considering the fact that the Philippines is composed of various
NGOs in various levels no. Halimbawa yung regional, provincial, city, municipal no and uhh uhh
barangay no, this are the five levels of uhh uhh local government. Uhh is ayun may storyline siya number
two no yung his bid to replicate no the successful Davao story no in the entire archipelago. According to
them the (inaudible) view Duterte as an advocate of uhh peace and order no uhhh.... Si Noynoy at si
Duterte may pagkaka-pagkakapareho in one sense no. They focus on... a single issue campaign strategy.
Si Noynoy ang single issue strategy niya, "Kung walang corrupt, Walang mahirap", no that's his single
issue campaign strategy. Uhh kasi yung iba diba marami no, mga education, women empowerment,
environment no, uhh ako kung pananaw ko, it became successful because uhh Filipinos no have yet to..
fully deepen their level of political consciousness. Eh ang kaya lang nating minsan bigyan pagpapahalag
ay yung simple simple.... uhhh.... political slogans like this no 'di masyadong complex or complicated no.
Uhh hence no, (inaudible) more effective no, kasi papaano pag campaign strategy ko halimbawa ay ang
campaign strategy ko ay ay... uhhh... integrated sustainable energy democracy no katambal ng uhh...
sustainable integrated comprehensive food security katambal halimbawa ng ng... compe(ti)tive tax reform
package uhhh... naiintimidate yung makikinig no naiintimidate yung makikinig... Unlike if no you just put
it in very simplistic terms, "Kung walang corrupt, Walang mahirap", no kung walang kriminalidad no
kung walang kriminidad uhh.. uhh.. magiging maunlad ang bansa but it's base on the premise that peace is
a prerequisite to development no parang-parang ganun yung storyline niya, peace is a prerequisite to
development, peace and order, order, peace and order is a prerequisite to development. Kasi may
dalawang pananawit, development is a prerequisite to peace and order. Pag lahat ay maunlad, walang
mag-aalsa, walang magiging miyembro ng bagong bayan o New People's Army kaya paunlarin daw
muna, that will result in uhhh peace no and order no. Yung iba naman ang pananaw peace and order no, is
a prerequisite to development. Kailangan mo muna magkaroon ng kapayapaan bago dumagsa ang
negosyo at pamumuhunan. Si Duterte no is uhh.. uhh... single issue campaign strategy is peace and order
no, where people are able to identify because tatandaan natin maraming tao biktima ng street crimes
maraming mga tao biktima ng corruption, kasi ano ba depinisyon natin ng corruption? Corruption is the
uhh... uhh... redistribution of wealth from the poor to the rich kasi yung kinuha sating income tax
binubulsa ng mga korakot diba eh tayo mga middle income class tayo double income class so corruption
is the redistribution of the wealth from the poor tayo no, to the rich. Edi it's a... also a form of crime diba
eh yung mga tao nakaidentify pag na tumunog itong mga problema sa krimen na 'to uhh.. mas uunlad ang
Pilipinas. According to them (inaudible) view Duterte as an advocate of peace and order, the number one
reason why Davao city improved and that many investments knocking on their doors. Yun yung sinasabi
ko sa inyo as peace and order as a prerequisite to uhh.. the influx of uhh... no technological development,
investment, etc., back when Davao was viewed unsafe because of the CP NPA the then mayor made
efforts and talks with the NPA members to make peace and stability in the city which will then help in the
economic sector. So that's one strategy of Duterte na uhh.. to bring to the fold, people from various no
political persuasion no from the extreme left to the advocates of federalism to some members of the
business sector no. Uhh.. if you (inaudibe) government for the longest time no uhh.. and even the
members of the academe no. Sino sino yung mga makakaliwa na ipinasok niya? Diba si Judy Tagiwalo
diba? Si Judy Tagiwalo of the DSWS no si Judy Tagiwalo. Si...uhh.. Rafael Mariano no Rafael Mariano, I
can not (inaudible) fully if it's Department of Agriculture or Department of Agrarian Reform please check
no, si Rafael Mariano. NAPSI no, National Anti-Poverty Commision, si Lisa Masa dating miyembro ng
Gabriella diba si Lisa Masa no? Aktibista. Si Judy Tagiwalo dating dating NPA ang alam ko. Dating
martial law activist no. Si.. si.. uhh... Rafael Mariano, ka-Paeng Mariano, dating tagapangulo ng kilusan
ng Pilipinas no, PNB, nagsusulong ng ng tunay na reporma sa sa.. lutas, so that is one leadership style of
Duterte, acommodate people from various political political persuasion no. At ang napansin ko sa kanya
no (inaudible) principle of subsidiarity, no the principle of subsidiarity no. Anong ibig sabihin ng
principle of subsidiarity? No yung dedication no, I will tell you what to do no, you accomplish it, you
accomplish it... uhhh... so uhh he delicates to the best people who can accomplish the job no. 'Di katulad
ng iba diba style nila micro-management no talagang yung bawat detlaye no ay pinakikialaman no and
that is the style of Gloria, micro-management, halimbawa pag meron siyang gustong ipasang batas, tapos
yung mga kongresista na bata, diba yung mga kongresista nung panahon ni Gloria Macapagal Arroyo yun
yung mga bagong henerasyon na kongresista, diba mga bata no, mga anak ng mga matatandang
kongresista. Diba may dalawang klase ng mga konresista yung mga TRAPO mga traditional politicians
saka yung mga bata yung BIMPO, Yung mga Batang Isinubo ng Magulang sa Politika, BIMPO kasi
TRAPO BIMPO. Edi hindi niya masyadong makontrol yung mga bata kasi they belong to a different
generation. Ang gagawin ni GMA tatawagin niya yung mga nanay, "Uy yung mga kongresista na anak
niyo ha hindi bumoto in favor of my legislation" o see that's an illustration of her micro-management
style, micro-management... so that's a leadership style si Duterte he's more into uhh laying down the
general framework. Ito ang gusto ko ito ang inaasahan no, you implement that in the policy level no
ganoon siya. Sasabihin niya yung mga expectations niya and then no tapos his appointees will implement
in the (inaudible) ang tawag doon principle of subsidiarity.................... So ganun general tapos no kayo
mag-implement, principle of subsidiarity. Also it lessens the crime rate dubbing it as the most peaceful
city in Southeast Asia, a man of action no, a man of action, the then mayor of Davao was really famous
for his strong willed character the residents always vote for him if he run for election they feel secure
whenever he's the mayor. Ang naging problema napansin ko yung ne- yung culture of paternalism no. Pag
sabihing culture of Paternalism uhh.. you always look at somebody as a father figure no kasi kung ikaw
ay empowered, you should not be forever dependent on on on a leader no (inaudible) empowerment
noon. You can be productive no as a a citizen, without necessarily being too dependent no or upon a
specifical administration. Uhh ang nangyari naging father figure siya uhh... sa kaniya nakadepende no
uhh, compromise yung (inaudible) of the empowerment of the citizens no masyadong paternalistic no
lahat ay inaasa sa kaniya no ang lahat ay- halimbawa peace and order no (inaudible) of peace and order is
equivalent to Duterte. Kasi peace and order can be producted through citizen's vigilance. Diba halimbawa
tayo pag nakakita tayo ng mali ini- ii... pinagbibigay alam natin sa owtoridad no, pag nakakita tayo ng
mali, itinutuwid natin sa pamamagitan ng moral suasion o pag papakita ng paliwanag no ng single-
mindedness, ang nangyari, pag pag may krimen no, ang inaasahan ang tutugon si Duterte. That should not
be the case because that is too government centric (inaudible) kailangan naman puro top down dapat may
bottom down din, you should meet halfway o dapat nga ang style natin, bibingka strategy. Papaano
magluto ng bibingka? May apoy sa ilalim may apoy sa ibabaw, hindi pwedeng ang apoy laging nasa taas
no kasi masusunog. Dapat bibingka strategy nun kasi yung isang effort, on the level of the- on the level of
the management may effort doon on the (inaudible) bibingka strategy no so uhh in in the process no you
coordinate. Yun yung yun yung nangyari, kaya noon nung prinesenta niya sarili niya sa Pilipinas, uhhh
nagkakompyansa yung mga tao na ay sa wakas meron na tayong masasandigan. The father figure who
will be liberating us no from ones form of operation, various form of injustice, in terms of domination.
Uhh yun yung nakita kong problema no because the people felt very powerless such as they are looking
for a father figure who will redeem them. No so they feel that they are being harassed by tax examiners,
they feel that they are being harassed by kotong police man they, they uhh feel uh they're being harassed
by labor increasing uhh price of commodities, they felt that they are being harassed by by.. uhh... un-
unscropolous capitalist no. Kaya ang nangyari, ay nandito si Duterte tagapagtanggol natin, not realizing
that, the people can actually be a strong force to use. Yung mamayan may malaking pwersa para sa
pagbabago, if nasanay tayo na we feel so disempowered tapos somebody (inaudible) as an alternative, as
a saviour, uhh... we became very enamored no uhh into (inaudible) uhhh.. Marcos best describe him as
(inaudible) uhhh.. He he resorts to yung pagsanib, subsidiarity, nagdedelagate siya. Pero gusto kong
linawin may pagkakataon tulad nung sinabi dito, he is an action man kasi that is the character of most
LGU's no. Kasi diba nakalubog ka sa tao , you have face to face indirect contact with them kaya yung
ganoong training niya sa LGU, magagamit niya no in national governments kasi direkta yung ugnayan sa
tao, kasi LGU no kaya nakita ng tao, he will not just be guilty of saliva festival no, puro salita, acutally he
will be walking the talk no, kasi he's an action man and that is the character of most LGU officials. Kasi
may nasunog na pabrika pupunta talaga sila mayor....................... I do not know if it's good or bad no kasi
it can also be bad kasi he just want to gain browny points for the upcoming election pero it will also be
good if you want to look better no aspiration of your people. Diba nakikipagkwentuha pa sa kanila,
compare that to other president na pupunta lang sa ospital kasi may binomba tapos photo-ops lang tapos
aalis na no. Nagkwentuhan, that that will just be only for a very short period of time 'cause he has other
concerns for other people. At isa pang nakita ng mga tao kay Duterte, yung kaniyang pagiging fluid no,
an-anfluid, informal, where people are able to identify with him no kasi yung iba ang tingin nila, very
elitist and orient(ation) siya ay (inaudible)............................... Isa pa na katangian niya ay yung typical
Filipino culture na sumisipol ng babae, diba yung parang mga formalities and restriction imposed
imposed by ano , the upper class, linalabag niya lahat yung protocol, (inaudible), ettiquete at yung mga
tao kinikilig dun, kinikilig dun, because he is, th-the people are able to uhh able to identify with him
nakabarong tapos naka-nakamaong diba nagmumura which is very typical of us, kasi tayo naman
nagmumura kasi tayo 'di naman tayo nagmumura sa galit but as a form of expression. Ako nagmumura
ako lagi sa klase, it appeals to my students, tuwang tuwa sila tuwang tuwa sila. Uhh...pag uhh.. pag uhh
nagmumura ako, probably that is also true no with respect to how people perceive him. No uhh... Multi-
dimensional entrepreunal authocratic leader, uh he knows how to adapt this style through the expectation
of his uhh.. followers. Ang problema sa kaniya, he is consistent of being inconsistent no he is consistent
of being- nagfiflipflop siya no. On one occassion he will this on one occassion that is not what he meant,
yun yung problema, kasi that will create an issue no in terms of what policy direction do he really want to
pursue. Initially nakaktuwa yun but eventually that will lead to so much confusion no it will impact on
our investment, it will impact on our tourism, it will impact on our international reputation
no............................. Because Noynoy, alam niyo si Noynoy tamad kasi yan. Nung congressman palang
yan wala namang naipasang batas yan si Noynoy, tapos lagi pa nagyoyosi sa labas ng congress hall. So no
one thought of him as a potential presidential, timber. Tapos pag tinignan mo iyong CV niya, curriculum
vitae, mga trabaho niya, sa sa ano sa Hacienda Luisita, sa Mon Dragon, I do not know what is Mon
Dragon, saan ba yun? Apparel, sa mga damit?................ Tapos nabasa ko yung kaniyang write-up sa
kanyang yearbook no, poorly written no, made in with a lot of grammatical errors............. Because
Noynoy is not really a brilliant student no, kasi naging estudyante yan ni Gloria eh no, yung mga grades
niyan ang baba-baba eh............................Mababa ang tingin niya kay Noynoy kasi Noynoy is a studious
student in economics when he was in Ateneo. So uhh that's the distinction, so Noynoy is a- diba
naimbento yung term na Noynoying, waiting for something to happen, being laid-back no, not actually
oriented no Noynoying planking no tas ano pa ba?.....................................................

Ahhh yung situational leadership theory yes no, is a form of leadership where you base your leadership
style on a case to case basis no. Ahh Parang sa rational ethics, may tatlo kasing klase ng ethics diba ehh,
ginagawa mo ito kasi yung mismong yun yung mismong ginagawa mo tama yun yung isa. Yung
pangalawa naman, ginagawa mo ito dahil ang magiging epekto niya, ang ibubunga niya, mabuti no
magkaiba yun no. You do this because the fact in itself no is correct, (inaudible) the act of itself is correct
no. Yung isa naman is consequential ethics, ginagawa naman ito because it's impact no it's effect no will
be positive no. Tapos yung pangatlo na yung situational ethics, case to case basis on case to case basis...
And uhh.. Duterte appears to be uhh.. yun nga uhh.. operating along that line. Depende kung sinong
kausap no pag pag mga taga-Northern Luzon, iba yung sinasabi niya diba? Pag uhh.. pag iba yung
audience, especially during the election no increases his browny points..................................................

Isa-isahin naman natin yung mga dating presidente no. Uhh let us start with uhh.. uhh.. Cory Aquino no.
Yung leadership style ni.. ni... ni.. Cory Aquino no ay alinsunod pa rin dun sa chronicle of good vs. evil
no. Uhhh meron nga pumuna sa kaniya na wala siyang alam ang sabi niya ay "Ay oo nga wala akong
alam- kasi she is just a- ay oo nga oo nga wala akong alam sa korupsyon, wala akong alam sa paglabag sa
pangkarapatang pantao". She used it against her critics no. Ang ang problema kay kay.. Cory no uhh.. she
is she is still largely influenced by uhh.. the US no, in fact no when she was given the chance no to.. take
advantage of the moral ascendancy no being enjoyed by the country after after Marcos no she remained
faithful no in paying our foreign debt no (inaudible) pagkakataon sana iyon dahil sa ginawa sa atin ng
diktatorya sa ilalim ni Marcos na iginiit na wag na nating bayaran ang mga inutang ni Marcos dahil hindi
naman natin pinakinabangan. Pero ang ginawa ni Cory no, she decided to fully honor no the existing
debts whether used productively no or otherwise used by the Filipinos. Uhh. because of her very strong
allegiance with the US. Kaya lang naman napatalsik si Marcos ay dahil uhh.. ang gusto lang ng US ay
mapalitan ng sumusunod sa kaniya na popular sa tao. Si Marcos sumusunod sa kaniya kaso hindi popular
sa tao. Kaya ang pinalit ay katulad ni Cory na sumusunod pa rin pero katanggap-tanggap at popular sa
tao. Uhhh ano ang kaniyang political psychology? She was uhh largely influenced by her political
affiliations. Ang lahat ng bagay ay (inaudible) kay Maria no, ikokonsulta mo kay Maria and that political
psychology no she was able to pass on from from her leadership no down to Noynoy na kumokunsolta
din sa Diyos. Si Noynoy diba, pumupunta pa sa mga madre when he needs to decide on a crucial uhh
issues about this uhh.. political theory no yun yung kay Cory. Pero tandaan natin na kahit babae si Cory
wag nating isipin na siya ay malumanay, mahina, dahil mas maraming paglabag sa pangkarapatang
pantao ang nangyari noong panahon ni Cory no sa pamamagitan ng low-intensity conflict no. Ibig sabihin
ng low-intensity conflict, kombinasyon siya ng psychological warfare at saka ng military aggression. Si
Marcos kasi ang ginawa diba all-out military aggression. Kombinasyon kombinasyon ng dalawa yung
ginamit niya. Tandaan natin uhh.. hindi lang ito usapin ng pagiging babae no. Kasi usapin din dito kung
anong interest ang kinakatawan niya. Ano bang interest ang kinakatawan ni Corazon Aquino? Interest ng
mga panginoong may lupa. Tas sasabihin natin ay babae, mahinahon, malumanay. Th-that is not the case
no because first and foremost what she interests does she represent no? The ranks of the land lords no,
mga panginoong may lupa. Kasi kung titignan natin ang Pilipinas isa tayong triumviulate. Mga
panginoong may lupa, mga national bourgoeise tas tayo mga tas mga manggagawa tapos mga
magsasaka..............................

Sunod naman ay si Ramos. Si Ramos is the first Ramos is acutally non-Catholic President. He is a
protestant. Ang kaniyang leadership style ay uhhh is very focus and a strong advocate of liberalization,
(inaudible) and the regulation no. This are the policies of globalization to liberize the economy to
deregulate the government, to privatize uhh, more on corporation. He is strongly influenced by the US no
kasi because of his training no he was a soldier. No diba the official also credited the premium to peace
and order to uhhh facilitate the order in Mindanao no but that was not very very successful no, uhh pero
kahit papaano na naasimulan niya. Ngayon itong si si Ramos, uhh alam natin isang minority president no.
Ibig sabihin ng minority president, napakaliit ng nakuha niyang boto sa eleksyon kasi multi-party system
tayo. Kasi pag two-party system tayo, we always get the majority................................... Nanalo lng siya
by only 21 to 23% of the votes no. Ibig sabihin 7 out of 10 Philippines did not vote for you.......... So that
was his major challenge, kaya ang ginawa niya he tried to reach out and form coalition mga coaltion no.
Mga coalition governments no. He tried to reach out on various political parties. At alam naman natin sa
Pilipinas kung sino president kahit minority-president ka pa, people will uhh, aggregate towards you, they
will change political affiliation at a drop of a hat. Parang kapag kay Duterte no lahat naglipatan sa kaniya
at iniwan ang liberal party........................................... Isa din siya sa aktibong nagsulong ng Philippines
2000 diba. He wants to prosper the Philippines, from becoming the sickman of Asia to the Tiger of Asia
(inaudible) again that captured the hearts and minds of the people na yung Ramos of long time
prosperity............ nakatulong din yung endorsement sa kaniya ni Cory no Cory endorsed uhhh.. Fidel V.
Ramos no because of the political- because Cory is politically idebted to Ramos no when Ramos
supported the (inaudible) EDSA.

Pagkatapos ni Ramos ay si Erap no. An advantage of Erap is that he rose from the ranks no. He came
form the LGU no tapos ginawa niya pang launching pad yung senate no. Uhhh... he was able to propagate
the myth no that he was one with the poor no. Erap para sa mahirap. A storyline that can be easily
understood , appreciated no and digested by the people. Uhh.. consider also the fact that Erap projected
himself as the Robinhood of the masses. Magnanakaw sa mga mayayaman at ipamamahagi ko sa mga
mahihirap and that was his characterization of most of his films. At ito rin yung panahon na na na na th-
that the line that distinguishes showbiz, sports no vis-a-vis politics is blurring. Ito na din yung panahon na
nakapasok si Loren Legarda, si Jaworski..... si Noli de Castro eto yung panahong yun. Kaya tignan natin
yung political culture ng Pilipinas no................................................................

Uhh so obviously Gloria is an advocate of neo-liberal economics. Uhh.. she supported the general
agreement on tariff and trade, she is the author of the 1995 Mining Act of the Philippines, she liberalized
mining in the Philippines, uhh.. which allowed 100% of the ownership no and control of the financial and
technical aspect of the mining operation no. Uhhh.. micromanager si Gloria, pag may hindi siya
nagustuhan and the camera is rolling, tatawagan niya yung concerned person.................................. so to
emphasize that she moves (inaudible) ang problema she must be very guilty kasi siguro ang isip niya
(inaudible) ang ginawa niya pinakita niya na matapang siya no she corrupted the military no. Siyempre
the corruption of military started with Marcos no and took advantage of that no, she politicized the
military, she politicized the church no, sinusuhulan niya binibigyan niya ng sports utility vehicle no, she
politicized the civil service, she politicized the Judiciary no, uhh with many appointees no with many-
uhh.. she politicized the every aspect of government at siya rin yung may pinakamaraming labas ng
bansa. Ang iniisip ko naimpluwensyahan siya ng kaniyang ama, kasi pag-labas ng ama niya, lagi siya
sumasama nung bata siya..................... Second to Marcos no, she is the longest running president. Uhh
kaya tawag din sa kanya the lost decade, sayang sayang............... She has a high IQ but low EQ.
Magagalitin magagalitin, uhhh pinahihiya niya yung mga tao pag hindi niya nagustuhan. She will even
confront them no in front of the media.Uhhh she was uhhh.. endeared no, endearing to the people that she
is a Nora Aunor look alike diba. Yun yung exact size ng nunal tapos maliit. Uhh.. isa pa ay uhh.. pinakita
din na ano na she is the alternative and opposite to to Erap. Uhh...

John Ponsaran: At saka ng mga executive edge, yun yung mga power elite na nagsasabwatan na military
officials, the business leaders and the executive edge (sabwatan yan). Sa US meron din ganiyang
sabwatan ang tawag dun Military Industrial Complex, sabwatan ng Presidente, sabwatan ng Defense
Secretary, kasabwatan ng Presidente. Tatlo ang Defense Secretary, sabwatan kasama ang Legislative
Branch at yung mga weapon’s manufacturer ang ibig sabihin yung mga merchants of death those who
send weapons, ano, kaya sabwatan sila so that they create an impression that the US needs to go to war in
order to survive. Ang tawag natin minsan diyan ay iron triangle kung saan nagsasabwatan yung executive,
at yung legislative, at saka yung, yung

Interviewer I: Judiciary.

John Ponsaran: yung business, yung business, interested, yung interest group in the form of business kaya
gusto ko mabasa niyo yon yung empower to youth ni (inaudible) even in summary, para makita niyo na
ayan ang pagkakapare-pareho sa lahat ng (inaudible) kasi, kasi you will be able to identify the over laps
between two administration pero may makikita kayong similarities of pattern they used soft and hard
power, yung, power elite model, yung ano, yung political psychology dun na-impluwensyahan ang
kanilang ng economic interest, ano, ano ba yung economic interest? Kaya may pagka-Marxist din,
gamitin niyo din yung Marxism. Ano yung, kasi naapektutan ng substructure yung superstructure. Ano
yung substructure? The economic base, what is a superstructure? The way we think, our culture, our
politics, di ba? So, The superstructure, meaning our philosophy is politics, our culture are reflections of
our economic conditions. Halimbawa bakit yung mga taga-PUP, mabilis, mabilis sila mag-rally, mataas
yung pampulitikang kamalayan nila, mataas yung kanilang superstructure kasi mga anak sila ng mga
magsasaka at saka ng mga mangingisda at saka ng mga maralitang taga-Luzon, so that is there (inaudible)
but that is there objective condition that’s their concrete condition, so that is their economic condition yun
yung kanilang substructure. Kaya ganun yung pananaw nila. Bakit yung mga katutubo walang pintuan?
Meron lang silang lagusan? Kasi ang kanilang material na kondisyon economic philosophy everything is
(inaudible) everything is in common, so walang private partnership and it is illuminated by (inaudible).
So yung kultura ng paggawa nila ng bahay na-impluwensyahan ng kanilang economic lifestyle, do you
get my point? (inaudible) yung kultura ng paggawa nila ng bahay naapektuhan ng political na kondisyon.
Kaya tignan niyo na-impluwensyahan ang kanilang pananaw ng economic condition, ano, saang uri ba
sila nanggaling? Naghaharing uri. Ano? In that case they will only preserve the interest of the middle
class. Uhm, (inaudible) election as a competition it only creates an illusion that there is a compensation
for power pero ang katotohan diyan it’s the same circle of elite that ahhh… compete. Mas gusto ko
banggitin niyo din yung Trabu at saka yung Trapo context no? yung appointment nila yun yung kanilang
universal style yung Trabu at saka yung Trapo, trabu.. Trapo, traditional politician, Trabu, traditional
bureaucrat. Ibig sabihin yung trapo lagging nahahahlal sa… sa puder, no? These are the political
dynasties. May dalawang klase ng political dysnasty yung una, horizontal dynasty at saka yung vertical
dynasty. Pag sinabi nating horizontal, yung nanay, vice mayor, yung asawa, mayor, yung anak,
congressman, yung anak, konsehal, horinzontal, they occupy the positions at the same time. Yung isa
naman vertical pag natapos yung position ni Tatay the term will be pass on to the.. eldest in the family, so
parang vertical so political dynasty pa rin siya di ba? Yung Trabu naman pagka-appoint sa iyo sa isang
political…pagka-appoint sayo sa isang government position at kapag natapos yung isang term you get
appointed to another gubernatorial position. Ano ang nangyayari? Parang their holding their politics.
Minsan appointee ka sa DSWD or DPWH tapos if you have been.. ah..if you have been .. popular, you
run for a senate position tapos kapag natalo ka na or kapag natapos yung term mo after three executive
terms, maa-appoint ka nanaman sa (inaudible). So Trabu, Trabu, Trapo. Eto ang masama after their term
in their office by the appointee or elective, ano ang ginagawa? They go back to their private practice.
Bringing with them with their massive network no? when they were in the government, no diba? Bringing
with them with their massive…ahh..manage of how the government functions, nagagamit nila yon in
helping the private sector that they (inaudible) Do you get my point? Tapos kapag nahalal nanaman ang
kanila benefactor the expression again will be appointed in the office, Trabu nanaman siya, traditional
bureaucrat and that vicious goes on and on and on kaya tawagin natin (inaudible) and all these presidents
have (inaudible) leadership styles. Kaya dapat Makita niyo (inaudible). Aahhh. Tapos..ah.. sino ba
(inaudible) si Mariz Umali ano.

Interviewer I: Reporter

John Ponsaran: Ahh…kasi parang sa pammamagitan ng pagpapakita ng kaniyang lower nature. Kasi may
higher nature tayo at Lower nature. Yung Higher nature yung superego at ego tapos yung lower nature
natin yung ating eve, diba? Psychology at sa pamamaraan ng pagpapakita ng eve niya, no? parang akala
ng tao he’s being..he’s being true and just being honest for them that is a sign of, ewan ko kung leadership
style kasi they are not considering anything, kaya ganon.

John Ponsaran: Yung kay Duterte nandiyan din yung brand, ano, yung brand of nationalism niya, yung
he’s projection as a..as a..nationalist, he’s projection as an anti-imperialist..he’s projection against the US
war aggression kasi pinapakita niya nag anon na tatanggalin ko na ang DFA no?aaahhh…he doesn’t want,
he wants to delete from the clatches control of US from the Philippines but to deliberate the country to
hegemonic of US. Yun yung isa appeal sa kaniya inaudible) Tapos ngayon he appears to be in good terms
with the law si President Trump naman taking them that they have the same leadership style. (Inaudible).
Before we end, bakit popular ang Martial Law? Kasi ang Martial Law is a recurring theme (inaudible)
dahil nabigo ang Sistema ang edukasyon upang ito’y ipaunawa sa mamayanan at sa mga kabataan,
nabigo. Pangalawa, nabigo ang lahat ng sumunod na Administrasyon upang palaguin ang Pilipinas kaya
inakala nila mas mabuti pang bumalik sa panahon ni Marcos because all the rest of the Presidents failed to
making the lives of the Filipinos. Failed to improve the quality life of Filipinos kaya ang tingin nila
(inaudible) nagkakaroon ng decline no? on this man pattern, nagde-degenerate or nagde-deteriorate, no?
In the golden age daw of Marcos Leadership. Yun yung dalawa. Kasi mas mamapakita natin na, makikita
may potensyal ang mga Pilipino makikita natin ito bilang alternatibo at makikita natin ito bilang
magandang hinaharap sa Pilipinas. (Inaudible). They share same the aspects of leadership. From Cory to
Ramos, yung naging problem diyan, yung naging transition diyan nanggaling kay Cory na puro krisis kay
Ramos naman from being the sick man of asia naging tiger of economy, niliberalized yung economy, yan
yung naging transition don. From Marcos to Erap naman ang gusto ni Erap is to put the masses at the
center stage no? tapos may jeepney erap. Yung kay Ramos may pagka-eliptist, globalization, mining,
industrialization para maramdaman ng tao and helps us to reverse us kaso. Yung kay GMA, ang naging
problema naman ay GMA ay she institutionalized the corruption she politicized the government bodies
9inaudible) soft power and hard power kay Ramos, kay Erap All-out War. GMA appointed the most
number of military officials, isipin mo former military official inappoint sa Commission on Human
Rights. (Inaudible)
 APPENDIX C

Research Interview with Mr. Dan Jefferson Lopez

Duration: 38 minutes 53 seconds
Date: March 14, 2017

Mr. Lopez: Okay, your first question is that can you elaborate the different leadership style of the
previous presidents of the Philippines and compare it with.. ah.. President Duterte.
Actually, ah.. with the post ah.. Martial Law, after the administration of President Marcos, the five
presidents actually are different in styles. When we talk about Corazon Aquino, we can see that her
leadership started to become more liberal, liberal, kasi yung relationship niya with the United States, alam
naman natin, that nung entrance niya after the.. ah.. after Marcos was overthrown sa kanyang position,
President Aquino has a deep relation with the United States-

Interviewer I: (Overlapping) Ah so strong bond po? Strong relation?

Mr. Lopez: Oo, strong relationship.

Interviewer I: (Overlapping) Influence pa rin po sa US yung pamamalakad niya?

Mr. Lopez: Oo, malaking influence. Since..since Marcos also has a good relationship with the United
States, however, alam naman natin na sa may history, nagkaroon ng lamat yun e, bandang huli, yung
relationship ni Marcos and the United States. And then Corazon Aquino, when her, when.. she entered
no.. her leadership.. Yung sistema ng gobyerno natin is ah naging democracy.. in.. in the context of the
United States. Kumbaga… ang style natin noon ay medyo mas naging under tayo ng US when it comes to
influence. So anong makikita natin dun, isang bagay ay yung.. yung mga projects di ba. Kaya nga
maraming mga umalma non na mga military is because they tried to have coup d’éta para patalsikin si
Cory during that time dahil masyado ngang parang nagiging sunod-sunuran na ang Pilipinas during that
time. At the same time, ang kanyang focus nun.. nung mga policies niya is not more on military but more
of the social welfare. Parang yun nga in the.. para kumbaga when we use some theories, parang feministic
na yung approach niya e. Kasi siya yung first female president-

Interviewer:I (overlapping) Pero Sir, sabi po di ba, sabi na, I mean, hindi daw po feminist si Cory?

Mr. Lopez: Oo, hindi siya feminist. Mas, mas ano nga siya e.. Mas kitang kita sa administration niya ang
liberalistic.
Interviewer I: Pero yung.. projects niya po doon makikita yung pagiging feminist niya?

Mr. Lopez: Uh-hmm. Sa mga projects niya like social welfare. Isang bagay doon ay hindi siya masyadong
ah..ma- Kasi ang kurso kasi niyan ni Cory, Fine Arts e. Kaya hindi siya masyadong aware sa
administration ng gobyerno, naka-rely lang siya sa kanyang mga advisors, in most especially the United
States na tumulong sa kanya para ah.. maagaw yung.. hindi naman, not, not in a sense na maagaw kundi
para siya ang makakuha nung position ng presidency.
Then… isang bagay doon, pagpasok ni Fidel Ramos, dito kasi military siya. So, makita mo in.. in
comparison dun sa dalawa, mamaya natin i-compare kay Duterte, yung transition kay Cory to Fidel
Ramos medyo.. oo, mayroon pa ring good relationship with the United States pero ang focus ni Marc- ni
Ramos is more of the economic stability. Kaya nga nung time niya is naging ano siya e.. is one of Asia’s
tiger economy.

Interviewer I: Philippines 2000.

Mr. Lopez: Oo yung Philippines o.. nung panahon ni Ramos. However, ang problema natin dyan. Nung
panahon ni Cory at panahon ni Ramos mas ano e, mas ah… mas majority yung tinatawag nating foreign
debt. Foreign debt. Kumbaga mas madalas mangutang ang Pilipinas. It reflects na nahirapan talaga silang
mag-adjust after nung kay Marcos.
Now, in the time of a.. Estrada. Dito naman napakita na.. yung kanyang administration is not, not based
on the.. what we called this the good governance. Kundi naka-base to sa ano e populist e. Parang kasi, si
Erap dahil nga ang kanyang image, celebrity rin siya at the same time naging local government official
siya, ang kanyang approach is more of the tao-

Interviewer I: (Overlapping) Pang-masa.

Mr. Lopez: Oo, pang-masa. Then, the problem is that yung kanyang, yung kanyang naging problem dun
sa ano EDSA II ay ano yun kumbaga malaking [plus?] yun kasi si Erap ay nasanay siya sa buhay na ano e
na..[hindi?] kumbaga yung sarili niyang buhay as a celebrity, as a local government official, ang naging
pagkakamali is to look on the national side. National side. So hindi ganun naging magandang yung
kanyang administration. At the same time, medyo, oo meron siyang relationship sa US but not as go-o-o-
d as Fidel Ramos and Cory. Kaya siguro masasabi ko dun, kaya rin siya nagkaroon ng problema sa
kanyang position, pagpapanatili niya ay dahil medyo may lamat din ang kanyang relationship sa.. sa..
tawag dito.. sa.. United States. Pero ang kinagandahan naman dito kay Erap, nung time niya, hindi siya
madalas mangutang, hindi siya madalas mangutang. However, yun nga lang ang pondo ng gobyerno, di
ba nakaso nga siya ng plunder so that’s a big problem.
In the time of ah.. Arroyo naman. May--Ang focus kasi ni Arroyo not- most, most of her projects
is economic development. Kasi eco--econo--economics graduate yan e, si..Arrayo e. Ang kanyang
approach somehow meron rin may pagka-Machiavellian kasi bakit, kasi si Arroyo handa niyang gawin
yung mga bagay na even to the point na hindi maganda para lang mapanatili yung kanyang ginagawa na
alam niya sa sarili niya good intention. So parang, isang bagay rin yung tatay niya, parang kamukha rin
ng pangyayari sa tatay niya, si Diosdado Macapagal. Ang kanyang administration is actually ano.. ah
more of economics. Ika nga, yun nga, dahil nga siya yung second na babaeng presidente hindi rin ganun
ka…kasanay pa yung ating lipunan sa pamumuno ng babae. So the problem, nagkaroon siya ng problema
lalo na nung nagkaroon siya ng isyu sa dayaan.

Interviewer I: (murmur) nung 2004.

Mr. Lopez: Oo. Pero ang kinagandahan naman dito kay Gloria Arroyo is that yung kanyang knowledge
pagdating sa economics. So kung titignan mo, ke-kay, kay Ramos more of military kaya ang nangyari
naging maganda ang ating national security. Pagdating dito kay ah.. dito kay Cory, ay, kay Erap more of
the tao. Ibig sabihin yung kanyang focus. Pagdating kay Arroyo, economics naman yung kanyang focus.

Interviewer I: Sir paano pong military yung kay Ramos? Di ba po ay nagfocus rin siya sa may economics.

Mr. Lopez: Kasi nung- Nagfocus siya sa economics pero at the same time yung economic development ay
dinala niya dun papapunta sa military. Kasi bakit, nung time ni Ramos nagkaroon ng modernization
ang..yung Armed Forces-

Interviewer I: Nag-industrialize

Mr. Lopez: Oo. Nagkaroon ng tinatawag na Modernization Law ang Armed Forces of the Philippines.
Kaya mas pina-igting yung national security during that time. So every time na magkaroon ng progress sa
economic development…

Interviewer I: (Overlapping) Para pong balance po sa military...

Mr. Lopez: Oo nagkakaroon din sa military. However, not as high as Marcos nung time niya. Time ni
Marcos. Pero bumabawi kasi. Tapos sa time naman ni Aquino, President ah.. Noynoy Aquino, ang
kinagandahan sa kanya is yung.. leadership style niya, mamaya ko na i-compare kay Duterte, pero, sa una
nag-focus siya sa pagtanggal dun sa mga tiwali, nung time ng first period ng kanyang leadership.
Corruption din yung kanyang focus e, pero after that, ang kanyang naging focus ay more of the.. the
revealing of truth. So parang ganoon yung nangyari. Tapos at the same time, ang economy natin umangat
ng kaunti pero not, di ganoon kataas. Tingin ko, itong si President Aquino, Benigno III hindi siya ganon
ka-effective pagdating dun sa economic development pero somehow naging remaining naman yung ano
natin. Kumbaga hindi siya bumaba, hindi siya tumaas-

Interviewer I: (Overlapping) Nag-stable lang

Mr. Lopez: Nag-stable lang. pero makita natin sa kanyang administration bagamat maraming mga isyu
pero kung ikumpara man siya kay Estrada, Arroyo mas tahimik naman yung kanyang leadership na
nangyari. Kumbaga eleksyon palang, sa pag-alis niya, although may mga kinakaso sa kanya, pero ang
isang bagay na medyo problema dyan is that yung influence nung kanyang- kasi Cojuangco-din yan e.
Cojuangco-Aquino yan e. Nagkaroon siya ng issue pagdating sa Agrarian Reform dahil lupa nila di ba,
Hacienda Luisita so medyo may problem pagdating sa bagay na ‘yan. Pagdating sa leadership style I
think kung iku-kumpara siya sa ibang mga president medyo kakaunti yung kanyang political will.

Interviewer I: Passive po siya?

Mr. Lopez: Oo. Kumbaga kaya pa siyang impluwensiyahan ng iba pang. Pero kung iku-kumpara siya kay
Estrada, si Estrada medyo mas malakas pa yung tapang niya.

Interviewer I: Nag-all out war po siya di ba?

Mr. Lopez: Oo. All-all out war di ba? Ganun rin naman si Gloria e pero some parts lang di ba saka some
groups lang yung dineklarahan niya ng all out war. Ngayon to compare yung lima na yun kay President
Duterte. Masasabi ko, mas lamang takaga si Duterte pagdating sa kanyang tinatawag na political will.
Kasi si Duterte very firm pagnagsabi siya at the same time yung tapang niya.. ah nagdudulot ito para
magustuhan siya ng tao. Unlike kay Estrada matapang din naman siya. Pero ang kinagandahan kasi kay
Duterte nandyan na yung tapang saka yung talino kasi parehas siyang ano e.. merong alam at saka meron
siyang lakas ng loob. So ayun yung nangyayari. Ngayong ang nagiging resulta nung kanyang political
will nagkakaroon ito ng effect sa, sa po—people, yung public trust. Ngayon kapag yung public trust na-
gain niya, makakaapekto yun sa leadership style niya na kahit anong i-implement niya ay nagtitiwala rin
tayo. Unlike yung ibang president very parang maagan yung kanilang approach saka hindi kaganun
katindi yung kanilang trust rating pagdating sa taong bayan, ang nangyari ang mga ini-implement na..na
mga policies ng mga president na ito hindi siya ganun ka-effective pagdating sa tao, unlike tayo ngayon,
kung mapapansin mo, hindi ako Pro-Duterte pero kapansin-pansin na ang tao may tiwala sa kanyang
leadership style kasi ang kaibahan parang somehow naulit yung kay Marcos pero ang kaibahan si Duterte
not as harsh as Marcos yung ginawa niya. Kumbaga, hindi natin alam in the future pero hindi naman
ganun katindi yung, yung paghangad ni Duterte sa power kumpara kay Marcos e.

Interviewer I: So, Sir masasabi niyo po na paternalistic approach yung gamit ni Duterte?

Mr. Lopez: Not, not really paternalistic kundi, kasi kapag sinabi nating paternalistic usually ang
leadership ng mga kalalakihan e di ba. Kumabaga, as a father in a family. Hindi ko masabing paternalistic
kasi somehow marami rin siyang concern pagdating sa kababaihan e. Kumbaga, hindi kababa tingin niya
sa babae kasi masasabi natin kahit, kahit ano siya matapang siya may part sa kanyang leadership kino-
consider pa rin, niya pa rin ang babae. Like for example, kung mapapansin niyo ang currently ang, yung
kaga-graduates lang na mga PMA panay babae iyon pero ganun yung kanyang approach sa [ganun?]. So,
in a sense of paternalistic hindi ko masabi kasi ang paternalistic theory kasi nag-nag-nag-state siya ng ang
leaedership ay para nasa lalaki. So I can say that Duterte is not a paternalist kasi ina-acknowledge rin
naman niya ang leadership ng mga kababaihan.

Interviewer I: Ah Sir, sa palagay niyo po ang leadership style nila ay naka-base po sa kung saan? Kunwari
po sa primary affiliation nila? From the place where they are born? Or kung nakakaapekto rin po ba yung
religion nila?

Mr. Lopez: Isang bagay kasi kay President Duterte hindi naman halata na siya ay religious. Kasi
somehow, kung religious siya oo makikita natin siya meron siyang pananampalataya sa Diyos pero mas
nakikita na ang kanyang influence of leadership, kasama na rin yung ibang president, ay dun sa kanilang
experience, sa locality nila. Like for example, Marcos Ilokano. Like for example itong si Duterte galing sa
Mindanao. So kung approach ang ginagamit nila, kung si Marcos galling Norte, si Duterte galling South,
mas naa-apply nila based from their experience sa locality nila. Kaya itong si President Duterte malapit
siya sa tao at the same time ang kanyang style e inilalapit niya ang gobyerno sa tao is because ginagawa
niya sa local government. Parang si Erap, galing siya sa local government, inilalapit niya yung gobyerno
sa tao yun nga lang may mga failure pero at present kay President Duterte nakakaapekto kung saan sila
lumaki. For example, si Duterte 20 years siyang mayor..no.. almost 20 years siya or more than 20 years
siyang mayor sa Davao. Ibig sabihin kung anong nakasanayan niya dun pwede niya ring mas malaking
influence na ganun rin yung gawin niya pagdating sa national government. Pero not at all times. Yun
naman ay kumbaga kung sasabihin ko malaking porsyento ng kanilang leadership galling sa experiential
ah..factor ng kanilang pamumuno lalo kung dating politiko sa local government.

Interviewer I: Ah Sir kasi meron po kaming po kaming ginawa ditong ano..ah tabular matrix na parang
eto po yung unang result nung interview naming. Parang ito po yung [nariyan?] parang kung pwede pong
i-ano niyo rin po, i-elaborate niyo rin po yung style nila sa economic, military, religion, social and
opposition po nila.

Mr. Lopex: Okay, so yung kay, siguro i-aano ko na nga lang dun sa based sa kanilang mas naging focus.
Like for example kay Corazon Aquino, oo meron siyang focus in land-owning ahh elite’s kasi bakit, kasi
during that time alam natin na ang kanilang isyu ng pamilya ay more of the ah land-owning. So ang
naging focus ni Corazon Aquino is ayun nga magkaroon ng granting ng—kaya nga sa kanya nagsimula
ang tinatawag nating ano e..yung.. tungkol sa land reform. Sa kanya nagsimula yun-

Interviewer I: (overlapping) Agrarian Reform?

Mr. Lopez: Oo yung agrarian reform. Di ba if I’m not mistaken it started with letter C..CAR-

Interviewer I: (overlapping) CARP..?

Mr. Lopez: Oo yun. Parang tungkol sa lupa. Pamamahagi ng lupa mula sa land-owning, pamamahagi dun
sa mga magsasaka. Ang nakita ko dyan, during is politically oo ang, ang naging focus is to distribute yun
pero that will also reflect kung paano rin protektahan yung kanilang issue. Kasi may issue sila sa lupa e.
Ngayon, gagamitin nila yun to protect the issue is kailangan yun ang gamitin nila para makuha nila yung
trust ng taong bayan. So I think ganun ang ano nyan. Even dependent to US is.. economically, bakit? Kasi
lahat ng, halos lahat ng ating economic policies ay dictated by the US. Sa Religion naman, huwag natin
pag-usapan kasi ang mga Aquino, they’re very close to the Catholic Church lalo na ang mga..si..

Interviewer I: Cory?
Mr. Lopez: Cory Aquino. Militarily? Hindi ganoon kaano kasi since she’s the first president na babae.
Sabi ko nga kanina, more of focus niya ay education, social welfare, women’s right di ba? Being nilang
mukha ng democracy ayun yung kanyang mga proyekto.

Interviewer I: Pero paano po yung style niya sa paghawak sa AFP bilang Chief of Commander ng AFP
during her term?

Mr. Lopez: Hindi ganung ka-effective kasi may mga kudeta e.

Interviewer I: Opo, naka-9 kudeta po siya.

Mr. Lopez: Kasi kung may kudeta it means the trust in military is not, hindi ganung katindi. Bakit, siguro
may pride din ang military during that time kaya hindi nila kayang sumunod sa babae.

Interviewer I: Pero di bap o na-survive naman po niya yung 9 kudetas?

Mr. Lopez: Na-survive in the sense na meron kasi siyang ano..meron kasi siyang..

Interviewer I: May..may ties po?

Mr. Lopez: Oo may ties siya kumbaga sa United States di ba. So militarily, external , meron siyang
relationship sa US pero sa internal yun ang kahinaan niya, pagdating sa loob. Kasi ang pinaka-importante
chief of commander ka dapat mapasunod mo yung mga sarili mong ano.

Interviewer I: Ah sir yung, iko-confirm ko lang po yung sa isa naming analysis. Sabi po kasi may, ang
gamit po ni Cory is low-intensity conflict yung style niya po sa military. Totoo po ba yun?

Mr. Lopez: Oo meron. Somehow mag-aagree ako dun sa tinatawag na low-intensity. Bakit, kasi hindi nga
siya ganun kahilig pagdating sa ano.. sa.. kunwari, say for example warfare hindi siya aggressive.
Kunsabagay, kung saka-sakali magkaroon ng conflict with other country, diplomacy is the first option not
political warfare or military warfare. Ang first option lagi ay diplomatic. Kasi ganun ang nangyari e.
Nung pag-upo niya palang di bas a US pumunta siya dun sa US Congress di ba? Diplomatic ang kanyang
naging approach. So okay naman in the sense na nakakaepekto sa relationship natin sa [US?]. Pero ang
kahinaan, bilang leader ikaw yung masusunod pagdating sa military.

Ah kay Fidel Ramos naman, yes Capitalist approach but at the same time ang pagiging capitalist niya,
sabi ko nga, From capitalist dinadala niya yun para i-improve yung military dahil military siya e. So kaya
nga kanina yung tanong mo, ano bang nakakaapekto sa leadership nila is their experience. Kasi mas
matagal yung exposure niya sa military kesa sa political e. So ganun yung nangyari so hindi naman sa
bias kundi yun ang nakikita niyang mas makakatulong. Yung pag-improve as a capitalist, investment di
ba, tapos yung mga investment na kikitain dun mapupunta sa military reform. Ah..so kasama na yun,
economic at military. Religion.. kasi I believe siya yung first Protestant president. Hindi siya Catholic e.
Ang kaibahan, siguro when we talk about in religion, Malaki epekto kasi may mga protestant churches rin
na na-involve sa government. So..medyo humina ang influence ng Catholic Church kasi naging open na
ito para sa mga hindi Catholic. So affected, ang religion ng president ay apektado kung paano siya
mamamahala. Syempre may influence rin. Alam mo naman kapag wala ka sa Catholic mas matindi ang
ano nyan e ang sharp ang doctrine mo sa mga ganyan. Yung kanyang policy making hindi naapektuhan
ang knayang biblical belief. Social..? Siguro dahil militar siya hindi siya ganun kalapit sa pagdating sa
masa.
Interviewer I: Siya po yung minority vote na nanalo sa president-

Mr. Lopez: (overlapping) Ayun minority vote siya-

Interviewer I: (Overlapping) Sa history ng mga presidente.

Mr. Lopez: Di ba? Kumbaga, biruin mo nanalo siya kasi yung time niya multi party e. Di ba, ang daming
naglaban laban so kahit maliit boto niya nanalo pa rin siya.

Kay Joseph Ejercito Estrada naman pagdating sa kanyang economic ang sabi dito is using..ah sa military,
using his power to eradicate and intimidate his oppositions. Si Erap kasi wala siyang, mas preferred niya
ang tinatawag na political way rather than diplomatic way. So para sa kanya kung ayaw mong sumunod,
ako ang presidente, e mawala nalang kayo. So parang sa kanya ay hindi effective na magkaroon tayo ng
pag-uusap kasi “I am the President, I have the sovereignty, dapat sumunod kayo”. Then very strong. Kaya
nga ako hanga ako rito kay Estrada pagdating sa kanyang political will kasi ganun siya ka-firm. Problema
nga dun syempre hindi lagiing ganun. Kasi kung merong mga pulitiko na ganun at yung mga tauhan
naman niya ay hindi niya kakampi ay babagsak ka and that’s the problem. Ah dito business industry to
attract some foreign investors in the country, very powerful. Kasi si Erap palakaibigan. Alam mo naman
ang ugali ng Presidente Estrada, ano yan, kumabaga, siguro nung nag-aaral pa yan mabarkada na yan e.
Kaya ganun yung approach niya. Kaya marami siyang mga kakilalang mga mayaman kaya nga di ba one,
isa sa mga nagpabagsak sa kanya e si Chavit Singson. Kasi isa siya sa mga dikit sa mayayaman sa foreign
investments. Palakaibigan yan. Not practicing his religious endeavors. Hmm..siguro dahil marami siyang
issue. So kahit sabihin nating Catholic siya, if I’m not mistaken, hindi niya na-apply yun kasi nga lumaki
siya sa buhay na hindi namna talaga relihiyoso. Hindi ko lang alam sa asawa niya, si [Eloy?] baka iyon
religious. Populist, yes. Social when it comes to social affairs malapit sa tao ayun nga. Pero dahil
nagkaroon ng issue sa politika, hindi na siya tumakbo. Pero ngayon tignan mo naman naging Mayor ng
Manila. Ibig sabihin, nandun pa rin yung karisma niya as a politician. From San Juan to Manila, biruin
mom aging mayor ka ng Manila.

Si Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, yes, advocate of economist. Kaya nga medyo nagkaroon siya ng maraming
issues pagdating sa corruption kasi siya yung nakakaalam ng mga pasikot-sikot ng budgeting, pasikot-
sikot ng taxation, ng investment, ng pangungutang. Sa panahon niya ang daming pinirmahan na mga
soverign bond. Ibig sabihin marami tayong utang nung time niya. Ahh... manipulated the AFP, yes kasi e
in the sense, ayun nga in comparison with a..Corazon Aquino, siya e kahit papano nahawakan ng maigi
yung AFP. Ayun nga lang for self-interest. Somehow merong ganun. Split-level Christianity, hindi ko
masabi e pero since di kasi masyadong nakita yung kanyang pagiging? religious that time. May mga
president kasi na makikita agad. Like Ramos, makikita mo na.. reveal na reveal sa kanya ang pagiging
Protestant during that time. Unlike kay Arroyo, hindi mo rin naman mahahalata. Para ngang minsan sa
pagiging religious, hindi sila ganun ka—kasi ganun nga politically kapag nagpabor sila ng isang religion
lalo na ng kanilang religion that will affect the public trust kasi hindi naman lahat Catholic. Politicized
every aspect of the government, no permit, no rally..oo kasi isang bagay yun e. Ayaw na ayaw niyang
nagkakaroon ng regress grievances. Iniiwasan niya magkaroon ng issue so kaya nga nung time niya
hawak niya rin yung media e. Kung aware kayo, hawak niya rin ang media to control yung mga..nung
pagpublicize ba nung mga information. One factor doon ay lahat ng aspect of government ay ano…but
not, hindi naman ako sa masyadong negative sa kanya kasi meron din namang siyang magandang ginawa
when it comes to public organization. Ang isang bagay doon is probably is pagmodernize ng Sistema.
Isang factor rin yun dahil nga economist siya marami siyang mga contact sa ibang bansa kung papano
yung pattern and how to run the economic aspect ng bansa.

Kay Aquino, good at foreign negotiations, yes. Kasi, when it comes to economics mas maraming foreign
investment ang pumasok nang term niya. Kasi ano siya e ah.. nung time nga niya panay ang alis niya e
pata makipag-usap sa ibang mga a..government. US dependent, of course. Kasi as Aquino is a friend of
the United States e ganun rin siya. Low-intensity..parang kamukhang-kamukha lang e.

Interviewer II: Opo parang dependent lang po siya sa legacy nung parents niya.

Mr. Lopez: Wala siyang..Siguro ang kaibihan niya lang is that medyo kahit papano may konting tapang
pa siya. Kasi di ba meron din naman siyang pinatalsik na mga, like for example Chief Justice Corona, na-
impeach dahil sa kanya. Meron siyang ganung character. Ah..populist, yes because of his parents. Madali
namang tandaan e kasi kapag Aquino. Pero masasabi ko bang nakagawa siya ng kanyang sariling image?
I think hindi. Kasi the same thing pa rin.

Kay Rodrigo Duterte, for the last, regional integration bakit? Kasi Duterte ang gusto niya talaga is yung
bansa natin, like local government, yung madaling maabot. Sabi ko nga kaya gusto niya ng federalism e
kasi ang gusto niya ay magkaroon ng independence ang bawat local government at madali yung ma-
access kung anong kailangan kasi ganun yung nangyayari sa Davao during his time. As harsh, yes.
Autocratic, not really. Kasi kapag sinabing autocratic ano na yun parang phanom of the dictatorship na rin
halos e kapag autocratic. His still using democracy, democratic way of government kasi ang concern niya
pa rin ay tao. His not deciding paggusto niya lang di ba. Ngayon ano e nakikinig na rin siya sa mga
adviser niya di ba. Kahit nagmumura siya, ibig sabihin na-minimize na yun, yung mga hindi
magagandang salita niya na-minimize na. Kahit papano, hindi siya gaanong, kumbaga nakikita ko kaya
nasasabi niya yung mga bagay na ganun ay dahil ganun siya. And then utilizes the military for his main
campaign, yes. Ginagmit niya ang military at the same time ang pulis to do the promise dun sa kanyang
campaign, to eradicate illegal drugs. Not practicing religious endeavors, doesn’t allow the church to
interfere…kasi ang statement niya e, “oo separated ang Church sa State, but God is not separated from the
State”. Para sa kanya, naniniwala siya Diyos pero kapag nangingialam ang simbahan sa political
endeavors paglabag na sa batas yun. Para sa kanya mas maigi na na mamatay yung masasama kesa naman
manatili yung masasama at maramig patayin na mabubuti. Para sa kanya mas maigi yun. Charismatic,
uses the influence of his political myth, nationalistic, yes. Kasi bakit? Kasi ayun yung nagpanalo sa
kanya. Yung pa-ibig niya sa bayan, yung pag-ibig niya sa tao. Pero, ayun nga, hindi pa rin nating sabihin
na tapos na. Baka marami pa ring mga isyu na lumabas. For example, ayun nga extra-judicial killing
recently, of course, para sa akin hindi magandang pumatay kahit gaano pa kasama yung tao, hindi
magandang pumatay. Kasi na..dala dala nila yun sa kanilang political ideology. Para sa kanila okay yun,
yun ang gagawin nila. However, sa mata ng marami, hindi. So maybe, sana mag-improve yung ganung
bagay na wala nalanag mapatay [para maging maayos?]. Pero kung papatay parang hindi pa rin [pwede?].
So thingin ko, ayun yung nakita kong panget na butas na [issue?] niya sa human rights.

Interviewer I: Ah Sir ayun po yung mga specifics. Gumawa rin po kami ng parang pang-General po ng
similarities nila like for example sinabi po si Arroyo she’s like a Machiavellian Prince e meron rin po
kaming nabasang article na si Estrada din po like a Machiavellian Prince because he’s narcissistic, parang
shameless opportunist daw po siya. Parang [he] stated that all presidents are all a Machiavellian Prince.

Mr. Lopez: Siguro ang masasabi ko lang a Machiavellian dyan ay si Arroyo lang. Pero si Aquino,
Ramos, saka Aquino III not really obvious na pagiging Machiavellian. Oo opportunistic in the sense na
politically, syempre kapag nasa pulitika ka kukuha ka talaga ng pagkakataon para maging advantageous
ka pero mas reveled sa pagiging Machiavellian si Estrada, Arroyo at Duterte because somehow sa iba’t
ibang aspect like Arroyo gagawin kahit hindi magandang bagay basta manatili sa kapangyarihan, si
Estrada, mas mabuti ng gawin ko to kesa magkaroon pa ng lalo pang malaking problema, si Duterte
utilizes, ano pa ba dyan?

Interviewer I: Yung…sa may cronyism po.

Mr. Lopez: Ah crony…Ramos, cronyism din yan. Si..Although nakalagay din sa iba,wala no? Pero para
sa akin nagkaroon din siya ng part sa cronyism. Estrada, lalo na. Arroyo, the same thing. Aquino, [siya
din?]. Duterte, of course kasi law student din siya. So kahit ano siya, yung mga kasama niya sa law
school..naapektuhan. Kasi ruling na kasi sa law school yan e. Parang part na yan ng fraternity.
Kapagka..nakaupo ka alalahanin mo kami. Yun ang batas.

Interviewer I: E yung sa ano po, repressive apparatus?

Mr. Lopez: Ano ba yang repressive apparatus?

Inteviewer II: Yung ano Sir, yung sa sinabi po nung sa interview naming yung ginagawa po yung bagay
na ‘to kasi may baril na nakatutok na sa ulo mo. Parang its mandatory kasi alam mo ng may punishment
na mangyayari kapag hindi mo ginawa..

Mr. Lopez: So in applying to their leadership?

Interviewer I & II: Opo.

Mr. Lopez: Ginagawa ba nila yun dahil…?

Interviewer I: Kung ganun po yung style nila sa paghandle sa..Sir..sa mga Filipinos.

Mr. Lopez: Na..a..kailangan gawin niyo ‘to, ganun?

Interviewer I: Opo. Yung para pong not in a sense na parang directly po siya. Parang indirectly po nilang
ginagawa na nagpapatupad sila ng batas pero parang na hindi, hindi naman talaga…Kunwari kami po
hindi naman alam na kaya pala, may deeper meaning pa pala sa batas na yun pero kahit ayaw namin
gawin ginagawa pa rin naman kasi alam namin na kapag di naming giinawa yun lalabag kami sa may
batas.

Mr. Lopez: E Oo. Actually lahat sila ganun.

Interiewer I: Parang naked authorianism..

Mr. Lopez: Oo. Kasi, bakit? Kahit naman ipa-implement nila yung sarili nilang gusto. MInsan yung
previous na nagawa na hindi na nila pwedeng gawin..Like for example si Duterte marami siyang gustong
gawin niya pero hindi niya magawa kasi meron ng nakabatas na nauna na hindi niya pwedeng labagin. As
a lawyer, alam niya na hindi siya pwedeng [magsabatas?].

Interviewer I: Tapos yung last question nalang po, Sir. Yung, How does the transition of their leadership
styles affect our country?

Mr. Lopez: Malaki. Kasi bakit? Kasi parang ganto lang yan e. Just an an example, kunwari ang isang
university ay hawak ng isang government, like for example chartered university, public. Alam natin na
kapag nag-iiba ang mayor, nagbabago ang presidente ng university. Parang simple, may project kang
inemplement ngayong si ganto ang nakaupo kapag napalitan yan magbabago na naman ang gusto. So ang
nangyayari, imbis na padugtong na pagdugtong na nagawa ka ng palapag na limang hagdan, ang
mangyayari babaguhin ang kulay ng hagdan, babaguhin yung structure ng hagdan. Kasi ang mangyayari
paulit-ulit lang. So the problem kasi, alam niyo naman ang tao may pride so hindi niya gusto ang gumaya.
Unlike Filipino, alam natin manggagaya pero when it comes to pwer, leadership, gusto nyan lagging
gagawa ng sariling image. Sarili niyang uhm..[?]. So walang exemption sa kanila. Lahat sila meron
talagang ginawang gusto nila na ayaw nilang ipagpatuloy unless kung pagkakaperhan pero not, I cannot
say kasi I have no basis, pero ang nakita ko sa Pilipinas, sa society natin, sa nation natin, lalong
bumabagal ang progess kasi paulit-ulit lang e. Hindi namna naipagpapatuloy yung unang project ang
nangyayari nagkakaroon. Siguro ang exemption lang ay dun sa mga daan, like for example nagpatayo si
ganto itutuloy nalang ni ganyan kasi project yan e pero pagdating sa mga aspect papalit-palit lalo na sa
local government, papalit-palit kaya ang nangyayari wala ng nagiging ano..Consistency kasi nga lagging
nagbabago.

Interviewer I: E,Sir yung, do you think that President Duterte’s leadership style is effective now and will
it last until his term?

Mr. Lopez: Effective? Ako, oo I believed na effective. Kasi bakit, yung mga sinasabi niya nung campaign
e ginagawa niya. Kasi meron tayong tinatawag na yung expectation natin kung mami-meet niya ba. Kasi
bakit, democracy tayo e. Yung ating pagkakatiwala sa kanya, yun an gating magiging sub-standard kung
siya ba’y naging effective. Kasi pwede siyang ikumpara, effective siya base sa constitution o effective
siya base sa civil service. So pero sa atin dahil ang kanyang pamumuno ay mandated din tayo, yung
effectiveness niya ay nakabase sa expectation. Ako, personally sa akin…Ano siya, kumbaga sa
expectation ko [nakakapasa?] siya. So akin, I believed. At magla-last yun until the end dahil nakikita ko
very firm siya sa gusto niyang mangyari.

Interviewer II: So parang ano Sir, yung “walk the talk”?

Mr. Lopez: Oo kasi ginagawa niya e.

Interviewer I: Kahit po Sir na di ba..yung leadership style is very flexible depending on the situation.

Mr. Lopez: Oo very flexible. Kasi yun nga lang..[?] hindi yan basta bastang mako-control gawa ng ating
Pilipinas, ang ating bansa, very flexible rin attitude ng mga tao rito e. So kinakailangan na [magbabago
gaya nyan?]. And even me, kung ako man ang maumuno. I will still use flexible na style.

Interview I: Pero as of now ang nakikita niyo po, firm pa rin si President Duterte?

Mr. Lopez: Firm pa rin si Duterte. Kasi ang kinagandahan sa kanya, nandun na siya sa peak ng kanyang
political career, kumbaga wala na rin siyang inaasam pang iba, matanda na siya, gagawin na niya lahat,
patayin man siya hindi siya takot e. Kasi bakit? “Last ko na ‘to e.” Buti kung senador siya na gusting
maging presidente. Siya nandun na e. Tingin ko nga kapag natapos na ang administration niya hindi na
yan tatakbong presidente. Bakit bakit, naabot na niya e yung pinakamataas na position sa bansa.
Okay na?

Interviewer II: Opo.

Interviewer I: Thank you Sir.

 APPENDIX D

Research Interview with Ms. Aina Mari Sisante

Duration: 12 minutes 17 seconds
Date: March 18, 2017

Interviewer I: Can you elaborate the different leadership style of the previous five presidents and compare
it to President Duterte.

Ms. Sisante: Ok let's start with (cellphone bling) umm President Cory. So, si, with President Cory, si, una
sa lahat no gender wise malaking difference so we know that um kung if we are to, to compare them may
mga characteristics ng male and female is medyo iba talaga. Um Cory was a transition president,
meaning, uh, the time that that she..she..uhh..uhh.. assume presidency was a transition period, hence,
umm.. mas mas hindi... yung yung management style niya mas hardly felt kasi offshoot pa yun nung
panahon ni.. ni Marcos, so the goal is everything to demarcosify. Very motherly, pero umm.. literature
will say na her background was very far from president pre a a president or a politician because she was a
housewife but she has good uh educational attainment so um compared with them siyempre mas mas mas
motherly si si Cory compared to Duterte and Duterte we know how um gano siya ka..ka..well it's not
exactly strict but his style is is mayorly no ihh ihh i will ihh karak quote and unquote mayorly yung yung
isang local politician compared with uh Cory. With Fidel V. Ramos naman Fidel V. Ramos kasi um
galing siya sa military although hindi naman siya nagdeclare ng martial law or he did not empower
walang walang very few literature nagsabi na empowered yung AFP and all pero kasi siya ang ang
direksyon ni Fidel V. Ramos um.. medyo visionary. He visioned yung uh that the Philippines will be the
next uh Tiger of Asia of Southeast Asia. Although kina-kinapos lang sa oras so yung kaniya medyo out
outward looking medyo meron siyang umm...meron siyang vision for international relations and yung
postition ng Philippines. So siya ay stra-strategist kasi military man si ano eh si si Fidel V. Ramos so
more on umm.. uhh strategist yung kaniyang style um with with Duterte naman we know naman how he
is estranged in terms of international relations and um hindi ganoon yung positioning nung yung yung iba
yung tinutungo nung.. nung kaniyang presidency when it comes to international relations. With Erap
naman kasi si Erap medyo mahirap ding ijudge kasi he only served mga two-and-a half years lang no
almost half a term lang, hindi pa nga umabot. But kasi si Erap naman siyempre he's also a local politician
so siguro yun yung.. nagsimula siya sa local kaya yun yung medyo pagkakapareho nila ni Duterte kaya
lang he was an actor, kaya yung popularity niya iba pero yung leadership style niya.. well umm.. base sa
literature, ang magagaling talaga yung mga rank cabinet members niya, pero decision making wise hindi
siya kasing tough ni.. ni Duterte. Si GMA naman economist. So.. and babae siya hindi siya katulad ni
Cory na very motherly pero napaka.. pero siguro kung kung titignan natin presidency niya parang isang
nanay parang isang nanay sa pamilya siya yung naghahawak ng budget. So pinu maganda yung
pagkakaposisyon niya sa Pilipinas in terms of eco-economy and um si Duterte hindi yun yung masyadong
forte niya kasi ung thrust niya is local issues din drugs no uhh.. peace and order so yun, ibang iba din. Si
Ninoy naman economist siya by.. yung yung background niya pero he was a legislator uh we know that
he.. he became president because of divine intervention (laugh), hindi joke lang, hindi exaclty divine
intervention but but yung turn of events no the turn of, there were turn of events that actually umm tawag
dito that actually led his presidency. Pero si PNoy naman yung yung.. siya naman kumpara kay Duterte
no in colloquial term mas malambot no parang in terms of decision making hindi hindi kasing ano ni
Duterte hindi siya tough looking hindi siga siga hindi (inaudible). Pero in a way no yung panahon din
niya maganda ding posisyong yung Philippines in terms of economy pero hindi kasi siya parang hindi
kasi executive yung background niya eh. He was more of a legislator tapos um kaya hindi hindi siya hindi
siya..hindi siya.. maip hindi yung kaya anlaki nung ramdam na ramdam mo yung diperensya when when
president Duterte took over kasi siya umm una dahil wala siyang asawa so parang tutok siya tapos umm
si.. si PNoy nga hindi siya tough speaking so parang ang dali dali niyang ibully no dali daling ibully nung
leadership ni PNoy pero um pag tinignan natin babalikan natin yung mga kagandahan ng ekonomiya natin
ngayon we can really credit it to the time of of PNoy, so yun next.

Interviewer I: Considering that Philippines is Democratic Republican, how do the different president
execute their leadership style?

Ms. Sisante: Well, generally Cory, Fidel, Erap and GMA umm na ano naman nila nacomply naman nila
ito or um nakita naman ito sa leadership nila di di natin masyadong nakita parang towards martial law
wala it's not even it's not even an option, although iba panahon ni ni Gloria pinag-uusapan yung
emergency powers kaya lang nga um uh at this time uhh hindi naman yun nag push through and uh it's
more on umm pag tinignan natin yung kanila leadership style, malayong malayo kay kay president
Duterte uh lima pala yung lima um in terms of how do where do owe their their leadership style well we
could owe it more on ano ba yung kanilang primary affiliation? Ok saan ba sila ano ba yung background
nila so si Cory bilang isang nanay ganoon yung ganun yung figure niya. Um si Fidel V. Ramos bilang
military man, strategist siya. Si Erap bilang isang popular actor, or actor turned politician, local politician
turned national politician um nagamit din niya yung popularity niya. Si.. GMA naman no ginamit niya
talaga yung yung pagiging economist niya in positioning the country PNoy naman on the other hand mas
nagamit niya or shall we say advantage na anak siya ni Cory pero yung leadership niya is hindi hindi kasi
siya yung parang stand-out president yun di siya stand-out president. Religious kasi it's hard no um as far
as I know it was only Fidel V. Ramos who was different, siya ay born again or christian or protestant? So
protestant ayun so protestant siya so hindi naman natin siguro pwedeng ihh walang, wala akong
nakikitang direct relationship but more on ano iyong background talaga nila yun dun dun natin siguro
pwedeng iowe yung kanilang uh leadership style

Interviewer I: How does the transition of styles affect the country?

Ms. Sisante: Makikita mo doon ngayon yung thrust no saan saan tayo namamayagpag no or saan tayo
mas nakikilala o ano yung mas nangyayari ano yu ano yung mas nakikita mong mas malaking
development sa Pilipinas. Panahon ni Cory ang thrust demarcosification, so everything from dictatorial to
democratic everything is uh talagang towards uh liberalizing the country uhmm.. para mabura na yung
alaala ng martial law at that time ng dicta-dictatorship. Kay Fidel V. Ramos, um, positioning, yun nga
yung position natin sa South East Asia yung kaniyang ano so um paano ba magbebenefit ang Pilipinas at
at on that that uh on that aspect, so nakilala tayo, pero mga controversial din 'to yung ek uh pilipi uhh
what's this? Umm Expo Philippines two thousand ganyan tapos yan oh ya Pilipinas two thousand yan
yung thrust niya eh yung vision niya sa for the Philippines. Panahon naman ni Erap, umm well umm eh
hindi mo (inaudible) mo siyang maramdaman because of umm maikli lang pero.. well siguro bilang
dating action star talagang medyo may dating yung ano niya yung nag all-out war siya against the terror
yung mga mga MILF MNLF at that times yung mga ganoong bagay umm si GMA talaga eto relatively
kompara dun sa uhh apat kay Cory, kay Fidel, kay Erap, kay Ninoy, mamaya uh mamaya icompare natin
siya kay Duterte. Matagal no, nakanine years siya kasi or more than nine years kasi yung unexpired term
ni Erap tas plus six years na ano.. so medyo naramdaman natin na yung epekto talaga sa ekonomiya
maraming mga accounts na magsasabi na uh si si GMA at that time um inter um m-merong Asian
financial crisis and you know all this things pero ang Pilipinas was able to to be resilient against all this
things. So si PNoy naman tsk um at least hindi ito to yung (inaudible) somehow yung panahon ni PNoy,
offshoot 'to nung panahon ni GMA kaya yung economy medyo talagang namaintain no namaintain natin
yung standing ng economy but if we are to compare it to Duterte, talagang ibang iba kasi itong mga 'to
except kay Erap, lahat ito hindi sila local politician and President Duterte as a local politician, as a Mayor,
and looking at it in the context of local ganun talaga yung parang siga umm.. fatherly, malapit sa tao, ito
yung hindi masyadong nakita dun sa sa.. lima except for Erap kasi si Erap nga yung medyo malapit-lapit
kaya lang kasi si Erap nga dahil konti lang yung panahon nya hindi natin nara-naramdaman yung epekto
ng presidency niya, hindi siya masyadong medyo medyo dramatic and controversial so parang
makashowbiz, si Duterte kasi wala siyang background (giggle) ng pagiging artista or ano pero si Duterte
pag tinignan natin yung yung dating niya sa tao iba, even when you when you.. look at him when he's
doing his speeches kita mo na napaka.. laymans yung laymans term lang siya naiintindihan lang kasi ng
tao kaya lang ang downside nga nun, international community, hindi ganun kaapealing and minsan
offending. So.. basically, malaking malaking diperensya kasi yung iba talaga yung yung back pag ang pag
ang tao nangga- nagsimula ka in a in a national popularity mo ay nangga- ay pag ikaw ay isang national
politician outright hindi ka ganun kadetached sa tao compared kung local politician ka mas ma.. ano siya
mas may.. may dating sa tao, mas naiinti- mas nakakarelate yung maraming Pilipino at pag tinignan ninyo
ang kaniyang mga thrust sabi ko nga sa inyo kanina, peace and order, public safety, corruption. Ito yung
mga pang araw-araw na problema lang ng bayan but we are not talking about economy, our territory is
now at risk and many other things yun yung yun yung medyo missing sa side ni.. sa ano ni president
Duterte. So makikita natin na kung may malaking diperensya yung lima versus kay president, itong lima,
nakapag-focus sila sa mga national issues as compared to president Duterte lu-uh looking only at local
issues na ginagawang n-n-n-n-na parang nationalize na kasi it's as if lahat ng probinsya o lugar sa
Pilipinas ay ganun yung isyu yun.

Nasagot ko ba?

Interviewer I: Opo.

Ms. Sisante: Ok na po?

Interviewers: Thank you po Ma'am.

Ms. Sisante: Sana nasagot ko ha sorry medyo redundant na yung iba